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53-1070: Bourbaki(s) may refer to : Persons and science [ edit ] Charles-Denis Bourbaki (1816–1897), French general, son of Constantin Denis Bourbaki Colonel Constantin Denis Bourbaki (1787–1827), officer in the Greek War of Independence and serving in the French military Nicolas Bourbaki , the collective pseudonym of a group of French mathematicians Séminaire Nicolas Bourbaki and its follow-ups Séminaire Nicolas Bourbaki (1950–1959) Séminaire Nicolas Bourbaki (1960–1969) Bourbaki–Witt theorem Bourbaki–Alaoglu theorem Jacobson–Bourbaki theorem Nikolaos Bourbakis , computer scientist Other [ edit ] A place in Algeria, now known as Khemisti , near Aïn-Tourcia and

106-491: A barrier to the left by repressing radical agitation and pursuing policies to restore "moral order" to the country. In November 1873, he was voted a term of office of seven years. However, the divisions among the royalists left MacMahon in a political predicament for which he was not prepared, trying to keep the Republicans at bay without defined powers or a clear source of legitimacy, without a clear majority in parliament or

159-456: A decree which revolved around confiscating and diminishing a number of military authorities and commands to certain generals, MacMahon preferred to resign on 30 January 1879. His presidency may be summarised thus: on the one hand, he allowed the Republic to establish itself; on the other hand, so far as his lawful prerogatives permitted, he restrained the political advance of parties hostile to

212-643: A monarchist. With de Broglie as Prime Minister, he adopted a series of measures to install a new conservative "moral order". MacMahon favoured a restoration of the monarchy but when this project failed, accepted a seven-year mandate which the Assembly gave him on 9 November 1873. Mac Mahon deemed himself responsible to the country than to parliament, which brought him into conflict with the Chamber of Deputies . In his still unpublished memoirs, MacMahon described his political convictions: "By family tradition, and by

265-466: A number of honours and was appointed Senator . Desiring a more active life, he refused a senior position in the French metropolitan army, and returned to Algeria. In Algeria, he served in a campaign against the Kabyle people . On his return to France, he voted as senator against a new law on general security, proposed after the failed assassination attempt of Felice Orsini against Emperor Napoleon III ;

318-659: A portion of the Algerian troops; and at the Alma , Inkerman and Sevastopol Bourbaki's name became famous. In 1857 he was made general of division, commanding in 1859 at Lyon . His success in the war in Italy was second only to that of MacMahon , and in 1862 he was proposed as a candidate for the vacant Greek throne , but declined the proffered honour. In 1870 the Emperor Napoleon III entrusted Bourbaki with

371-408: A safe-conduct from Bismarck , as credentials to Marshal Bazaine , to whom he presented himself at Metz, telling him on the empress's alleged authority that peace was about to be signed and that either Marshal Canrobert or General Bourbaki was to go to Hastings for the purpose. Bourbaki at once went to England, with Prussian connivance, as though he had an official mission, only to discover from

424-475: A traditionalist who despised anarchism, communism, socialism and liberalism and strongly distrusted the mostly secular Republicans. He kept to his duty as the neutral guardian of the Constitution and rejected suggestions of a monarchist coup d'état , but refused to meet with Gambetta , the leader of the Republicans. He moved for a parliamentary system in which the assembly selected the ruling government of

477-622: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Charles-Denis Bourbaki Bourbaki was born at Pau in extreme southwestern France, the son of Greek colonel Constantin Denis Bourbaki , who died in the Greek War of Independence in 1827. He was educated at the Prytanée National Militaire , entered École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr , and in 1836 joined

530-587: Is memorialized in the Bourbaki Panorama , a large panoramic painting now in Lucerne , Switzerland. Rather than submit to the humiliation of a probable surrender, Bourbaki had delegated his functions to General Justin Clinchant on 26 January 1871, and tried to commit suicide that night. He fired a pistol at his forehead, but the bullet somehow "flattened as if against a cast-iron plate" and his life

583-737: The Zouaves (light infantry), becoming lieutenant of the Foreign Legion in 1838 and aide-de-camp to King Louis Philippe . It was in the African expedition that Bourbaki first came to the front. In 1842 he was captain in the Zouaves ; 1847, colonel of the Turcos ; in 1850, lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Zouaves ; 1851, colonel; 1854, brigadier-general. In the Crimean War he commanded

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636-510: The Catholic Church , convinced that the triumph of Radicalism would be to the detriment of the nation. MacMahon's government was mildly repressive toward the left. Newspapers were prosecuted, senior officials were removed if they were suspected of support for republicanism. Critical pamphlets were suppressed while the government circulated its own propaganda. The proprietors of meeting places were advised not to allow meetings of critics of

689-681: The Château de la Forêt  [ fr ] at Montcresson , after having written his memoirs. He was buried on 22 October at the Hôtel des Invalides after a state funeral and a religious mass at La Madeleine . The five cordons (ornamental cords) of the funeral chariot were held by General Victor Février  [ fr ] , Grand Chancellor of the Legion d'Honneur; Admiral Henri Rieunier , Ministère de la Marine ; Général Julien Loizillon  [ fr ] , Minister of War; Charles Merlin of

742-637: The Cromwellian confiscations of 1652, a branch moved to Limerick for a time. They supported the deposed King James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and settled in France during the subsequent reign of King William III . They applied for French citizenship in 1749; after the definitive installation of the family in France, their nobility was recognised by the patent letter of King Louis XV of France . A military family (14 members of

795-680: The Medea expedition  [ fr ] , during the battle of Mouzaïa mountain  [ fr ] . He was awarded the Knight Order of the Legion d'honneur . Recalled to France, MacMahon participated in 1832 to the Ten Days' Campaign where he was noticed again during the Siege of Antwerp . He became a captain in 1833, and returned to Algeria , this time, in 1836 where he was placed under

848-772: The Olivier cabinet was formed, the Emperor abandoned his Algerian projects and MacMahon was recalled. MacMahon led the main French army in the Franco-Prussian War where he suffered several defeats in Alsace . He was seriously wounded during the Battle of Sedan . In 1871 the French army surrendered, and the Germans had clearly won the war. Overall his strategic planning was confused and marked by indecision. He, along with

901-506: The siege of Metz , during the Franco-Prussian War , is connected with Bourbaki's name. A certain Edmond Régnier, a French businessman with no political background or connections, appeared at Hastings the 21 September to seek an interview with the refugee empress Eugénie , and failing to obtain this he managed to get from the young Prince Imperial a signed photograph with a message to the emperor Napoleon. This he used, by means of

954-684: The ultramontanism manifestations". Twelve days later, he dismissed Prime Minister Jules Simon and again appointed Albert de Broglie. Hoping for a conservative victory, MacMahon then convinced the Senate to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies, and campaigned across the country, while protesting that he had no intention of overthrowing the Republic. On 15 August 1877, Léon Gambetta declared: "Le Président n'a que ce choix: il lui faut se soumettre ou se démettre." ("The President has only but one choice: he must submit or resign.") The elections of 14 October gave

1007-605: The "War in Sight" crisis. There was a war scare in Germany and France when the German press reported that influential Germans, alarmed by France's rapid recovery from defeat in 1871 and its rearmaments program, were talking of launching a preemptive attack on France. Britain and Russia made it clear that they would not tolerate such aggression. Bismarck did not seek war either, but the unexpected crisis forced him to take into consideration

1060-524: The French Army in 1827. He was assigned to the 4th Hussars Regiment in 1830. MacMahon subsequently participated in the French conquest of Algeria as a sous-lieutenant in the 20th Line Infantry Regiment  [ fr ] . He was commended for his capacity and bravery during the seizure of Algiers . On 24 November 1830, MacMahon further distinguished himself while serving with his regiment, during

1113-663: The Germans. Thus France lost the war and the Emperor went into exile. After convalescing, MacMahon was appointed head of the Versailles army, which suppressed the Paris Commune revolt in May 1871 and set the stage for his political career. According to David Bell, after Thiers' resignation in May 1873, the royalist majority in the National Assembly drafted MacMahon as the new leader, with the hope that he would hold

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1166-595: The Republicans a majority of 120 seats, and prime minister Broglie accordingly resigned on 19 November. MacMahon attempted first to form a government under General Gaëtan de Rochebouët , but the Chamber refused to cooperate with him. Rochebouët resigned the next day, and the President recalled Dufaure to form a Republican government. On 5 January 1879, elections to the Senate also resulted in a Republican majority, depriving MacMahon of his last parliamentary support. Faced with

1219-528: The Senate; and M. Malvy from the Chamber of Deputies. Wounded four times: in 1837, at the Siege of Constantine , a bullet pierced his uniform; in 1840, a bullet pierced his sabre through the rib cage; in 1857 at the battle of Icheriden  [ fr ] ; and finally seriously on 1 September 1870 at Sedan . "I have remained a soldier", he says in his memoirs, "and I can conscientiously say that I have not only served one Government after another loyally, but, when they fell, have regretted all of them with

1272-565: The Third Republic, but he also insisted on an upper chamber. He later dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, resulting in public outrage and a Republican electoral victory. Soon after MacMahon resigned and retired to private life. The MacMahon family is of Irish origin. They were Lords of Corcu Baiscind in Ireland and descended from Mahon, the son of Muirchertach Ua Briain , High King of Ireland . After losing much of their land in

1325-459: The alarm that his aggressive policies, plus Germany's fast-growing power, were causing among its neighbors. The 16 May 1877 crisis heightened MacMahon's conflict with the Chamber of Deputies. After the bishops of Poitiers , Nimes and Nevers had assured Pius IX of the French government's support in the Roman question , the Chamber passed a resolution that asked the government to "suppress

1378-675: The command of the Imperial Guard , and he played an important part in the fighting round Metz . His conduct at the Battle of Gravelotte in August 1870 was questioned because, while the Prussians were exhausted from the fighting, and the French were poised to mount a counter-attack, Bourbaki refused to commit the reserves of the French Imperial Guard to the battle because he considered it a defeat. A curious incident of

1431-821: The command of the Northern Army, but was recalled on 10 November and transferred to the Army of the Loire. In command of the hastily trained and ill-equipped Army of the East , Bourbaki made the attempt to raise the siege of Belfort , which, after an initial victory in the Battle of Villersexel ended in the defeat of the French in the three-day battle of the Lisaine . Other German forces under Prussian Field Marshal Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel now closed upon Bourbaki, and he

1484-563: The country, and without the use of force. In 1874, due to demands for Bonapartism, MacMahon called for constitutional reform. To ensure calm this led to a system of a President and Senate elected indirectly. In 1876, MacMahon had to accept governments by moderate Republicans. However, in 1877, MacMahon dismissed Simon and recalled the Duke de Broglie. The new government was dissolved on a no confidence vote. Conservatives hoped to exploit their influential press, heavy patronage, and martial law to coerce

1537-422: The department responded to him: "Et encore, Monsieur le Président, vous n'en voyez que le dessus!" (Then again, Mr. President, you are only seeing what's above the surface!"). In September 1875, he stayed at Vernon for several days, in order to prepare the grand maneuvers of the third army. Following the 1876 French legislative election , which resulted in a republican majority, he agreed with great reluctance to

1590-534: The empress at Hastings that a trick had been played on him. As soon as he could manage he returned to France but was refused re-entrance into Metz on a technicality, because his Prussian-provided passport was outdated by a few days. Bourbaki offered his services to Léon Gambetta , a lawyer and republican politician who had proclaimed the Third French Republic in September 1870. Bourbaki was given

1643-668: The family in France had decidedly royalist politics. In 1820, MacMahon entered the Petit Séminaire des Marbres at Autun; then completed his education at Lycée Louis-le-Grand at Paris . He then entered the Special Military School at Saint-Cyr on 23 October 1825. He then joined the application school at the General Staff Headquarters on 1 October 1827, for a period of two years. Following his graduation from Saint-Cyr , MacMahon entered

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1696-405: The formation of governments under prime ministers Jules Dufaure and Jules Simon , which were dominated by Republicans. In order to contain and destabilize France, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck sought to promote republicanism in France by strategically and ideologically isolating MacMahon's clerical-monarchist supporters. Bismarck's containment policy almost got out of hand in 1875 during

1749-525: The fort until the Bourbon pretender was ready to restore the throne. However, the Count of Chambord 's extreme Legitimist stance made restoration politically impossible. MacMahon refused to support efforts to force the Assembly's hand. In the absence of his full support there was no way to achieve monarchy by extra-parliamentary means. The right had no choice but to keep MacMahon in office to gain time and act as

1802-521: The government. On the other hand, he gave no support to a coup d'état by monarchists. MacMahon truly believed that the National Assembly should rule France and not the president. From 1887 to 1893, he directed the Société de secours aux blessés militaires (S.S.B.M.—Rescue Society of Wounded Military), which in 1940 became the French Red Cross . Patrice de MacMahon died on 17 October 1893, at

1855-529: The head of the 10th Chasseur Battalion à Pied  [ fr ] with whom he distinguished himself, in April, at the Battle of Bab el-Thaza and against the troops of Emir Abdelkader , on 25 May. On 31 December 1842, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel at the 2nd Regiment of the French Foreign Legion 2 R.E.L.E . In 1843, he assumed the functions of regimental commander, by replacing

1908-597: The house of de Mac Mahon were in the Army), they settled in Autun , Burgundy, at the Chateau de Sully, where Patrice de Mac Mahon was born on 13 June 1808, sixteenth and the second-youngest son of Baron Maurice-François de Mac Mahon  [ fr ] (1754–1831), Baron of Sully, Count de Mac Mahon and de Charnay, and Pélagie de Riquet de Caraman (1769–1819), a descendant of Pierre-Paul Riquet . Patrice de MacMahon (as he

1961-491: The ill holder, a command which he kept until 1845. MacMahon distinguished himself again during the battle of Chaab el-Gitta and the battle of Aïn Kebira on 14 October and 17 October 1844. Nominated to colonel in December 1845, he assumed the command of the 41st Line Infantry Regiment  [ fr ] , garrisoned at Marnia . Since 1848, MacMahon was nominated at the head of the subdivision of Tlemcen , where he

2014-583: The law (which passed) allowed easier government action against "enemies of the Empire" and those suspected of political crimes, and made anyone who did not pledge allegiance to Napoleon III ineligible for the legislature. MacMahon distinguished himself during the Italian Campaign of 1859. He advanced his troops without having received orders at a critical moment during the Battle of Magenta , which assured French victory. For his military services, he

2067-463: The orders of General Bertrand Clausel , and then General Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont . He led several audacious cavalry raids across tribal occupied plains and distinguished himself during the Siege of Constantine , in 1837, where he was slightly wounded. In 1840, he left Africa (Algeria) and upon his return to France, he learnt that he had been promoted to chef d'escadron (cavalry squadron chief). In May 1841, he returned again to Algeria at

2120-660: The procedures which in January and February 1875 led to the French Constitutional Laws of 1875 , which established the French Third Republic as the government of France. During the night of 23–24 June 1875 the Garonne region suffered heavy flooding. While visiting the inundated cities and villages he declared "que d'eau… que d'eau !… " (nothing but water…only water!…). The prefect of

2173-522: The rest of the army including the Emperor , was made prisoner during the capitulation of Sedan on 1 September. In 1871, he became the head of the army of the French Third Republic , under President Adolphe Thiers , and in May led the Semaine Sanglante , the bloody week-long military campaign which defeated the Paris Commune and placed the city under the authority of the Third Republic. He

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2226-575: The sentiments towards the royal house which were instilled in me by my early education, I could not be anything but a Legitimist ." Nevertheless, in November 1873, he refused to meet with the Bourbon claimant to the throne, Henri, Count of Chambord , as he thought this incompatible with his duties as President of the Republic. On 4 February 1874, MacMahon declared that he would respect the established legal order. Preferring to remain "au-dessus des partis" (above parties), he observed rather than took part in

2279-519: The single exception of my own". In his voluntary retirement he carried with him the esteem of all parties: Jules Simon, who did not love him, and whom he did not love, afterwards called him: " un grand capitaine, un grand citoyen et un homme de bien (a great captain, a great citizen, and a good man)" MacMahon's line became widely quoted as an expression of defiance. P. G. Wodehouse 's character Bertie Wooster used it in response to pressure from his valet Jeeves to shave off his new moustache ('Jeeves and

2332-531: The site of ancient city and former bishopric Columnata Bourbaki dangerous bend symbol Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bourbaki . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bourbaki&oldid=1119263396 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2385-422: The voters. They failed in the general election of October 1877, as the Republicans won the majority despite the challenges on the right. In January 1879, the Republicans forced MacMahon's resignation. He died in 1893, with Republicans viewing him as a danger to the Republic and diehard monarchists considering him a bungler who mishandled their dream of restoration. MacMahon was a devout conservative Catholic , and

2438-444: Was a French general and politician, with the distinction of Marshal of France . He served as President of France and thus head of state from 1873 to 1879. MacMahon led the main French army in the war against the Germans in 1870. He was trapped and wounded at the Battle of Sedan in September 1870, in part because of his confused and indecisive strategic planning. The army, including MacMahon and Emperor Napoleon III , surrendered to

2491-470: Was appointed a Marshal of France by Emperor Napoleon III, and awarded the title of Duke of Magenta. In 1861 MacMahon represented France at the coronation of William I as King of Prussia. In 1864, he was named as Governor General of Algeria. MacMahon did not distinguish himself in this appointment. While he initiated several reforms, numerous complaints were made against him. During the first half of 1870, he submitted his resignation to Napoleon III. When

2544-626: Was appointed commandment of the Constantine Division  [ fr ] , before being promoted to Général de division , in July. During the Crimean War , he was given command of the 1st Infantry Division of the 2nd Orient Army Corps and, in September 1855, he won a victory at the Battle of Malakoff during the Siege of Sevastopol . During the battle he is reputed to have said: "Here I am; here will I stay!" ( French : J'y suis, j'y reste! ) After his return to France, he received

2597-527: Was designated as a général de brigade on 12 June of the same year. In 1849, he became a Commander of the Order of the Legion d'honneur , and served under General Aimable Pélissier , chief of the general staff of the Oran Province. In 1852 MacMahon organized in Algeria the plebiscite of legitimation by universal suffrage destined to approve the French coup d'état of 1851 . In March the same year he

2650-501: Was eventually driven over the Swiss frontier with a remnant of his forces. His troops were in desperate condition, owing to lack of food; and out of 150,000 men under him when he started, only 87,000 men with 12,000 horses escaped into Switzerland. They crossed the western border of Switzerland at Les Verrières , Sainte-Croix , Vallorbe and in the Vallée de Joux at the beginning of February 1871. They were disarmed and detained for six weeks before being repatriated in March. This episode

2703-481: Was not blamed for the repression, but instead became the hero of the hour for the right. In May 1873, MacMahon was elected President of the French Third Republic , by the royalist and conservative majority in the National Assembly . Only one vote was cast against him. Renowned for his popularity, Mac Mahon was elected following the unsuccessful election of Adolphe Thiers on 24 May 1873. He replaced Prime Minister Jules Armand Dufaure with Duke Albert de Broglie ,

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2756-703: Was saved. General Clinchant carried Bourbaki into Switzerland , where he recovered sufficiently to return to France. In July 1871, he again took the command at Lyon where he subsequently became military governor. In 1881, owing to his political opinions, he was placed on the retired list. In 1885 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the French Senate. Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta Crimean War (1853–1856) Franco-Austrian War (1859) Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) Defunct Defunct Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon, marquis de MacMahon, duc de Magenta ( French pronunciation: [patʁis də makma.ɔ̃] ; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893),

2809-423: Was usually known before being elevated to a ducal title in his own right) was born in Sully near Autun , in the département of Saône-et-Loire . He was the 16th of 17 children of a family already in the French nobility; his grandfather Knight Lord Overlord Jean-Baptiste de MacMahon, was named Marquis de MacMahon and 1st Marquis d'Éguilly (from his wife Charlotte Le Belin, Dame d'Éguilly) by King Louis XV, and

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