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81-591: The Box Moor Trust is a charitable trust responsible for the management of nearly 500 acres of land within the parishes of Hemel Hempstead and Bovingdon , in Hertfordshire , England . The Trust was officially founded in 1594 in order to ensure that the land in the Boxmoor area remained free for residents to use and enjoy. As a result, almost all of the land that comprises the Box Moor Trust estate

162-598: A Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1953. Flora prevalent on Roughdown Common includes Autumn Gentian , Bee Orchid , Cowslips and Pyramidal Orchid . Roughdown Common is also the only known place in Hertfordshire in which Juniper is able to regenerate naturally. Providing a habitat for wildlife is important part of the Trust's work. The recent river restoration carried out on the River Bulbourne saw

243-462: A Colheita may have spent 20 or more years in wooden barrels before being bottled and sold. White Colheitas have also been produced. Unusual and rare, vintage-dated Garrafeira combines the oxidative maturation of years in wood with further reductive maturation in large glass demijohns . It is required by the IVDP that wines spend some time in wood, usually between three and six years, followed by at least

324-399: A blend of several vintages. The target age profile, in years in wood, is stated on the label, usually 10, 20, 30, or 40 years. These ports are produced by most houses. It is also possible to produce an aged white port in this manner, with some shippers now marketing aged white ports. In some places, such as Canada and Australia, 'tawny' may also be used to describe any port-style wine that

405-541: A cask for only a short time, they retain their dark ruby color and fresh fruit flavours. Particularly fine vintage ports can continue to gain complexity for many decades after they were bottled. It is not uncommon for 19th-century bottles to still be in perfect condition for consumption. The oldest known vintage port still available as of 2018 from a shipper is the 1815 Ferreira. A tasting in 1990 described it as having an "intensely spicy aroma – cinnamon, pepper, and ginger – hints of exotic woods, iodine, and wax". Vintage port

486-401: A charitable purpose and a public benefit. Applicable charitable purposes are typically divided into four categories: trusts for relieving poverty, trusts for promoting education, trusts for advancing religion, and all other types of trusts recognized by the law. This also includes trusts for the benefit of animals and trusts for the benefit of a locality. Additionally, there is a requirement that

567-408: A few days. Recent bottlings are identified by the label "unfiltered", "bottle matured", or both. Since the 2002 regulations, bottles that carry the words "bottle matured" must have enjoyed at least three years of bottle maturation before release. Before 2002 this style was often marketed as "traditional", a description that is no longer permitted. Unfiltered LBV will usually be improved by extra years in

648-455: A fixed amount ( charitable remainder annuity trust ) or a percentage of trust principal ( charitable remainder unitrust ), to either the donor or another named beneficiary. If the trust qualifies under the IRS code, the donor may claim a charitable income tax deduction for their donation to the trust. Moreover, the donor might not need to pay an immediate capital gains tax when the trust disposes of

729-437: A fixed dollar amount are more rigid and typically appeal to much older donors unconcerned about inflation's impact on income distributions, and who are using cash or marketable securities to fund the trust. In some situations, the less complicated pooled income fund may be more suitable than the charitable remainder trusts. Charitable lead trusts are the opposite of charitable remainder trusts and make payments to charity for

810-411: A further eight years in glass, before bottling. In practice, the times spent in glass are much longer. The style is associated with the company Niepoort, although others do exist. Their dark green demijohns, known as bon-bons, hold approximately 11 litres (2.4 imp gal; 2.9 US gal) each. Some connoisseurs describe Garrafeira as having a slight taste of bacon, the reason being that, during

891-415: A lead trust gift, depending on the type of charitable lead trust. Generally, a non-grantor lead trust does not generate a current income tax deduction, but it eliminates the asset (or part of the asset's value) from the donor's estate. Port wine Port wine ( Portuguese : vinho do Porto , Portuguese: [ˈviɲu ðu ˈpoɾtu] ; lit.   ' wine of Porto ' ), or simply port ,

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972-457: A mixed fishery, and features Bream , Carp and Tench amongst others. Gadespring is the Box Moor Trust's newest acquisition. Purchased in 2011 it is the site of a former Watercress farm, the four acre site will be sympathetically managed for the benefit of visitors with the overall aim to make a wildlife reserve. The trust runs monthly open days to celebrate the history of the watercress farm, as well as inform local residents of their plans for

1053-426: A neutral manner is permissible. Charitable trusts, like other trusts, are administered by trustees, but there is no direct relationship between the trustees and the beneficiaries. This results in two key points: first, the trustees of a charitable trust have greater freedom to act than other trustees, and secondly, beneficiaries cannot take legal action against the trustees. Instead, the beneficiaries are represented by

1134-484: A new style of white apéritif Port, in 1934. Made from traditional white grape varieties, it is fermented for longer than usual to give it a crisp dry finish. Late bottled vintage (often referred to simply as LBV) was originally wine that had been destined for bottling as vintage port, but because of lack of demand was left in the barrel for longer than had been planned. Over time it has become two distinct styles of wine, both of them bottled between four and six years after

1215-454: A portion of their estate to charity when they die, both for philanthropic purposes and for certain tax benefits. Charitable trusts can be set up inter vivos (during a donor's life) or as a part of a trust or will at death (testamentary). There are two basic types of US charitable trusts: charitable remainder trusts (CRT) and charitable lead trusts (CLT). Additionally, there is an Optimized Charitable Lead Annuity Trust (OCLAT) designed to maximize

1296-652: A result of this oxidation, they mellow to a golden-brown color. The exposure to oxygen imparts "nutty" flavours to the wine, which is blended to match the house style. They are sweet or medium dry and typically consumed as a dessert wine, but can also pair with a main course. When a port is described as tawny, without an indication of age, it is a basic blend of wood-aged port that has spent time in wooden barrels, typically at least three years. Reserve tawny port (produced by Borges, Calem, Croft, Cruz, Graham , Kopke, and other houses) has been aged about seven years. Above this are tawny with an indication of age, which represent

1377-405: A single estate, unlike the standard bottlings of the port wine houses which can be sourced from a number of quintas. Single quinta bottlings are used in two ways by producers. Most of the large port wine houses have a single quinta bottling which is only produced in some years when the regular vintage port of the house is not declared. In those years, wine from their best quinta is still bottled under

1458-617: A single variety of grapes, all Ports commercially available are from a blend of different grapes. Since the Phylloxera crisis , most vines are grown on grafted rootstock, with the notable exception of the Nacional area of Quinta do Noval , which, since being planted in 1925, has produced some of the most expensive vintage ports. Grapes grown for port are generally characterized by their small, dense fruit which produces concentrated and long-lasting flavours, suitable for long aging. While

1539-634: A single vintage (usually being a blend of several vintages of the ruby) nor the typical character of vintage port. Rose port is a very recent variation on the market, first released in 2008 by Poças and by Croft, part of the Taylor Fladgate Partnership . It is technically a ruby port, but fermented in a similar manner to a rosé wine , with limited exposure to the grape skins, thus creating the rose color. Tawny ports are wines usually made from red grapes that are aged in wooden barrels exposing them to gradual oxidation and evaporation. As

1620-657: A value of €364 million. Declining sales are attributed by some to increasing prices, due to the increased cost of alcohol used in the production process. Declining sales have also been attributed to the global rise in alcohol levels of table wines. As of 2014, the leading brand in Portugal is Cálem, which sells 2.6 million bottles annually. Port is produced from grapes grown in the Douro valley. Until 1986 it could only be exported from Portugal from Vila Nova de Gaia near Porto , Portugal's second-largest city. Traditionally,

1701-611: A variety of reasons. The Trust plays home to three separate sports teams, Camelot RUFC Rugby Club play home games on Chaulden Meadow, Hemel Hempstead Town Cricket Club play at Heath Park, whilst Boxmoor Cricket Club call Blackbirds Moor home. Sheethanger Common, which is also owned by the Trust formed, up until 2011, the grounds of the Boxmoor Golf Club. The Trust estate is also actively used by local community, with St John's Church in Boxmoor residing on Trust land. In addition,

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1782-409: A vintage designation, rather than being used for simpler port qualities. The term vintage has a distinct meaning in the context of vintage port. While vintage is simply the year in which a wine is made, most producers of vintage port restrict their production of year-labelled bottlings to only the best years, a few per decade. Contrast with second wines , where (primarily) Bordeaux producers release

1863-418: A vintage is made by each individual port house often referred to as a "shipper". Much of the complex character of aged vintage port comes from the continued slow decomposition of grape solids in each bottle. These solids are undesirable when the port is consumed, and thus vintage port typically requires a period of settling before decanting and pouring. Single quinta vintage ports are wines that originate from

1944-481: A wine that is slightly more viscous. The IVDP ( Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e Porto ) further divides ports into two categories: normal ports (standard ruby, three-year-old tawny, and white) and Categorias Especiais , special categories, which include everything else. The most common type, ruby port is stored in tanks of concrete or stainless steel after fermentation, to prevent oxidative aging and preserve its bright red color and full-bodied fruitiness. The wine

2025-438: A year-labelled top wine almost every year, but also lesser quality wines in some years. If a port house decides that its wine is of a quality sufficient for a vintage, samples are sent to the IVDP for approval and the house declares the vintage. In very good years, almost all the port houses will declare their wines. In intermediate years, the producers of blended vintage ports will not declare their flagship port but may declare

2106-612: Is a Portuguese fortified wine produced in the Douro Valley of northern Portugal . It is typically a sweet red wine , often served with dessert , although it also comes in dry, semi-dry, and white varieties. Other port-style fortified wines are produced outside Portugal – in Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, India, Italy, South Africa, Spain, and the United States ;– but under

2187-447: Is a more specific term than " charitable organization ". A charitable trust enjoys varying degrees of tax benefits in most countries and also generates goodwill. Some important terminology in charitable trusts includes the term " corpus " (Latin for "body"), referring to the assets with which the trust is funded, and the term "donor," which is the person donating assets to a charity. In India, trusts set up for social causes and approved by

2268-773: Is caused by the addition of distilled grape spirits that fortify the wine, but also halt fermentation before all the sugar is converted to alcohol, and results in a wine that is usually 19% to 20% alcohol. Port is commonly served after meals as a dessert wine in English-speaking countries, often with cheese, nuts, or chocolate; white and tawny ports are often served as an apéritif . In continental Europe, all types of ports are frequently consumed as apéritifs. Port from Portugal comes in several styles, which can be divided into two broad categories: wines matured in sealed glass bottles, and wines that have matured in wooden barrels. The former, without exposure to air, experience what

2349-431: Is known as "reductive" ageing. This process leads to the wine losing its color very slowly and produces a wine that is smoother on the palate and less tannic. The latter, being matured in wooden barrels, whose permeability allows a small amount of exposure to oxygen, experience what is known as "oxidative" aging. They too lose color, but at a faster pace. They also lose volume to evaporation ( angel's share ), leaving behind

2430-402: Is made entirely from the grapes of a declared vintage year. While it is by far the most renowned type of port, from a volume and revenue standpoint, vintage port accounts for only about two percent of overall port production. Not every year is declared a vintage in the Douro. The decision on whether to declare a vintage is made early in the second year following the harvest. The decision to declare

2511-433: Is needed for major expenditure, the Trust is independent of other authorities and does not answer to local or central government. There have been changes to the land that makes up the Box Moor Trust estate over time. Although a rare occurrence, parcels of the trust estate have, over the years, been sold or compulsorily purchased , usually for a transport scheme. The first instance was in 1797 when parcels of land were sold to

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2592-456: Is not produced in Portugal, in accordance with an agreement with the EU. Colheita port is a single-vintage tawny port aged for at least seven years, with the vintage year on the bottle instead of a category of age (10, 20, etc.). Colheita port should not be confused with a vintage port: a vintage port will spend only about 18 months in barrels after harvest and will continue to mature in bottles, but

2673-543: Is open access, with just over a quarter being common land . In 1574 Queen Elizabeth I gifted certain Hertfordshire lands to Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester , some of the grounds in question had once formed the estate of the Monastery of Ashridge . Robert Dudley did not keep hold of the lands for very long as, on 11 May 1574 he sold them to Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford and Peter Graye of Segenhoe, Bedfordshire . Peter Graye subsequently acquired both shares of

2754-539: Is optimal for cultivation of olives , almonds , and especially grapes important for making port wine. The region around Pinhão and São João da Pesqueira is considered to be the centre of port production, and is known for its picturesque quintas  – estates clinging on to almost vertical slopes dropping down to the river. The demarcation of the Douro River Valley includes a broad swath of land of pre- Cambrian schist and granite . Beginning around

2835-520: Is sometimes referred to as brandy , but it bears little resemblance to commercial brandies. The wine is then stored and aged , often in barrels stored in a lodge (meaning "cellar") as is the case in Vila Nova de Gaia , before being bottled. The wine received its name, "port", in the latter half of the 17th century from the seaport city of Porto at the mouth of the Douro River , where much of

2916-499: Is usually blended to match the style of the brand to which it is to be sold. The wine is fined and cold filtered before bottling and does not generally improve with age, although premium rubies are aged in wood from four to six years. Reserve ruby is a premium ruby port approved by the IVDP's tasting panel, the Câmara de Provadores . In 2002 the IVDP prohibited the use of the term "vintage character", as reserve ruby port had neither

2997-425: Is widely considered the most desirable port grape but the difficulty in growing it, and the small yields cause Touriga Francesa to be the most widely planted grape. White ports are produced the same way as red ports, except that they use white grapes – Donzelinho Branco , Esgana-Cão , Folgasão , Gouveio , Malvasia Fina , Rabigato and Viosinho . While a few shippers have experimented with Ports produced from

3078-643: The Attorney General for England and Wales in their capacity as parens patriae , appearing on behalf of The Crown . The jurisdiction over charitable disputes is equally shared between the High Court of Justice and the Charity Commission . The Commission, being the primary authority, is responsible for regulating and promoting charitable trusts. It also provides advice and opinions to trustees on administrative matters. In cases where

3159-532: The European Union Protected Designation of Origin guidelines, only wines from Portugal are allowed to be labelled "port". Port is produced from grapes grown and processed in the demarcated Douro region. The wine produced is then fortified by the addition of a neutral grape spirit known as aguardente to stop the fermentation , leaving residual sugar in the wine, and to boost the alcohol content . The fortification spirit

3240-567: The Income Tax Department not only receive exemption from tax payment, but donors to such trusts can also deduct the donated amount from their taxable income. The legal framework in India recognizes activities such as "relief of the poor, education, medical relief, preservation of monuments and the environment, and the advancement of any other object of general public utility" as charitable purposes. Companies formed under Section 8 of

3321-461: The 1962 vintage, LBV was being produced in Portugal and bottled as LBV. LBV is intended to provide some of the experience of drinking a vintage port but without the need for lengthy bottle ageing. To a limited extent, it succeeds, as the extra years of oxidative ageing in the barrel does mature the wine more quickly. Unfiltered LBVs are mostly bottled with conventional driven corks and need to be decanted. After decanting they should be consumed within

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3402-651: The Commission detects mismanagement or maladministration, it has the authority to take actions against the trustees. This includes their removal, the appointment of new trustees, or even temporarily assuming control of the trust property to prevent harm. In instances where there are issues with a charity, the High Court can implement schemes that dictate the functioning of the charity. In the United States, many individuals use charitable trusts to leave all or

3483-770: The Companies Act, 2013, for promoting charity, also receive benefits under the law, including exemption from various procedural provisions of the Companies Act—either fully or partially—and are entitled to other exemptions that the Central Government may grant through its orders. In the Islamic Republic of Iran , religious charitable trusts, or bonyads , constitute a substantial part of the country's economy, controlling an estimated 20% of Iran's GDP. Unlike some other Muslim-majority countries,

3564-607: The Grand Junction Canal Company, in order for the construction of the Grand Junction Canal to go ahead. The money received enabled to the trust to construct a Wharf. Boxmoor Wharf played a key part in the continued existence of the trust due to the fact that it quickly became the transport hub of the town. Initially the main coal wharf for the town, it quickly became associated with spirits and wine, in particular port and sloe gin . The Wharf

3645-450: The Trust celebrated its 425th anniversary. As part of the anniversary celebrations, the Trust teamed with Puddingstone Distillery to release a gin made with Juniper harvested from Roughdown Common . Charitable trust Sections Contest Property disposition Common types Other types Governing doctrines A charitable trust is an irrevocable trust established for charitable purposes. In some jurisdictions, it

3726-510: The Trust hosts several community events. The annual Autumn Festival is held every October on Blackbirds Moor, and features local artisans and produce sellers, Conker competitions and autumnal arts and crafts. Music on the Moor was a biannual music festival that was previously operated by the Box Moor Trust. The River Bulbourne flows through part of the Box Moor Trust estate, and in January 2017

3807-403: The appreciated asset and purchases other income-generating assets to fund the trust. At the end of the trust term, which may be based on either lives or a term of years, the charity receives whatever amount is left in the trust. Charitable remainder unitrusts provide flexibility in the distribution of income and may be helpful in retirement planning, while charitable remainder annuity trusts paying

3888-411: The beneficiaries of the trust; in this case, residents of Hemel Hempstead and Bovingdon. The Trustees hold and operate the grazing land on behalf of the beneficiaries, it having been legally transferred to them by the remaining inheritors of the original feoffees. The Boxmoor Act of 1809 was subsequently updated by a Charity Commission Scheme in 2000, and, aside from when Charity Commissioners' approval

3969-405: The bonyads receive large In England and Wales, charitable trusts represent a form of express trust dedicated to charitable goals. There are several advantages to charitable trust status, including exemption from most forms of taxation and freedom for the trustees that is not found in other types of English trusts. For a charitable trust to be considered valid, the organization must demonstrate both

4050-429: The bottle. It can age as long as vintage ports and are very difficult to identify as LBVs when inserted into blind tastings of vintage ports. The filtered wine has the advantage of being ready to drink without decanting and is usually bottled in a stoppered bottle that can be easily resealed. However, many wine experts feel that this convenience comes at a price and believe that the filtration process strips out much of

4131-410: The character of the wine. Typically ready to drink when released, filtered LBV ports tend to be lighter-bodied than vintage ports. Filtered LBVs can improve with age, but only to a limited degree. Crusted port is usually a blend of several vintages. Unlike vintage port, which has to be sourced from grapes from a single vintage, crusted port affords the port blender the opportunity to make best use of

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4212-529: The creation of a dedicated Kingfisher nesting box alongside the river, and a second nesting box has also been built at Gadespring. A long-held ambition of the Trust is to see the reintroduction of Water Voles along the Bulbourne Valley. This ambition was realised in September 2019, when the Trust reintroduced 177 Water Voles in to the River Bulbourne as part of a three-year plan. The Jersey Mocha

4293-479: The estate had also failed. The Trust has a herd of Belted Galloways , as well as a flock of sheep which is made up of Charollais , Norfolk Horns and Ryelands . The horses and ponies that graze Harding's Moor and Station Moor during the summer months are not owned by the Trust, but are grazed on the Trust land by local graziers via the use of pasture tickets. Other parcels of the Trust Estate are used for

4374-523: The grapes used to produce port made in Portugal are strictly regulated by the Instituto do Vinho do Porto , wines from outside this region that describe themselves as port may be made from other varieties. In 2013, there were 8.7 million cases of port sold, 3.6% less than the previous year, at a value of $ 499 million. Port sales have been declining since 2005 and in 2014 were down 16% from that year. In 2023 about 7.2 million cases were sold, with

4455-559: The pastures was transferred to 67 local inhabitants ( Feoffes ), " whereby their heirs and assigns might and should for ever thereafter have, hold and enjoy the said meadows and all the commodities that might or should arise thereof ". The Trust, a legal entity formed in 1594, has survived over 400 years up to the present day. Twelve of the 67 Feoffes were appointed as Trustees with the powers to make Orders and Bye-laws that they deemed necessary. New Trustee appointments were made in 1659, 1711, 1757 and 1787. The highwayman Robert Snooks

4536-684: The price being £85 per acre (and not the £130 per acre that the Trustees had requested). The money raised from the construction of the Railway was used to purchase the plot of land now known as Blackbirds Moor. A second railway line, the Hemel Hempstead to Harpenden Railway , was built on a parcel of Trust land, for which the trust received £2000 in 1870. Most recently, the construction of the A41 Bypass resulted in an exchange of land, with

4617-538: The product that they purchased the abbot's entire lot and shipped it home. Port became very popular in England after the Methuen Treaty of 1703, when merchants were permitted to import it at a low duty, while war with France deprived English wine drinkers of French wine . British importers could be credited for recognising that a smooth, already fortified wine that would appeal to English palates would survive

4698-518: The product was brought to market or for export to other countries in Europe. The Douro valley where port wine is produced was defined and established as a protected region, and the name Douro thus an official appellation , in 1756, making it the third oldest wine after Chianti (1716) and Tokaj (1730). The reaches of the valley of the Douro River in northern Portugal have a microclimate that

4779-404: The property, and passed them down to his son, Richard Grey. It was from Richard Grey that Yeomen John Rolfe and William Gladman, as well as Landlord and Shoemaker Richard Pope acquired the lands for £75 on 26 May 1581. They had feared the common land would be enclosed and townspeople would be denied grazing rights: the price had been raised by secret public subscription. In 1594, ownership of

4860-468: The protected geographic indication. In 1678, a Liverpool wine merchant sent two new representatives to Viana do Castelo , north of Oporto, to learn the wine trade. While on a vacation in the Douro, the two gentlemen visited the Abbot of Lamego, who treated them to a "very agreeable, sweetish and extremely smooth" wine, which had been fortified with a distilled spirit. The two Englishmen were so pleased with

4941-663: The rule of the Marquis of Pombal , the Companhia Geral da Agricultura das Vinhas do Alto Douro (C.G.A.V.A.D., also known as the General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro or Douro Wine Company ), was founded to guarantee the quality of the product and fair pricing to the end consumer. The C.G.A.V.A.D. was also in charge of regulating which port wine would be for export or internal consumption and managing

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5022-402: The second phase of maturation, certain oils may precipitate, causing a film to form across the surface of the glass. Confusingly, the word Garrafeira may also be found on some very old tawny labels, where the contents of the bottle are of exceptional age. White port is made from white grapes, such as Malvasia Fina , Donzelinho , Gouveio , Codega and Rabigato , Taylor introduced Chip Dry,

5103-450: The site. In January 2019 the Trust is holding a public consultation about its plans to exchange 5 small parcels of land for one larger piece of land, Dellfield. The Trust wishes to de-register one of the smaller parcels of land to enable future development; this preregistration would remove the common land protection. In November 2020, The Trust announced that their de-registration plans had failed, thus meaning their plans to develop part of

5184-478: The stones lay is, suitably, named Snook's Moor. St John's Church was built in 1874, on land the Trust had provided in 1829. The trust is an independent charity rather than a government institution. Originally founded and overseen by feoffees , the Boxmoor Act of 1809 formally established the Box Moor Trust. As a result, the trust is governed by a twelve-strong board of trustees , all of whom are elected by

5265-517: The tax and economic benefits for the contributor. Charitable remainder trusts are irrevocable structures established by a donor to provide an income stream to the income beneficiary, while the public charity or private foundation receives the remainder value when the trust terminates. These "split interest" trusts are defined in §664 of the Internal Revenue Code and are normally tax-exempt. A Section 664 trust makes payments either of

5346-410: The term of the trust. Similar to a charitable remainder trust, payments may be either a fixed amount (charitable lead annuity trust) or a percentage of trust principal (charitable lead unitrust). At the end of the trust term, the remainder can either go back to the donor or to heirs named by the donor. The donor may sometimes claim a charitable income tax deduction or a gift/estate tax deduction for making

5427-534: The trust added a further 36 acres with the acquisition of the former Bovingdon Brickworks site, making this the first area of the Estate to reside solely in Bovingdon. This former clay quarry has its own team of dedicated volunteers and is grazed by sheep as an organic management tool. Pixie's Mere, a 4-acre fishing lake was acquired by the trust in 2003 and is operated under licence by a bailiff. The lake operates as

5508-475: The trust receiving parcels of land now known as Gee's Meadow (which is located behind the Herdsman's Cottage), and Further Roughdown. There have also been additions to the Box Moor Trust estate, the most recent and notable of which are listed below. As part of the trust's 400th anniversary celebrations, 167 acres of land at Westbrook Hay was purchased. This site borders the grounds of Westbrook Hay School and

5589-501: The trust's purposes benefit the public or a specific section of the public, rather than merely a group of private individuals. Several circumstances render such trusts invalid. Charitable trusts are prohibited from operating for profit, and their purposes cannot be non-charitable unless these purposes are ancillary to the charitable goal. Furthermore, it is deemed unacceptable for charitable trusts to engage in campaigns for political or legal change. However, discussing political issues in

5670-454: The varying characteristics of different vintages. Crusted port is bottled unfiltered and sealed with a driven cork. Like vintage port, it needs to be decanted before drinking. Vintage ports may be aged in barrels or stainless steel for a maximum of two and a half years before bottling, and generally require another 10 to 40 years of aging in the bottle before reaching what is considered a proper drinking age. Since they are potentially aged in

5751-960: The village of Barqueiros (about 70 km (43 mi) upstream from Porto), the valley extends eastward almost to the Spanish border. The region is protected from the influences of the Atlantic Ocean by the Serra do Marão mountains. The area is subdivided into three official zones: the Baixo (lower) Corgo, the Cima (higher) Corgo, and the Douro Superior. Over a hundred varieties of grapes ( castas ) are sanctioned for port production, although only five ( Tinta Barroca , Tinto Cão , Tinta Roriz ( Tempranillo ), Touriga Francesa , and Touriga Nacional ) are widely cultivated and used. Touriga Nacional

5832-535: The vintage of a single quinta, e.g., the 1996 Dow's Quinta do Bomfim and Taylor's Quinta de Vargellas. Some houses declare their wines in all but the worst years: Quinta do Vesuvio has declared a vintage every year with the exceptions of 1993, 2002, and 2014. Improved wine-making technologies and better weather forecasts during the harvest have increased the number of years in which a vintage can be declared. Although there have been years when only one or two wines have been declared, it has been over thirty years since there

5913-533: The vintage, but one style is fined and filtered before bottling, while the other is not. The accidental origin of late bottled vintage has led to more than one company claiming its invention. The earliest known reference to a style of port with this name in a merchant's list is to be found in The Wine Society's catalogue from 1964, which includes Fonseca's Quinta Milieu 1958, bottled in the UK, also in 1964. By

5994-482: The wine was taken downriver in flat-bottom boats called ' barcos rabelos ', to be processed and stored. In the 1950s and 1960s, several hydroelectric power dams were built along the river, ending this traditional conveyance. Currently, the wine is transported from the vineyards by tanker trucks and the barcos rabelos are only used for racing and other displays. Port wine is typically richer, sweeter, heavier, and higher in alcohol content than unfortified wines. This

6075-493: Was hanged and buried at the scene of his crime on Boxmoor for the robbery of a postboy on the Sparrows Herne Turnpike which crossed the trust land. Snooks was the last man to be executed in England for highway robbery on 11 March 1802. The Trustees placed a grave marker in 1904 at the approximate spot, and a subsequent footstone was added in 1994, as part of the trusts 400th anniversary. The field in which

6156-431: Was a year with no declarations at all. 2016 was declared a vintage year by most producers, as was 2011. The quality of the grape harvest was attributed to ideal rainfall and temperature. Other recent widely declared vintage years were 2007, 2003, 2000, 1997 and 1994. The wine-producing Douro region is the third oldest protected wine region in the world after Chianti , in 1716, and Tokaj , in 1730. In 1756, during

6237-471: Was carried out in January 2017, whilst the creation of ephemeral ponds is due to take place in October, 2017. Roughdown Common , a former chalk quarry, was purchased by the Trust in 1886 and is one of Hertfordshire's few remaining examples of unimproved calcareous grassland. The combination of the scarcity of calcareous grassland, and the wide variety of flora found at the site, led it being designated as

6318-457: Was discovered in Hertfordshire for the first time on Roughdown Common in September 2016. The Trust is supported by volunteers, and currently has in excess of 300. Volunteering experiences are varied, and can range from fund-raising, wildlife surveys, to archiving and education. In recent years, the trust has set up a 'Friends of the Box Moor Trust' programme, which disseminates information via newsletters and email to those who sign up. In 2019,

6399-756: Was formerly part of the Ryder family estate as well as being the site of the Westbrook Hay Hill Climb . The purchase of this site brought the total acreage of the trust to approximately 400 acres. The Old Barn is a part of the Westbrook Hay site, and is used as the base for the trust's Education programmes. Originally built in c.  1820 , the Old Barn was renovated to its current state in November 2000. Not long after, in January 2000,

6480-547: Was the site of a major river restoration project. Working in conjunction with the Environment Agency the Trust restored a kilometer stretch of the River where it flows through Boxmoor. The river in this location had been heavily modified in the past, and as a result was overly deep, straight and wide. As such, the restoration work was carried out in order to return the river to a more natural state. The bulk of this work

6561-453: Was then operated for nearly 40 years by L. Rose and Co who were one of the last companies to use the canals for carrying cargo, which, in this case, was mainly Lime Juice. The site is still named Boxmoor Wharf and currently leased to DIY retailer B&Q . The construction of the London and Birmingham Railway was another instance in which a corridor of land was purchase from the trust, with

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