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29-532: Boyana Waterfall is formed under the waters of the Boyana River, which streams down the northern hills of Vitosha mountain. The base of the waterfall is located at 1260 meters altitude. The area has a well preserved and uncontaminated nature. In sunny days, the waterfall can sometimes be seen from the capital of Bulgaria, Sofia . During the cold days of winter, the Boyana Waterfall freezes due to

58-565: A long way from the present understanding, some enlightened noblemen took the first step in 1934 by declaring 66 km² of Vitosha a nature park , hence Vitosha became the first park of this kind in the Balkans . During the following year, some of the early Bulgarian reserves, Bistrishko Branishte (subsequently expanded to 10.61 km²) and Torfeno Branishte (7.84 km² respectively), were designated within its boundaries. The park boundaries fluctuated over many years and today it encompasses

87-550: A network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean helped study the El Niño-Southern Oscillation . Moored weather buoys range from 1.5–12 metres (5–40 ft) in diameter, while drifting buoys are smaller, with diameters of 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in). Drifting buoys are the dominant form of weather buoy in sheer number, with 1250 located worldwide. Wind data from buoys has smaller error than that from ships. There are differences in

116-506: A personal computer, and internet connection (or amateur radio) and are utilized by groups such as the National Weather Service (NWS) when generating forecast models . Each weather station submitting data to CWOP will also have an individual Web page that depicts the data submitted by that station. The Weather Underground Internet site is another popular destination for the submittal and sharing of data with others around

145-436: A significant amount. A weather instrument is any device that measures weather related conditions. Since there are a variety of different weather conditions, there are a variety of different weather instruments. Typical weather stations have the following instruments: In addition, at certain automated airport weather stations , additional instruments may be employed, including: More sophisticated stations may also measure

174-515: Is a typical example. Bulgaria's longest cave – Duhlata , with a total length of 18,200 m, is situated in Vitosha in the karstic region near the village of Bosnek. Since the ancient times of the Thracians a large population has always existed at the base of Vitosha. For the last four thousand years the economy of this large settlement has always been connected, in one way or another, with

203-473: Is another widespread herbaceous plant on Vitosha; it develops in dank sites under the shade of the forest. Vitosha Saddle , Rezen Knoll , Komini Peak , and Kikish Crag on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica are named respectively for Mount Vitosha, and for the Vitosha peaks of Malak Rezen and Golyam Rezen , Kominite Peak, and Kikish site. Vitosha is also

232-658: Is located in the upper part of the Bulgarian capital. The hiking trails start from there upward and left toward the Boyana Lake , and upward right toward the Boyana Waterfall. Taking the route through the lake is longer but less steep. The route situated on the right is shorter but steeper and sometimes gets frozen during winter. The second point you can start a hike from is Kopitoto which is an area situated on 1345 meters altitude in Vitosha mountain, which can be reached by car. Many expeditions toward Cherni Vrah pass through

261-929: Is required for record keeping. Automatic transmission of data, in a format such as METAR , is also desirable as many weather station's data is required for weather forecasting. A personal weather station is a set of weather measuring instruments operated by a private individual, club, association, or business (where obtaining and distributing weather data is not a part of the entity's business operation). Personal weather stations have become more advanced and can include many different sensors to measure weather conditions. These sensors can vary between models but most measure wind speed, wind direction, outdoor and indoor temperatures, outdoor and indoor humidity, barometric pressure, rainfall, and UV or solar radiation. Other available sensors can measure soil moisture, soil temperature, and leaf wetness. The quality, number of instruments, and placement of personal weather stations can vary widely, making

290-643: Is the highest point of the mountain at 2290 m and is one of 12 peaks of Vitosha over 2000 m in height. It is the highest massif of Srednogorie mountain chain system , together with Sredna gora , Plana (mountain) , Lyulin Mountain , Greben (mountain) , Viskyar Mountain , etc. They all are a result of the folding of the earth layers through the Mesozoic, causing also magma sheet-like intrusion (or concordant pluton ) that has been injected between layers of sedimentary rock . The laccolithic domed form of Vitosha

319-479: The Vladayska River in an area of mixed deciduous and evergreen forest. However, this is only one of the stone rivers found in Vitosha and they were once the moraines of ancient glaciers. Their further formation occurred due to the spherical erosion of the sienite rocks and their gradual movement to down stream valleys by the forces of gravity and moving water. At a time when nature conservation ideas were

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348-521: The ultraviolet index , leaf wetness , soil moisture , soil temperature, water temperature in ponds, lakes, creeks, or rivers, and occasionally other data. Except for those instruments requiring direct exposure to the elements (anemometer, rain gauge), the instruments should be sheltered in a vented box, usually a Stevenson screen , to keep direct sunlight off the thermometer and wind off the hygrometer. The instrumentation may be specialized to allow for periodic recording, otherwise significant manual labour

377-443: The Boyana Waterfall. The waterfall is used for alpine climbing during the winter season when it freezes. Vitosha Vitosha ( Bulgarian : Витоша [ˈvitoʃɐ] ), the ancient Scomius or Scombrus , is a mountain massif , on the outskirts of Sofia , the capital of Bulgaria . Vitosha is one of the symbols of Sofia and the closest site for hiking , alpinism and skiing . Convenient bus lines and rope ways render

406-593: The determination of which stations collect accurate, meaningful, and comparable data difficult. There are a comprehensive number of retail weather stations available. Personal weather stations typically involve a digital console that provides readouts of the data being collected. These consoles may interface to a personal computer where data can be displayed, stored, and uploaded to websites or data ingestion/distribution systems. Open-source weather stations are available that are designed to be fully customizable by users. Personal weather stations may be operated solely for

435-467: The enjoyment and education of the owner, while some owners share their results with others. They do this by manually compiling data and distributing it, distributing data over the Internet, or sharing data via amateur radio . The Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP) is a service which facilitates the sharing of information from personal weather stations. This data is submitted through use of software,

464-517: The entire mountain; an area of 266.06 km². Due to a great variability in elevation , a rich diversity of climates, flora and fauna can be found within the park. Research has revealed that on the comparatively small area of the mountain there are 1,500 species of higher plants, 500 species of fungi , 500 species of algae , 326 species of mosses , and 200 species of lichens . The forests are mainly composed of Norway spruce and Bulgarian fir , with some Macedonian pine , Scots pine , and at

493-456: The mountain easily accessible. Vitosha has the outlines of an enormous dome. The territory of the mountain includes Vitosha nature park that encompasses the best known and most frequently visited parts. The foothills of Vitosha shelter resort quarters of Sofia; Knyazhevo quarter has mineral springs . Vitosha is the oldest nature park in the Balkans . The mountain emerged as a result of volcanic activity and has been subsequently shaped by

522-949: The name of: Meteorological station A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate . The measurements taken include temperature , atmospheric pressure , humidity , wind speed , wind direction , and precipitation amounts. Wind measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation, or insolation . Manual observations are taken at least once daily, while automated measurements are taken at least once an hour. Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period. Drifting weather buoys outnumber their moored versions by

551-502: The neighboring mountain. The name Vitosha comes from the two-peaked, twin ridge mountain, which rises above the Sofia field and has acquired its present shape in stages over many millennia. A meteorological station was built at the top in 1935, and is still operating. The station also serves as a rest shelter for hikers and is the headquarters for the mountain rescue team. Historical documents show that several centuries ago Vitosha mountain

580-522: The northern Pacific Ocean . The agreement of the weather ships ended in 1990. Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wave studies, as they did not avoid weather systems like merchant ships tended to and were considered a valuable resource. The last weather ship was MS  Polarfront , known as weather station M ("jilindras") at 66°N, 02°E, run by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute . MS Polarfront

609-578: The shadowy valley of its location. The waterfall is easily accessible by foot but not by car. It is one of the important natural landmarks near Sofia. The quickest route to the Boyana waterfall is through the Kopitoto hotel and takes about one hour of walking. There are two hiking routes that you can take from different locations to reach the waterfall. The first one is the Boyana neighborhood in Sofia, which

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638-422: The slow folding of the granite rock layers and a series of gradual uplifts of the area. It appears dome shaped at first sight, but the mountain, 19 km long by 17 km wide, actually consists of concentric denudational plateaus rising in tiers one above the other. Vitosha is separated into four main parts whose main ridges gather at a crown known as Cherni Vrah ('Black Peak', Bulgarian: черни връх ). This

667-510: The tree-line, mountain pine , and mixed deciduous forest at lower altitudes, mainly beech , birch , aspen and alder . Regarding herbaceous plants, well-established populations of Veratrum album are present on the mountain, as well as other species commonly called 'lilies'. There are also orchids , such as the East European green-winged orchid ( Orchis morio ) that grows in the higher parts. Lungwort ( Pulmonaria officinalis )

696-701: The values of sea surface temperature measurements between the two platforms as well, relating to the depth of the measurement and whether or not the water is heated by the ship which measures the quantity. Synoptic weather stations are instruments which collect meteorological information at synoptic time 00h00, 06h00, 12h00, 18h00 ( UTC ) and at intermediate synoptic hours 03h00, 09h00, 15h00, 21h00 (UTC). Every weather station has assigned station unique code by WMO for identification. The common instruments of measure are anemometer, wind vane, pressure sensor, thermometer, hygrometer, and rain gauge. The weather measures are formatted in special format and transmit to WMO to help

725-401: The world's oceans and lakes. Moored buoys have been in use since 1951, while drifting buoys have been used since the late 1970s. Moored buoys are connected with the seabed using either chains, nylon , or buoyant polypropylene . With the decline of the weather ship , they have taken a more primary role in measuring conditions over the open seas since the 1970s. During the 1980s and 1990s,

754-399: The world. As with CWOP, each station submitting data to Weather Underground has a unique Web page displaying their submitted data. The UK Met Office 's Weather Observations Website (WOW) also allows such data to be shared and displayed. A weather ship was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological measurements for use in weather forecasting. It

783-508: Was also meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights. The establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during World War II that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established a global network of 13 weather ships in 1948. Of the 12 left in operation in 1996, nine were located in the northern Atlantic Ocean while three were located in

812-525: Was removed from service January 1, 2010. Since the 1960s this role has been largely superseded by satellites , long range aircraft and weather buoys . Weather observations from ships continue from thousands of voluntary merchant vessels in routine commercial operation; the Old Weather crowdsourcing project transcribes naval logs from before the era of dedicated ships. Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and oceanography data within

841-401: Was still covered by the remains of the inaccessible " Great Bulgarian Forest " ( Magna Silva Bulgarica ). Today, the natural coniferous forests of Vitosha remain only in the reserve Bistrishko Branishte and around Zlatnite Mostove (The Golden Bridges). The Golden Bridges is a stone river consisting of a ribbon of huge boulders running down the mountainside. This scenic spot is located along

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