Mark Boyle (11 May 1934 – 4 May 2005) was a Scottish artist born in Glasgow and known for his work in the cultural UK Underground of the 1960s around the Traverse Theatre , and from 1985 exhibited with Joan Hills and their children Sebastian and Georgia as Boyle Family .
95-531: Although Boyle Family have worked across a wide range of different media (including painting, photography, sculpture, film, projection, sound recordings and drawing), they are perhaps most well known for their Earth studies. These pictures – highly accurate painted casts that operate somewhere between painting and sculpture – involve the meticulous re-creation of randomly chosen areas of the Earth's surface using resin and fibreglass (as well as real materials collected from
190-552: A Google doodle celebrating Klimt's painting The Kiss on his 150th birthday, 14 July 2012. In 2012, the Austrian Mint began a five-coin gold series to coincide with the 150th anniversary of Klimt's birth. The first 50 Euro gold coin was issued on 25 January 2012 and featured a portrait of Klimt on the obverse and a portion of his painting of Adele Bloch-Bauer. In 2013, the Gustav Klimt Foundation
285-755: A "gala edition" bound in gilt leather. The set contains detailed images from previously released works (Hygeia from the University Mural Medicine , 1901; a section of the third University Mural Jurisprudence , 1903), as well as the unfinished paintings ( Adam and Eve , Bridal Progress ). In 1963, the Albertina museum in Vienna began researching the drawings of Gustav Klimt. The research project Gustav Klimt. Die Zeichnungen , has since been associated with intensive exhibition and publication activities. Between 1980 and 1984 Alice Strobl published
380-643: A 'by invitation' system; to reserve a section of the Exhibition for foreign artists too; to admit works by uninvited Italian artists, as selected by a jury." The first Biennale , "I Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte della Città di Venezia (1st International Art Exhibition of the City of Venice)" (although originally scheduled for 22 April 1894) was opened on 30 April 1895, by the Italian King and Queen, Umberto I and Margherita di Savoia . The first exhibition
475-503: A frank eroticism. Amongst his figurative works, which include allegories and portraits, he painted landscapes . Among the artists of the Vienna Secession, Klimt was the most influenced by Japanese art and its methods. Early in his career, he was a successful painter of architectural decorations in a conventional manner. As he began to develop a more personal style, his work was the subject of controversy that culminated when
570-605: A government committee recommended that Klimt's Lady with Hat and Feather Boa , in Belvedere Museum in Vienna, be restituted to the heirs of the Jewish family that had owned it before the Nazi Anschluss. National Public Radio reported on 17 January 2006 that "The Austrian National Gallery is being compelled by a national arbitration board to return five paintings by Gustav Klimt to a Los Angeles based woman,
665-456: A heavy, cream-colored wove paper with deckle edges . Thirty-one of the images (ten of which are multicolored) are printed on Chine-collé . The remaining nineteen are high quality halftones prints. Each piece was marked with a unique signet—designed by Klimt—which was impressed into the wove paper in gold metallic ink. The prints were issued in groups of ten to subscribers, in unbound black paper folders embossed with Klimt's name. Because of
760-771: A lease on public land to erect an exhibition hall . The group's symbol was Pallas Athena , the Greek goddess of just causes, wisdom, and the arts—of whom Klimt painted his radical version in 1898. In 1894, Klimt was commissioned to create three paintings to decorate the ceiling of the Great Hall of the University of Vienna . Not completed until the turn of the century, his three paintings, Philosophy , Medicine , and Jurisprudence were criticized for their radical themes and material, and were called " pornographic ". Klimt had transformed traditional allegory and symbolism into
855-743: A long robe with no undergarments. His simple life was somewhat cloistered, devoted to his art, family, and little else except the Secessionist Movement from which he and many colleagues eventually resigned. He avoided café society and seldom socialized with other artists. Klimt's fame usually brought patrons to his door and he could afford to be highly selective. His painting method was very deliberate and painstaking at times and he required lengthy sittings by his subjects. Although very active sexually, he kept his affairs discreet and he avoided personal scandal. The artist cultivated close relationships with some of his clients, who were primarily from
950-856: A man what life means to him and develop its innermost significance, I feel the same about these paintings." In 1911 his painting Death and Life received first prize in the world exhibitions in Rome. In 1915 Anna, his mother, died. Klimt died three years later in Vienna on 6 February 1918, having suffered a stroke and pneumonia brought about by the Spanish flu . He was buried at the Hietzinger Cemetery in Hietzing , Vienna. Numerous paintings by him were left unfinished . The only folio set produced in Klimt's lifetime, Das Werk Gustav Klimts ,
1045-546: A new language that was more overtly sexual and hence more disturbing to some. The public outcry came from all quarters—political, aesthetic and religious. As a result, the paintings (seen in gallery below) were not displayed on the ceiling of the Great Hall. This was to be the last public commission accepted by the artist. All three paintings were destroyed when retreating German forces burned Schloss Immendorf in May 1945, together with another ten paintings, including Schubert at
SECTION 10
#17327911032671140-517: A new personal style. Characteristic of his style at the end of the 19th century is the inclusion of Nuda Veritas ( naked truth ) as a symbolic figure in some of his works, including Ancient Greece and Egypt (1891), Pallas Athene (1898) and Nuda Veritas (1899). Historians believe that Klimt with the nuda veritas denounced both the policy of the Habsburgs and Austrian society, which ignored all political and social problems of that time. In
1235-741: A number of panels in 1914 for the Venice Hotel Terminus called "La Primavera" and "Mille e una notte". These were later exhibited in the Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum . In 1972 the Vienna State Opera presented a new production of Salome , an opera by Oscar Wilde and Richard Strauss , in a Klimt inspired stage setting and costumes by Jürgen Rose . This production, directed by Boleslaw Barlog and first conducted by Karl Böhm , became extremely popular and stayed in
1330-448: A painting up to that point. On 7 August 2006, Christie's auction house announced it was handling the sale of the remaining four works by Klimt that were recovered by Maria Altmann and her co-heirs after their long legal battle against Austria (see Republic of Austria v. Altmann ). Altmann's fight to regain her family's paintings has been the subject of a number of documentary films, including Adele's Wish . Her struggle also became
1425-455: A pavilion was Belgium in 1907, followed by Germany, Britain and Hungary in 1909. The pavilions are the property of the individual countries and are managed by their ministries of culture. Countries not owning a pavilion in the Giardini are exhibited in other venues across Venice. The number of countries represented is still growing. In 2005, China was showing for the first time, followed by
1520-568: A petition calling for Israel to be excluded from the Venice Biennale due to Israel's military campaign in the Gaza Strip . The Biennale rejected the petition, saying it would "not take into consideration any petition or call to exclude" countries recognized by Italy. Italian Culture Minister Gennaro Sangiuliano said that: "Israel not only has the right to express its art, but it has the duty to bear witness to its people precisely at
1615-552: A restructuring, an associated financial boost, as well as a new president, Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata . Three entirely new events were established, including the Biennale Musica in 1930, also referred to as International Festival of Contemporary Music ; the Venice Film Festival in 1932, which they claim as the first film festival in history, also referred to as Venice International Film Festival; and
1710-475: A retrospective of Courbet . A work by Picasso "Family of Saltimbanques" was removed from the Spanish salon in the central Palazzo because it was feared that its novelty might shock the public. By 1914 seven pavilions had been established: Belgium (1907), Hungary (1909), Germany (1909), Great Britain (1909), France (1912), and Russia (1914). During World War I , the 1916 and 1918 events were cancelled. In 1920
1805-542: A section of the exhibition designed to explore emerging art. Italian art historian Giovanni Carandente directed the 1988 and 1990 editions. A three-year gap was left afterwards to make sure that the 1995 edition would coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Biennale. The 1993 edition was directed by Achille Bonito Oliva. In 1995, Jean Clair was appointed to be the Biennale's first non-Italian director of visual arts while Germano Celant served as director in 1997. For
1900-413: A self-portrait. I am less interested in myself as a subject for a painting than I am in other people, above all women... There is nothing special about me. I am a painter who paints day after day from morning to night ... Whoever wants to know something about me ... ought to look carefully at my pictures." In 1901 Hermann Bahr wrote, in his Speech on Klimt : "Just as only a lover can reveal to
1995-646: A successful series of "Allegories and Emblems". In 1888 Klimt received the Golden Order of Merit from Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria for his contributions to murals painted in the Burgtheater in Vienna. He also became an honorary member of the University of Munich and the University of Vienna . In 1892 Klimt's father and brother Ernst both died, and he had to assume financial responsibility for his father's and brother's families. The tragedies also affected his artistic vision and soon he would move towards
SECTION 20
#17327911032672090-667: A time like this when it has been ruthlessly struck by merciless terrorists . The Venice Art Biennale will always be a space of freedom, encounter and dialogue and not a space of censorship and intolerance." On 13 February 2024, the Holy See Press Office announced that Pope Francis would attend the Venice Biennale. He visited the Pavilion of the Holy See in the Prison Giudecca on Sunday 28 April 2024. This
2185-645: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Venice Biennale#Great Britain The Venice Biennale ( / ˌ b iː ɛ ˈ n ɑː l eɪ , - l i / ; Italian : La Biennale di Venezia ) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice , Italy, by the Biennale Foundation . It focuses on contemporary art , and includes events for art, contemporary dance, architecture, cinema, and theatre. Two main components of
2280-596: Is bad." In 1902, animated by resentment Klimt wanted to title the painting Gold Fish (in which a naked woman ostentatiously and maliciously shows her butt), "To my critics", but was dissuaded by friends. In 1902, Klimt finished the Beethoven Frieze for the Fourteenth Vienna Secessionist exhibition, which was intended to be a celebration of the composer and featured a monumental polychrome sculpture by Max Klinger . Intended for
2375-524: The Kunsthalle (Hall of Art) in 1917, to try to keep local artists from going abroad. Artists who reinterpreted Klimt's work include Slovak artist Rudolf Fila . Already during his lifetime Klimt influenced other artists, such as the Italian Liberty style artist Galileo Chini (1873–1956). Klimt was exhibited at the 1910 Venice Biennale . Chini and Vittorio Zecchin (1878–1947) created
2470-472: The Lido . The Art Biennale (La Biennale d'Arte di Venezia) is one of the world's largest and most important contemporary visual art exhibitions. So-called because it is held biannually, it is the original biennale on which others in the world have been modeled. The exhibition space spans over 7,000 square meters, and artists from over 75 countries are represented in the collective exhibition spaces as well as in
2565-486: The 150th Anniversary of Italian Unification . The event was directed by Vittorio Sgarbi . The Giardini houses 30 permanent national pavilions. Alongside the Central Pavilion, built in 1894 and later restructured and extended several times, the Giardini are occupied by a further 29 permanent pavilions built at different periods by the various countries participating in the Biennale. The first nation to build
2660-637: The African Pavilion and Mexico (2007), the United Arab Emirates (2009), and India (2011). Gustav Klimt Gustav Klimt (14 July 1862 – 6 February 1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals , sketches , and other objets d'art . Klimt's primary subject was the female body, and his works are marked by
2755-513: The Aperto began as a fringe event for younger artists and artists of a national origin not represented by the permanent national pavilions. This is usually staged in the Arsenale and has become part of the formal biennale programme. In 1995 there was no Aperto so a number of participating countries hired venues to show exhibitions of emerging artists. From 1999, both the international exhibition and
2850-491: The Aperto were held as one exhibition, held both at the Central Pavilion and the Arsenale. Also in 1999, a $ 1 million renovation transformed the Arsenale area into a cluster of renovated shipyards, sheds and warehouses, more than doubling the Arsenale's exhibition space of previous years. A special edition of the 54th Biennale was held at Padiglione Italia of Torino Esposizioni – Sala Nervi (December 2011 – February 2012) for
2945-636: The Arsenale with "Always a Little Further." Drawing on "the myth of the romantic traveler" her exhibition involved 49 artists, ranging from the elegant to the profane. In 2007, Robert Storr became the first director from the United States to curate the Biennale (the 52nd), with a show entitled Think with the Senses – Feel with the Mind. Art in the Present Tense . Swedish curator Daniel Birnbaum
Mark Boyle (artist) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3040-622: The Arsenale. In 1999 a new sector was created for live shows: DMT (Dance Music Theatre). The 50th edition, 2003, directed by Francesco Bonami , had a record number of seven co-curators involved, including Hans Ulrich Obrist , Catherine David , Igor Zabel , Hou Hanru and Massimiliano Gioni . The 51st edition of the Biennale opened in June 2005, curated, for the first time by two women, Maria de Corral and Rosa Martinez . De Corral organized "The Experience of Art" which included 41 artists, from past masters to younger figures. Rosa Martinez took over
3135-542: The Art Biennale, the exhibition is based one main exhibition in the arsenale halls, as well as national exhibitions hosted in the pavilions of the arsenale and Biennale gardens. When the Venice Biennale was founded in 1895, one of its main goals was to establish a new market for contemporary art. Between 1942 and 1968 a sales office assisted artists in finding clients and selling their work, a service for which it charged 10% commission. Sales remained an intrinsic part of
3230-629: The Art Exhibition in 1948. The Art Biennale was resumed in 1948 with a major exhibition of a recapitulatory nature. The Secretary General, art historian Rodolfo Pallucchini, started with the Impressionists and many protagonists of contemporary art including Chagall , Klee , Braque , Delvaux , Ensor , and Magritte , as well as a retrospective of Picasso 's work. Peggy Guggenheim was invited to exhibit her collection, later to be permanently housed at Ca' Venier dei Leoni . 1949 saw
3325-514: The Art Exhibition with Jean Fautrier , Hans Hartung , Emilio Vedova , and Pietro Consagra . The 1964 Art Exhibition introduced continental Europe to Pop Art ( The Independent Group had been founded in Britain in 1952). The American Robert Rauschenberg was the first American artist to win the Gran Premio, and the youngest to date. The student protests of 1968 also marked a crisis for
3420-671: The Austrian State Printing Office, Gustav Klimt An Aftermath was intended to complete the lifetime folio Das Werk Gustav Klimts . The folio contains thirty colored collotypes (fourteen of which are multicolored) and follows a similar format found in Das Werk Gustav Klimts , replacing the unique Klimt-designed signets with gold-debossed plate numbers. One hundred and fifty sets were produced in English, with twenty of them (Nos. I–XX) presented as
3515-550: The Biennale Theatro in 1934, also referred to as International Theatre Festival . In 1933 the Biennale organized an exhibition of Italian art abroad. From 1938, Grand Prizes were awarded in the art exhibition section. During World War II , the activities of the Biennale were interrupted: 1942 saw the last edition of the events. The Film Festival restarted in 1946, the Music and Theatre festivals were resumed in 1947, and
3610-528: The Biennale's exhibition spaces. In 1954 the island San Giorgio Maggiore provided the venue for the first Japanese Noh theatre shows in Europe. 1956 saw the selection of films following an artistic selection and no longer based upon the designation of the participating country. The 1957 Golden Lion went to Satyajit Ray's Aparajito which introduced Indian cinema to the West. 1962 included Arte Informale at
3705-566: The Biennale. Student protests hindered the opening of the Biennale. A resulting period of institutional changes opened and ending with a new Statute in 1973. In 1969, following the protests, the Grand Prizes were abandoned. These resumed in 1980 for the Mostra del Cinema and in 1986 for the Art Exhibition. In 1972, for the first time, a theme was adopted by the Biennale, called "Opera o comportamento" ("Work or Behaviour"). Starting from 1973
3800-499: The Centenary in 1995, the Biennale promoted events in every sector of its activity: the 34th Festival del Teatro, the 46th art exhibition, the 46th Festival di Musica, the 52nd Mostra del Cinema. The 48th and 49th editions, in 1999 and 2001, were directed by Harald Szeemann . These editions had a larger representation of artists from Asia and Eastern Europe and young artists and expanded the show into several newly restored spaces of
3895-469: The Giardini. This included a Creative Time Summit, e-flux journal ' s SUPERCOMMUNITY , Gulf Labor Coalition, The Invisible Borders Trans-African Project and Abounaddara. The 2017 Biennale, titled Viva Arte Viva , was directed by French curator Christine Macel who called it an "exhibition inspired by humanism". German artist Franz Erhard Walther won the Golden Lion for best artist in
Mark Boyle (artist) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3990-646: The Music Festival was no longer held annually. During the year in which the Mostra del Cinema was not held, there was a series of "Giornate del cinema italiano" (Days of Italian Cinema) promoted by sectorial bodies in campo Santa Margherita, in Venice. 1973 saw the start of the five-year presidency of Carlo Ripa di Meana . The International Art Exhibition was not held (until it was resumed in 1976). Theatre and cinema events were held in October 1974 and 1975 under
4085-466: The Piano , Girlfriends (or Two Women Friends ), Wally (portrait), The Music (II)". His Nuda Veritas (1899) defined his bid to further "shake up" the establishment. The starkly naked red-headed woman holds the mirror of truth, while above her is a quotation by Friedrich Schiller in stylized lettering: "If you cannot please everyone with your deeds and your art, please only a few. To please many
4180-469: The Venice Biennale coincides with nearby Art Basel , the world's prime commercial fair for modern and contemporary art. Numerous galleries with artists on show in Venice usually bring work by the same artists to Basel. The formal Biennale is based at a park, the Giardini . The Giardini includes a large exhibition hall that houses a themed exhibition curated by the Biennale's director. Initiated in 1980,
4275-540: The Vienna Kunstgewerbeschule , a school of applied arts and crafts , now the University of Applied Arts Vienna , where he studied architectural painting from 1876 until 1883. He revered Vienna's foremost history painter of the time, Hans Makart . Klimt readily accepted the principles of a conservative training; his early work may be classified as academic. In 1877 his brother, Ernst, who, like his father, would become an engraver, also enrolled in
4370-532: The World was lent by the American Folk Art Museum and exhibited in the first room of the Arsenale for the duration of the biennale. For Gioni, Auriti's work, "meant to house all worldly knowledge, bringing together the greatest discoveries of the human race, from the wheel to the satellite," provided an analogous figure for the "biennale model itself...based on the impossible desire to concentrate
4465-496: The art market. The art market database Artprice lists 67 auction entries for paintings, but 1564 for drawings and watercolors. The most expensive drawing sold so far was "Reclining Female Nude Facing Left", which was made between 1914 and 1915 and sold in London in 2008 for £505,250 . However, the majority of the art trade traditionally takes place privately through galleries such as Wienerroither & Kohlbacher, which specialize in
4560-732: The artists whose paintings fetch top prices at auctions. Gustav Klimt was born in Baumgarten , near Vienna in the Austrian Empire , the second of seven children—three boys and four girls. His mother, Anna Klimt ( née Finster), had an unrealized ambition to be a musical performer. His father, Ernst Klimt the Elder, formerly from Bohemia , was a gold engraver. All three of their sons displayed artistic talent early on. Klimt's younger brothers were Ernst Klimt and Georg Klimt [ de ] . Klimt lived in poverty while attending
4655-456: The assimilated Jewish Viennese Haute bourgeoisie . He cultivated intimate relationships especially with his models from upper class circles. He was considered progressive for his time, because he allowed women an active role in sexuality . Klimt wrote little about his vision or his methods. He wrote mostly postcards to Flöge and kept no diary. In a rare writing called "Commentary on a non-existent self-portrait", he states "I have never painted
4750-474: The beginning of renewed attention to avant-garde movements in European—and later worldwide—movements in contemporary art. Abstract expressionism was introduced in the 1950s, and the Biennale is credited with importing Pop Art into the canon of art history by awarding the top prize to Robert Rauschenberg in 1964. From 1948 to 1972, Italian architect Carlo Scarpa did a series of remarkable interventions in
4845-452: The biennale until 1968, when a sales ban was enacted. An important practical reason why the focus on non-commodities has failed to decouple Venice from the market is that the biennale itself lacks the funds to produce, ship and install these large-scale works. Therefore, the financial involvement of dealers is widely regarded as indispensable; as they regularly front the funding for production of ambitious projects. Furthermore, every other year
SECTION 50
#17327911032674940-655: The central pavilion, while Carolee Schneemann was awarded a posthumous Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement. The 2019 Biennale, titled May You Live In Interesting Times , was directed by American-born curator Ralph Rugoff . The 2022 edition, curated by Italian curator Cecilia Alemani , was entitled "The Milk of Dreams" after a book by British-born Mexican surrealist painter Leonora Carrington . The Biennale has an attendance to date of over 500,000 visitors. In February 2024, thousands of artists and cultural workers, including Jesse Darling , Joanna Piotrowska , Nan Goldin , Michael Rakowitz and Leila Sansour , signed
5035-415: The cycle of life. He created a painted portrait of Margarete Wittgenstein , Ludwig Wittgenstein 's sister, on the occasion of her marriage. Then, between 1907 and 1909, Klimt painted five canvases of society women wrapped in fur. His apparent love of costume is expressed in the many photographs of Flöge modeling clothing he had designed. As he worked and relaxed in his home, Klimt normally wore sandals and
5130-492: The delicate nature of collotype lithography, as well as the necessity for multicolored prints (a feat difficult to reproduce with collotypes), and Klimt's own desire for perfection, the series that was published in mid-1908 was not completed until 1914. Each of the fifty prints was categorized among five themes: The monochrome collotypes as well as the halftone works were printed with a variety of colored inks ranging from sepia to blue and green. Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria
5225-480: The early 1890s Klimt met Austrian fashion designer Emilie Louise Flöge (a sibling of his sister-in-law) who was to be his companion until the end of his life. His painting, The Kiss (1907–08), is thought to be an image of them as lovers which was painted five years after Klimt's 1902 full-length portrait of her. He designed many costumes that she produced and modeled in his works. During this period, Klimt fathered at least fourteen children. Klimt became one of
5320-620: The exhibition only, the frieze was painted directly on the walls with light materials. After the exhibition the painting was preserved, although it was not displayed again until restored in 1986. The face on the Beethoven portrait resembled the composer and Vienna Court Opera director Gustav Mahler . In 1905, dissensions within the Secession increased, and when the artistic consultant of the Galerie Mietkhe Carl Moll
5415-689: The festival are known as the Art Biennale ( La Biennale d'Arte di Venezia ) and the Architecture Biennale ( La Biennale d'Architettura di Venezia ), which are held in alternating years. The others – Biennale Musica , Biennale Teatro, Venice Film Festival , and Venice Dance Biennale – are held annually. The main exhibition held in Castello alternates between art and architecture (hence the name biennale ), and there are around 30 permanent pavilions built by different countries. The Biennale has been organised every year since 1895, which makes it
5510-402: The five restituted paintings netted more than $ 327 million. The painting Litzlberg am Attersee was auctioned for $ 40.4 million November 2011. Klimt's last painting, Lady with a Fan ( Dame mit Fächer , 1918), was sold by Sotheby's in London on 27 June 2023 for UK£85.3M (US$ 108.4) to a Hong Kong collector, the highest-priced artwork ever sold at auction in Europe. According to
5605-654: The founding members and president of the Wiener Secession in 1897 and of the group's periodical, Ver Sacrum ("Sacred Spring"). He remained with the Secession until 1908. The goals of the group were to provide exhibitions for unconventional young artists, to bring the works of the best foreign artists to Vienna, and to publish its own magazine to showcase the work of members. The group declared no manifesto and did not set out to encourage any particular style— Naturalists , Realists , and Symbolists all coexisted. The government supported their efforts and gave them
5700-618: The heir of a Jewish family that had its art stolen by the Nazis . The paintings are estimated to be worth at least $ 150 million." This incident, involving Maria Altmann , was subsequently made into the Hollywood movie Woman in Gold , starring Helen Mirren. Later that year, the most notable of the five paintings, 1907's Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I (also known as “The Woman in Gold”),
5795-402: The highest prices recorded for individual works of art. In November 2003, Klimt's Landhaus am Attersee sold for $ 29,128,000, but that sale was soon eclipsed by prices paid for Willem de Kooning's Woman III and later Klimt's own Adele Bloch-Bauer II , the latter of which sold for $ 150 million in 2016. More frequently than paintings, however, the artist's works on paper can be found on
SECTION 60
#17327911032675890-405: The infinite worlds of contemporary art in a single place: a task that now seems as dizzyingly absurd as Auriti's dream." Curator Okwui Enwezor was responsible for the 2015 edition. He was the first African-born curator of the biennial. As a catalyst for imagining different ways of imagining multiple desires and futures Enwezor commissioned special projects and programs throughout the Biennale in
5985-472: The landscapes are characterized by the same refinement of design and emphatic patterning as the figural pieces. Deep space in the Attersee works is flattened so efficiently to a single plane that it is believed that Klimt painted them by using a telescope. From 1900 Gustav Klimt became famous above all as a "painter of women". He created about one large-format portrait of a woman per year, in which he applied
6080-474: The late 1890s he took annual summer holidays with the Flöge family on the shores of Attersee and painted many of his landscapes there, such as Schloss by the Water . These landscapes constitute the only genre aside from figure painting that seriously interested Klimt. In recognition of his intensity, the locals called him Waldschrat ("forest demon"). Klimt's Attersee paintings are of sufficient number and quality as to merit separate appreciation. Formally,
6175-422: The lavish Stoclet Palace , the home of a wealthy Belgian industrialist that was one of the grandest monuments of the Art Nouveau age. Klimt's contributions to the dining room, including both Fulfillment and Expectation , were some of his finest decorative works, and as he publicly stated, "probably the ultimate stage of my development of ornament." In 1905, Klimt painted The Three Ages of Woman , depicting
6270-419: The national pavilions. Until 2019, the Art Biennale used to take place in odd years and the Architecture Biennale in even years, but after the COVID-19 pandemic forced a postponement, the Art Biennale now takes place in even years (2022, 2024) and the Architecture Biennale in odd years (2021, 2023). The Architecture Biennale (La Biennale d'Architettura di Venezia) is held in odd-numbered years. Similarly to
6365-415: The oldest of its kind. Since 2021, the Art Biennale has taken place in even years and the Architecture Biennale in odd years. On 19 April 1893, the Venetian City Council passed a resolution to set up an biennial exhibition of Italian Art ("Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale") to celebrate the silver anniversary of King Umberto I and Margherita of Savoy . A year later, the council decreed "to adopt
6460-481: The original site) and have been exhibited internationally. Past shows have included the British Pavilion at the XXXIX Venice Biennale in 1978, the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston in 1982, Beyond Image - Boyle Family ( Hayward Gallery , London) in 1986 and Boyle Family ( Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art , Edinburgh) - a major retrospective held in 2003. In addition to developing highly original casting techniques, Mark Boyle and Joan Hills also pioneered
6555-489: The original works. While the set was released a year after Klimt's death, some art historians suspect he was involved with production planning because of the meticulous nature of the printing (Klimt had overseen the production of the plates for Das Werk Gustav Klimts , making sure each one was to his exact specifications, a level of quality carried through similarly in Fünfundzwanzig Handzeichnungen ). The first ten editions also each contained an original Klimt drawing. Many of
6650-406: The paintings he completed around 1900 for the ceiling of the Great Hall of the University of Vienna were criticized as pornographic. He subsequently accepted no more public commissions, but achieved a new success with the paintings of his "golden phase", many of which include gold leaf . Klimt's work was an important influence on his younger peer Egon Schiele . Since the 1990s, he has been one of
6745-453: The portrait First Lady Michelle Obama , by Amy Sherald in 2018, have been noted by art critics to have been influenced by Klimt, in particular the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I . One commentator noted the similarity to fashion designed by Klimt's muse Emilie Louise Flöge . The city of Vienna , Austria had many special exhibitions commemorating the 150th anniversary of Klimt's birth in 2012. Google commemorated Gustav Klimt with
6840-544: The post of mayor of Venice and president of the Biennale was split. The new secretary general, Vittorio Pica brought about the first presence of avant-garde art, notably Impressionists and Post-Impressionists . 1922 saw an exhibition of sculpture by African artists . Between the two World Wars, many important modern artists had their work exhibited there. In 1928 the Istituto Storico d'Arte Contemporanea (Historical Institute of Contemporary Art) opened, which
6935-411: The principles of Art Nouveau - flatness, decoration, gold leaf application. At the same time, he devoted himself to allegories and Old Testament heroines, which he transformed, however, into dangerous " femmes fatales ". Eros, sexuality and femininity were variously interpreted by him as alluring danger. Life, love, and death can be determined as the important themes of Klimt's work. Klimt's 'Golden Phase'
7030-622: The repertoire for nearly fifty years. It was shown in 265 performances and went on tour to Florence , Washington and twice to Japan. In 2006 an Austrian art-house biographical film about his life, Klimt , was released with John Malkovich in the lead role. In 2008 the Couturier John Galliano found inspiration for the Christian Dior Spring-Summer 2008 haute couture collection in Klimt's work. The 2019 collection of designer Alexander McQueen
7125-506: The research project to this day. Since 1990, Marian Bisanz-Prakken has redefined, documented, and scientifically processed around 400 further drawings. This makes the Albertina Vienna the only institution in the world that has been examining and scientifically classifying the artist's works for half a century. The research project now includes information on over 4,300 works by Gustav Klimt. Klimt's paintings have brought some of
7220-548: The school. The two brothers and their friend, Franz Matsch, began working together and by 1880 they had received numerous commissions as a team that they called the "Company of Artists". They also helped their teacher in painting murals in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Klimt began his professional career painting interior murals and ceilings in large public buildings on the Ringstraße , including
7315-664: The subject of the dramatic film the Woman in Gold , a movie inspired by Stealing Klimt , the documentary featuring Maria Altmann herself. The portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II was sold at auction in November 2006 for $ 88 million, the third-highest priced piece of art at auction at the time. The Apple Tree I (c. 1912) sold for $ 33 million, Birch Forest (1903) sold for $ 40.3 million, and Houses in Unterach on Lake Atter (1916) sold for $ 31 million. Collectively,
7410-404: The three-volume catalogue raisonné, which records and describes all drawings by Gustav Klimt known at the time in chronological order. An additional supplementary volume was published in 1989. In the following year Strobl transferred her work to the art historian and curator Marian Bisanz-Prakken , who had assisted her since 1975 in the determination and classification of the works and who continues
7505-566: The title Libertà per il Cile (Freedom for Chile)—a major cultural protest against the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet . On 15 November 1977, the so-called Dissident Biennale (in reference to the dissident movement in the USSR) opened. Because of the ensuing controversies within the Italian left wing parties, president Ripa di Meana resigned at the end of the year. In 1978 the new presidency of Giuseppe Galasso (1978-1983) began. The principle
7600-511: The trade with original works by Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele and regularly present these at monographic exhibitions and international art fairs. In 2006, the 1907 portrait, Adele Bloch-Bauer I , was purchased for the Neue Galerie New York by Ronald Lauder reportedly for US$ 135 million, surpassing Picasso 's 1905 Boy With a Pipe (sold 5 May 2004 for $ 104 million), as the highest reported price ever paid for
7695-491: The use of liquid light shows during the 1960s. These projections played a seminal role in the development of the counter-culture of the period. The light environments were used to accompany stage performances by such artists as Jimi Hendrix and jazz-rock pioneers Soft Machine . Amongst others he collaborated with are George Brecht , Peter Schmidt (artist) , Cornelius Cardew , and John Tilbury . This article about an artist, architect or photographer from Scotland
7790-496: The works contained in this volume depict erotic scenes of nude women, some of whom are masturbating alone or are coupled in sapphic embraces. When a number of the original drawings were exhibited to the public, at Galerie Miethke in 1910 and the International Exhibition of Prints and Drawings in Vienna in 1913, they were met by critics and viewers who were hostile towards Klimt's contemporary perspective. There
7885-456: The writer Frank Whitford: "Klimt of course, is an important artist—he's a very popular artist—but in terms of the history of art, he's a very unimportant artist. Although he sums up so much in his work, about the society in which he found himself—in art historical terms his effect was negligible. So he's an artist really in a cul-de-sac." Klimt's work had a strong influence on the paintings of Egon Schiele , with whom he would collaborate to found
7980-545: Was an audience for Klimt's erotic drawings, however, and fifteen of his drawings were selected by Viennese poet Franz Blei for his translation of Hellenistic satirist Lucian 's Dialogues of the Courtesans . The book, limited to 450 copies, provided Klimt with the opportunity to show these more lurid depictions of women and avoided censorship thanks to an audience composed of a small group of (mostly male) affluent patrons. Composed in 1931 by editor Max Eisler and printed by
8075-556: Was artistic director of the 2009 edition entitled "Fare Mondi // Making Worlds". The 2011 edition was curated by Swiss curator Bice Curiger entitled "ILLUMInazioni – ILLUMInations". The Biennale in 2013 was curated by the Italian Massimiliano Gioni . His title and theme, Il Palazzo Enciclopedico / The Encyclopedic Palace , was adopted from an architectural model by the self-taught Italian-American artist Marino Auriti . Auriti's work, The Encyclopedic Palace of
8170-401: Was attacked by colleagues of the Secession for his work, a strong controversy arose which created a real internal split, led by Klimt. The following year, Klimt formed the group called "Kunstschau" (Art Show) or "Klimt group", which also included Moll and Otto Wagner , among other important Austrian artists. During this period Klimt did not confine himself to public commissions. Beginning in
8265-593: Was laid down whereby each of the artistic sectors was to have a permanent director to organise its activity. In 1980, the Architecture section of the Biennale was set up. The director, Paolo Portoghesi , opened the Corderie dell'Arsenale to the public for the first time. At the Mostra del Cinema, the awards were brought back into being (between 1969 and 1979, the editions were non-competitive). In 1980, Achille Bonito Oliva and Harald Szeemann introduced "Aperto",
8360-699: Was marked by positive critical reaction and financial success. Many of his paintings from this period included gold leaf . Klimt had previously used gold in his Pallas Athene (1898) and Judith I (1901), although the works most popularly associated with this period are the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I (1907) and The Kiss (1907–08). Klimt traveled in all Europe, mainly to present his works on occasion of international exhibitions, but trips to Venice and Ravenna , both famous for their beautiful mosaics, most likely inspired his gold technique and his Byzantine imagery . In 1904, he collaborated with other artists on
8455-625: Was partially inspired by Klimt. Gustav Klimt and his work have been the subjects of many collector coins and medals, such as the 100 Euro Painting Gold Coin , issued on 5 November 2003, by the Austrian Mint . The obverse depicts Klimt in his studio with two unfinished paintings on easels. Tawny Chatmon , an American photographic artist known for her portraits of Black children overlaid with gold leaf and paint, has sought to place Black figures in glittering gold clothing inspired by Klimt's lavish portraits of white Viennese women. Elements of
8550-539: Was published initially by H. O. Miethke (of Galerie Miethke, Klimt's exclusive gallery in Vienna) from 1908 to 1914 in an edition of 300, supervised personally by the artist. The first thirty-five editions (I-XXXV) each included an original drawing by Klimt, and the next thirty-five editions (XXXVI–LXX) each with a facsimile signature on the title page. Fifty images depicting Klimt's most important paintings (1893–1913) were reproduced using collotype lithography and mounted on
8645-411: Was seen by 224,000 visitors. The exhibition took place in the Giardini. The event became increasingly international in the first decades of the 20th century: from 1907 on, several countries installed national pavilions at the exhibition, with the first being from Belgium. In 1910 the first internationally well-known artists were displayed: a room dedicated to Gustav Klimt , a one-man show for Renoir ,
8740-464: Was set up by Ursula Ucicky, widow of Klimt's illegitimate son Gustav Ucicky , with a mission to "preserve and disseminate Gustav Klimt's legacy." The managing director of the Leopold Museum , Peter Weinhäupl, was appointed as chairman of the foundation. As a reaction, the museum's director Tobias G. Natter resigned in protest, citing Ucicky's past as a Nazi propaganda film-maker. In 2000,
8835-426: Was the first nucleus of archival collections of the Biennale. In 1930 its name was changed into Historical Archive of Contemporary Art. In 1930, the Biennale was transformed into an Ente Autonomo (Autonomous Board) by Royal Decree with law no. 33 of 13 January 1930. Subsequently, the control of the Biennale passed from the Venice city council to the national Fascist government under Benito Mussolini . This brought on
8930-542: Was the first time a pope has visited the international exhibition. The main exhibition held in Castello, in the halls of the Arsenale and Biennale Gardens , alternates between art and architecture (hence the name biennale ; biennial ). The other events hosted by the Foundation—spanning theatre, music , and dance—are held annually in various parts of Venice, whereas the Venice Film Festival takes place at
9025-461: Was the first to purchase a folio set of Das Werk Gustav Klimts in 1908. Fünfundzwanzig Handzeichnungen ("Twenty-five Drawings") was released the year after Klimt's death. Many of the drawings in the collection were erotic in nature and just as polarizing as his painted works. Published in Vienna in 1919 by Gilhofer & Ranschburg, the edition of 500 features twenty-five monochrome and two-color collotype reproductions, nearly indistinguishable from
#266733