The South Lake Worth Inlet , also known as the Boynton Inlet , is an artificial cut through a barrier beach connecting the south end of the Lake Worth Lagoon in Palm Beach County, Florida with the Atlantic Ocean . The inlet is 130 feet (40 m) wide and 6 to 12 feet (1.8 to 3.7 m) deep.
108-413: The South Lake Worth Inlet, at coordinates 26°32′44″N 80°02′34″W / 26.54556°N 80.04278°W / 26.54556; -80.04278 , is bordered on the north by the town of Manalapan and on the south by the town of Ocean Ridge . Ocean Inlet Park, owned by Palm Beach County, extends from the ocean to the lagoon on the south side of the inlet, and covers 11.39 acres (4.61 ha). In
216-489: A national health insurance system, challenged Carter in the 1980 Democratic primaries . Boosted by public support for his policies in late 1979 and early 1980, Carter rallied to defeat Kennedy and win re-nomination. He lost the 1980 presidential election in a landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan. Polls of historians and political scientists generally rank Carter as a below-average president, although his post-presidential activities are viewed more favorably. Carter
324-562: A "crisis stage"; both inflation and short-term interest rates reached 18 percent in February and March 1980. In March, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell to its lowest level since mid-1976, and the following month unemployment rose to seven percent. The economy entered into another recession , its fourth in little more than a decade, and unemployment quickly rose to 7.8 percent. This " V-shaped recession " and
432-715: A "decent income" to those who were incapable of working. Carter was unable to win support for his welfare reform proposals, and they never received a vote in Congress. In October 1978, Carter helped convince the Senate to pass the Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act , which committed the federal government to the goals of low inflation and low unemployment. To the disappointment of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) and organized labor,
540-550: A $ 227 billion windfall profits tax and passed the Energy Security Act . The Energy Security Act established the Synthetic Fuels Corporation , which was charged with developing alternative energy sources. Despite those legislative victories, in 1980 Congress rescinded Carter's imposition of a surcharge on imported oil, and rejected his proposed Energy Mobilization Board, a government body that
648-558: A $ 50 tax rebate, cut corporate taxes by $ 900 million, and increase spending on public works. The limited spending involved in the package reflected Carter's fiscal conservatism, as he was more concerned with avoiding inflation and balancing the budget than addressing unemployment. Carter's resistance to higher federal spending drew attacks from many members of his own party, who wanted to lower the unemployment rate through federal public works projects. Carter signed several measures designed to address unemployment in 1977, including an extension of
756-502: A Fair Debt Collection Practices Act was passed with the aim of prohibiting "abusive and unfair techniques of debt collection." The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 was passed with the intention of enabling the coal industry to develop coal resources without damaging other natural resources in the process, while the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 was aimed at safeguarding mineworkers from harm in
864-466: A bill that combined several of the projects that Carter objected to with economic stimulus measures that Carter favored. Carter chose to sign the bill, but his criticism of the alleged "pork barrel" projects cost him support in Congress. These struggles set a pattern for Carter's presidency, and he would frequently clash with Congress for the remainder of his tenure. On taking office, Carter proposed an economic stimulus package that would give each citizen
972-510: A bipartisan conservative majority of the Senate Finance Committee to support an employer mandate to provide catastrophic coverage and the addition of catastrophic coverage to Medicare. These efforts were abandoned in 1980 due to budget constraints. Carter sought a comprehensive overhaul of welfare programs in order to provide more cost-effective aid; Congress rejected almost all of his proposals. Proposals contemplated by
1080-690: A boat into the ocean with lead weights strapped to their legs; their bodies were never recovered. The U.S. presidential yacht Sequoia was auctioned at the La Coquille Club in Manalapan on May 18, 1977, during the Carter administration , for US$ 286,000 as a symbolic cutback in Federal Government spending (annual cost to the U.S. Navy was $ 800,000) and to reduce signs of an "imperial presidency". A 22-acre property in Manalapan
1188-477: A campaign promise by issuing a "full complete and unconditional pardon" (amnesty) for Vietnam War-era draft evaders . Though Carter had campaigned against Washington insiders, many of his top appointees had served in previous presidential administrations. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance , Secretary of Defense Harold Brown , and Secretary of the Treasury W. Michael Blumenthal had been high-ranking officials in
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#17327912137231296-490: A campaign promise to teachers' unions to create a cabinet-level Department of Education. Carter argued that the establishment of the department would increase efficiency and equal opportunity, but opponents in both parties criticized it as an additional layer of bureaucracy that would reduce local control and local support of education. In October 1979, Carter signed the Department of Education Organization Act , establishing
1404-622: A key aide and adviser. Other appointees from Georgia included Jody Powell as White House Press Secretary , Jack Watson as cabinet secretary, and Stuart E. Eizenstat as head of the Domestic Policy Staff. To oversee the administration's foreign policy, Carter relied on several members of the Trilateral Commission , including Vance and National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski . Brzezinski emerged as one of Carter's closest advisers, and Carter made use of both
1512-413: A methodical approach to his transition, and having a larger and more formal operation than past presidential transitions had. In his inaugural address, Carter said, "We have learned that more is not necessarily better, that even our great nation has its recognized limits, and that we can neither answer all questions nor solve all problems." Carter had campaigned on a promise to eliminate the trappings of
1620-649: A mid-1979 cabinet shake-up, Carter named Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board . Volcker pursued a tight monetary policy to bring down inflation, but this policy also had the effect of slowing economic growth even further. Author Ivan Eland points out that this came during a long trend of inflation, saying, "Easy money and cheap credit during the 1970s, had caused rampant inflation, which topped out at 13 percent in 1979." Carter enacted an austerity program by executive order , justifying these measures by observing that inflation had reached
1728-541: A new emphasis on human rights , democratic values , nuclear proliferation , and global poverty. The Carter administration's human rights emphasis was part of a broader, worldwide focus on human rights in the 1970s, as non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch became increasingly prominent. Carter nominated civil rights activist Patricia M. Derian as Coordinator for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, and in August 1977, had
1836-693: A period of " stagflation ", as the economy experienced both high inflation and low economic growth. The U.S. had recovered from the 1973–75 recession , but the economy, and especially inflation, continued to be a top concern for many Americans in 1977 and 1978. The economy had grown by 5% in 1976, and it continued to grow at a similar pace during 1977 and 1978. Unemployment declined from 7.5% in January 1977 to 5.6% by May 1979, with over 9 million net new jobs created during that interim, and real median household income grew by 5% from 1976 to 1978. In October 1978, responding to worsening inflation, Carter announced
1944-433: A plan to address the energy crisis. In an address to the nation of April 18, 1977, Carter called the energy crisis as, apart from preventing war, "the greatest challenge that our country will face during our lifetime." He called for energy conservation, increased use of U.S. coal reserves, and carefully controlled expansion of nuclear power. His chief goals were to limit the growth of energy demand to an increase of two percent
2052-658: A second round of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), which had set upper limits on the number of nuclear weapons possessed by both the United States and the Soviet Union. Carter hoped to extend these talks by reaching an agreement to reduce, rather than merely set upper limits on, the nuclear arsenals of both countries. At the same time, he criticized the Soviet Union's record with regard to human rights, partly because he believed
2160-678: A sounding board, advisor, and surrogate for the president. She traveled abroad to negotiate foreign policy, and some polling found that she was tied with Mother Teresa as the most admired woman in the world. Carter shook up the White House staff in mid-1978, bringing in advertising executive Gerald Rafshoon to serve as the White House Communications Director and Anne Wexler to lead the Office of Public Liaison . Carter implemented broad personnel changes in
2268-649: A strong stance against white minority rule in Rhodesia and South Africa. With Carter's support, the United Nations passed Resolution 418 , which placed an arms embargo on South Africa. Carter won the repeal of the Byrd Amendment , which had undercut international sanctions on the Rhodesian government of Ian Smith . He also pressured Smith to hold elections, leading to the 1979 Rhodesia elections and
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#17327912137232376-517: A system. He delayed consideration of health care through 1977, and ultimately decided that he would not support Kennedy's proposal to establish an NHI system that covered all Americans. Kennedy met repeatedly with Carter and White House staffers in an attempt to forge a compromise health care plan, but negotiations broke down in July 1978. Though Kennedy and Carter had previously been on good terms, differences over health insurance led to an open break between
2484-659: A year, cut oil imports in half, and establish a new strategic petroleum reserve containing a six-month supply. Carter won congressional approval for the creation of the Department of Energy , and he named Schlesinger as the first head of that department. Schlesinger presented an energy plan that contained 113 provisions, the most important of which were taxes on domestic oil production and gasoline consumption. The plan also provided for tax credits for energy conservation, taxes on automobiles with low fuel efficiency , and mandates to convert from oil or natural gas to coal power. The House approved much of Carter's plan in August 1977, but
2592-753: Is bordered on the north by the bridge, beach access road and beach for the Town of Lantana, Florida ; on the west by the Lake Worth Lagoon ; on the south by the South Lake Worth Inlet (known locally as "Boynton Inlet"); and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 2.4 square miles (6.2 km ), of which 0.4 square miles (1.0 km )
2700-510: Is land and 2.0 square miles (5.2 km ) (81.48%) is water. The Town of Manalapan has a tropical climate , similar to the climate found in much of the Caribbean . It is part of the only region in the 48 contiguous states that falls under that category. More specifically, it generally has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification : Aw ), bordering a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am ). As of
2808-577: The 1980 presidential election to Republican Ronald Reagan , after one term in office. At age 100, he is the oldest living, longest-lived and longest-married president, and has the longest post-presidency. He is also the fourth-oldest living former state leader . Carter took office during a period of " stagflation ", as the economy experienced a combination of high inflation and slow economic growth. His budgetary policies centered on taming inflation by reducing deficits and government spending. Responding to energy concerns that had persisted through much of
2916-522: The 2020 United States census , there were 419 people, 162 households, and 105 families residing in the town. As of the 2010 United States census , there were 406 people, 152 households, and 104 families residing in the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 321 people, 167 households, and 107 families residing in the town. The population density was 712.7 inhabitants per square mile (275.2/km ). There were 271 housing units at an average density of 601.7 per square mile (232.3/km ). The racial makeup of
3024-711: The Cold War , a sustained period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union . During the late 1960s and early 1970s, relations between the two superpowers had improved through a policy known as detente . In a reflection of the waning importance of the Cold War, some of Carter's contemporaries labeled him as the first post-Cold War president, but relations with the Soviet Union would continue to be an important factor in American foreign policy in
3132-686: The Community Reinvestment Act , which sought to prevent banks from denying credit and loans to poor communities. The Child Nutrition Amendments of 1978 introduced a national income standard for program eligibility based on income standards prescribed for reduced-price school lunches. The Act also strengthened the nutrition education component of the WIC program by requiring the provision of nutritional education to all program participants. Urban development Action grants supplied nearly $ 5 million for some 3,300 projects in declining cities, and
3240-539: The Comprehensive Employment and Training Act , but he continued to focus primarily on reducing deficits and inflation. In November 1978, Carter signed the Revenue Act of 1978 , a $ 19 billion tax cut. Federal budget deficits throughout Carter's term remained at around the $ 70 billion level reached in 1976, but as a percentage of GDP the deficits fell from 4% when he took office to 2.5% in
3348-553: The Executive Office of the President . He initially offered the position of White House Chief of Staff to two of his advisers, Hamilton Jordan and Charles Kirbo , but both declined. Carter decided not to have a chief of staff, instead implementing a system in which cabinet members would have more direct access to the president. Bert Lance was selected to lead the Office of Management and Budget , while Jordan became
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3456-519: The Gallup poll found only 14 percent of the public believed that America was in an actual energy shortage. The other 77 percent believed that this was brought on by oil companies just to make a profit. Carter paired the deregulation proposal with a windfall profits tax , which would return about half of the new profits of the oil companies to the federal government. Carter used a provision of EPCA to phase in oil controls, but Congress balked at implementing
3564-534: The House and Senate . Preliminary planning for Carter's presidential transition had already been underway for months before his election. Carter was the first presidential candidate to allot significant funds and a significant number of personnel to a pre-election transition planning effort, which subsequently would become standard practice. Carter made an innovation with his presidential transition that would influence all subsequent presidential transitions, taking
3672-544: The Miami metropolitan area of South Florida . The population was 419 at the 2020 United States census . United States President Benjamin Harrison granted George H. K. Carter a homestead in 1889 on the yet unnamed land. In 1931, the sparsely populated settlement was incorporated by Harold Stirling Vanderbilt as the " Town of Manalapan ". A large share of the first settlers being natives of Manalapan, New Jersey caused
3780-926: The Motor Carrier Act (1980), which gradually withdrew the government from controlling access, rates, and routes in the trucking industry; the Staggers Rail Act (1980), which loosened railroad regulations by allowing railroad executives to negotiate mergers with barge and truck lines; and the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (1980), which removed ceilings on interest rates and permitted savings and commercial banks to write home mortgages , extend business loans , and underwrite securities issues. The Housing and Community Development Act of 1977 set up Urban Development Action Grants, extended handicapped and elderly provisions, and established
3888-512: The National Security Council and Vance's State Department in developing and implementing foreign policy. The hawkish Brzezinski clashed frequently with Vance, who pushed for detente with the Soviet Union . Vice President Mondale served as a key adviser on both foreign and domestic issues. First Lady Rosalynn Carter emerged as an important part of the administration, sitting in on several Cabinet meetings and serving as
3996-527: The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), based in the Middle East, had reduced output to raise world prices and to hurt Israel and its allies, including the United States. This sparked the 1973 Oil Crisis , a period of high oil prices, which in turn forced higher prices throughout the American economy and slowed economic growth. The United States continued to face energy issues in
4104-644: The Progressive Era . He was thus much more conservative than the dominant liberal wing of the party could accept. British historian Iwan Morgan argues: Carter successfully campaigned as a Washington "outsider" critical of both President Gerald Ford and the Democratic Congress; as president, he continued this theme. This refusal to play by the rules of Washington contributed to the Carter administration's difficult relationship with Congress. After
4212-630: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, he reversed his conciliatory policies towards the Soviet Union and began a period of military build-up and diplomatic pressure such as pulling out of the Moscow Olympics . The final fifteen months of Carter's presidential tenure were marked by several additional major crises, including the Iran hostage crisis and economic malaise. Ted Kennedy , a prominent liberal Democrat who protested Carter's opposition to
4320-691: The Supreme Court . Carter appointed 56 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals , and 203 judges to the United States district courts . Two of his circuit court appointees – Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg – were later promoted to the Supreme Court by Bill Clinton . Carter was the first president to make demographic diversity a key priority in the selection of judicial nominees. During Carter's presidency,
4428-540: The United States Department of Education . Carter appointed Shirley Mount Hufstedler , a liberal judge from California, as the first Secretary of Education. Carter also expanded the Head Start program with the addition of 43,000 children and families. During his tenure, education spending as a share of federal, non-defense spending was doubled. Carter opposed tax breaks for Protestant schools in
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4536-494: The " Imperial Presidency ," and began taking action according to that promise on Inauguration Day, breaking with recent history and security protocols by walking from the Capitol to the White House in his inaugural parade. His first steps in the White House went further in this direction: Carter cut the size of the 500-member White House staff by one-third and reduced the perks for the president and cabinet members. He also fulfilled
4644-583: The 1970s, his administration enacted a national energy policy designed for long-term energy conservation and the development of alternative resources. In the short term, the country was beset by an energy crisis in 1979 which was overlapped by a recession in 1980. Carter sought reforms to the country's welfare, health care, and tax systems, but was largely unsuccessful, partly due to poor relations with Democrats in Congress . Carter reoriented U.S. foreign policy towards an emphasis on human rights . He continued
4752-604: The 1976 Democratic presidential nomination in December 1974 and swore "to never lie to the American people." As Democratic leaders such as 1968 nominee Hubert Humphrey , Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota, and Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts declined to enter the race, there was no clear favorite in the Democratic primaries . Mo Udall , Sargent Shriver , Birch Bayh , Fred R. Harris , Terry Sanford , Henry M. Jackson , Lloyd Bentsen , and George Wallace all sought
4860-401: The 1980–81 fiscal year. The national debt of the United States increased by about $ 280 billion, from $ 620 billion in early 1977 to $ 900 billion in late 1980. However, because economic growth outpaced the growth in nominal debt, the federal government's debt as a percentage of gross domestic product decreased slightly, from 33.6% in early 1977 to 31.8% in late 1980. In 1973,
4968-443: The Carter administration include a guaranteed minimum income , a federal job guarantee for the unemployed, a negative income tax , and direct cash payments to aid recipients. In early 1977, Secretary Califano presented Carter with several options for welfare reform, all of which Carter rejected because they increased government spending. In August 1977, Carter proposed a major jobs program for welfare recipients capable of working and
5076-528: The Florida east coast, the predominantly southward longshore drift caused sand to accumulate against the north jetty of the inlet, and eventually spill over into the inlet and into the Lake Worth Lagoon. The same process also caused erosion of the beach south of the inlet. The height of the inlet jetties was raised, and, in 1937, a sand transfer plant (the first such plant anywhere) was installed on
5184-611: The Interior Cecil Andrus convinced Carter to withdraw over 100 million acres of public domain land in Alaska from commercial use by designating the land as conservation areas. The 1980 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act doubled the amount of public land set aside for national parks and wildlife refuges. Business and conservative interests complained that economic growth would be hurt by these conservation efforts. Early in his term, Carter worked to fulfill
5292-658: The Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Other notable appointments included Charles Schultze as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers , former Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger as a presidential assistant on energy issues, federal judge Griffin Bell as Attorney General, and Patricia Roberts Harris , the first African-American woman to serve in the cabinet, as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Carter appointed several close associates from Georgia to staff
5400-614: The Navy. He signed several significant bills to protect the environment, such as the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 , which regulates strip mining. In 1980 Carter signed into law a bill that established Superfund , a federal program designed to clean up mining or factory sites contaminated with hazardous substances. Other environmental laws signed by Carter addressed energy conservation, federal mine safety standards, and control of pesticides. Secretary of
5508-575: The New Hampshire primary, which he also won. Carter's subsequent victory over Wallace in the Florida and North Carolina primaries eliminated Carter's main rival in the South. With a victory over Jackson in the Pennsylvania primary, Carter established himself as the clear front-runner. Despite the late entrance of Senator Frank Church and Governor Jerry Brown into the race, Carter clinched
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#17327912137235616-573: The Senate passed a series of watered-down energy bills that included few of Carter's proposals. Negotiations with Congress dragged on into 1978, but Carter signed the National Energy Act in November 1978. Many of Carter's original proposals were not included in the legislation, but the act deregulated natural gas and encouraged energy conservation and the development of renewable energy through tax credits. Another energy shortage hit
5724-619: The South, a position that alienated some on the Religious Right . He also helped defeat the Moynihan-Packwood Bill, which called for tuition tax credits for parents to use for nonpublic school education. Carter took a stance in support of decriminalization of cannabis, citing the legislation passed in Oregon in 1973 . In a 1977 address to Congress, Carter submitted that penalties for cannabis use should not outweigh
5832-461: The Treasury, Benjamin Civiletti took office as Attorney General, and Charles Duncan Jr. became Secretary of Energy. After Vance resigned in 1980, Carter appointed Edmund Muskie , a well-respected Senator with whom Carter had developed friendly relations, to serve as Secretary of State. Among presidents who served at least one full term, Carter is the only one who never made an appointment to
5940-471: The United Nations, Andrew Young , was the first African American to hold a high-level diplomatic post. Along with Carter, he sought to change U.S. policy towards Africa, emphasizing human rights concerns over Cold War issues. In 1978, Carter became the first sitting president to make an official state visit to sub-Saharan Africa , a reflection of the region's new importance under the Carter administration's foreign policy. Unlike his predecessors, Carter took
6048-560: The United States in 1979, forcing millions of frustrated motorists into long waits at gasoline stations. In response, Carter asked Congress to deregulate the price of domestic oil. At the time, domestic oil prices were not set by the world market, but rather by the complex price controls of the 1975 Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA). Oil companies strongly favored the deregulation of prices, since it would increase their profits, but some members of Congress worried that deregulation would contribute to inflation. In late April and early May
6156-482: The White House and cabinet in mid-1979. Five cabinet secretaries left office, including Blumenthal, Bell, and Joseph Califano , the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Jordan was selected as the president's first chief of staff, while Alonzo L. McDonald , formerly of McKinsey & Company , became the White House staff director. Federal Reserve Chairman G. William Miller replaced Blumenthal as Secretary of
6264-463: The actual harms of cannabis consumption. Carter retained pro-decriminalization advisor Robert DuPont , and appointed pro-decriminalization British physician Peter Bourne as his drug advisor (or "drug czar") to head up his newly formed Office of Drug Abuse Policy . However, law enforcement, conservative politicians, and grassroots parents' groups opposed this measure, and the War on Drugs continued. At
6372-582: The administration refuse to recognize the new Cambodian government due to its support by the Soviet Union. Despite human rights concerns, Carter continued U.S. support for Joseph Mobutu of Zaire , who defeated Angolan -backed insurgents in conflicts known as Shaba I and Shaba II . His administration also generally refrained from criticizing human rights abuses in the Philippines, Indonesia, South Korea, Iran, Israel, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and North Yemen . Ford and Nixon had sought to reach agreement on
6480-428: The aftermath of the tumultuous 1960s. Above all, Carter attacked the political system, defining himself as an "outsider" who would reform Washington in the post-Watergate era. In response, Ford attacked Carter's supposed "fuzziness", arguing that Carter had taken vague stances on major issues. Carter and President Ford faced off in three televised debates during the 1976 election, the first such debates since 1960. Ford
6588-538: The assassinations of major leaders in the 1960s, the Vietnam War , and the Watergate scandal. Though most of his other top advisers urged him to continue to focus on inflation and the energy crisis, Carter seized on Caddell's notion that the major crisis facing the country was a crisis of confidence. On July 15, Carter delivered a nationally televised speech in which he called for long-term limits on oil imports and
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#17327912137236696-871: The beginning of "phase two" of his anti-inflation campaign on national television. He appointed Alfred E. Kahn as the Chairman of the Council on Wage and Price Stability (COWPS), and COWPS announced price targets for industries and implemented other policies designed to lower inflation. The 1979 energy crisis ended a period of growth; both inflation and interest rates rose, while economic growth, job creation, and consumer confidence declined sharply. The relatively loose monetary policy adopted by Federal Reserve Board Chairman G. William Miller , had already contributed to somewhat higher inflation, rising from 5.8% in 1976 to 7.7% in 1978. The sudden doubling of crude oil prices by OPEC forced inflation to double-digit levels, averaging 11.3% in 1979 and 13.5% in 1980. Following
6804-535: The concept that was to become AirLand Battle , Carter and his administration approved the initial outlays for the A-10 , AH-64 , HIMARS , Bradley IFV , M109 Paladin , Patriot missile , M1 Abrams , and the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk . Carter believed that previous administrations had erred in allowing the Cold War concerns and Realpolitik to dominate foreign policy. His administration placed
6912-423: The conciliatory late Cold War policies of his predecessors, normalizing relations with China and pursuing further Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with the Soviet Union . In an effort to end the Arab–Israeli conflict , he helped arrange the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt . Through the Torrijos–Carter Treaties , Carter guaranteed the eventual transfer of the Panama Canal to Panama. Denouncing
7020-539: The development of synthetic fuels . But he also stated, "all the legislation in the world can't fix what's wrong with America. What is lacking is confidence and a sense of community." The speech, named A Crisis of Confidence , came to be known as his "malaise" speech, although Carter never used the word in the speech. The initial reaction to Carter's speech was generally positive, but Carter erred by forcing out several cabinet members, including Secretary of Energy Schlesinger, later in July. Nonetheless, Congress approved
7128-504: The election, the President demanded the power to reorganize the executive branch, alienating powerful Democrats like Speaker Tip O'Neill and Jack Brooks . During the Nixon administration , Congress had passed a series of reforms that removed power from the president, and most members of Congress were unwilling to restore that power even with a Democrat now in office. Unreturned phone calls, verbal insults, and an unwillingness to trade political favors soured many on Capitol Hill and affected
7236-426: The establishment of a universal national health insurance (NHI) system. Though most Americans had health insurance through Medicare , Medicaid , or private plans, approximately ten percent of the population did not have coverage in 1977. The establishment of an NHI plan was the top priority of organized labor and many liberal Democrats, but Carter had concerns about cost, as well as the inflationary impact, of such
7344-431: The eventual creation of Zimbabwe . The more assertive human rights policy championed by Derian and State Department Policy Planning Director Anthony Lake was somewhat blunted by the opposition of Brzezinski. Policy disputes reached their most contentious point during the 1979 fall of Pol Pot 's genocidal regime of Democratic Kampuchea following the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia , when Brzezinski prevailed in having
7452-498: The final act did not include a provision authorizing the federal government to act as an employer of last resort in order to provide for full employment . Carter also sought tax reform in order to create a simpler, more progressive taxation system. He proposed taxing capital gains as ordinary income, eliminating tax shelters, limiting itemized tax deductions, and increasing the standard deduction . Carter's taxation proposals were rejected by Congress, and no major tax reform bill
7560-413: The first female Hispanic district court judge, Carmen Consuelo Cerezo . Federal Judicial Center data shows that Carter appointed more women (41) and people of color (57) than had been appointed by all past presidents combined (10 women and 35 people of color). President Carter was not a product of the New Deal traditions of liberal Northern Democrats. Instead he traced his ideological background to
7668-496: The first months of his presidency. Democrats in Congress were displeased with his moralistic, executive-oriented, rational approach to decision-making and his reluctance to accept standard congressional methods of compromise, patronage, and log-rolling. A few months after his term started, Carter issued a "hit list" of 19 projects that he claimed were " pork barrel " spending. He said that he would veto any legislation that contained projects on this list. Congress responded by passing
7776-495: The following years, and during the winter of 1976–1977 natural gas shortages forced the closure of many schools and factories, leading to the temporary layoffs of hundreds of thousands of workers. By 1977, energy policy was one of the greatest challenges facing the United States. Oil imports had increased 65% annually since 1973, and the U.S. consumed over twice as much energy, per capita, as other developed countries . Upon taking office, Carter asked James Schlesinger to develop
7884-428: The growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose for our nation... Jimmy Carter In July 1979, as the energy crisis continued, Carter met with a series of business, government, labor, academic, and religious leaders in an effort to overhaul his administration's policies. His pollster, Pat Caddell , told him that the American people faced a crisis of confidence stemming from
7992-419: The lagoon began. In 1967 the south jetty was extended 65 feet (20 m) and a 410 feet (120 m) curved extension was added to the north jetty. The sand transfer plant was upgraded in 1948, 1967 and 1998, and rebuilt in 2011. State Road A1A crosses the inlet on a fixed-span bridge 18 feet (5.5 m) above the water. The depth of the inlet is between 6 feet (1.8 m) and 12 feet (3.7 m). The inlet
8100-557: The lagoon to help flush polluted waters into the ocean. The State of Florida created a taxing district for the South Lake Worth Inlet in 1915 (the taxing district was abolished in 1996, and Palm Beach County assumed responsibility for maintaining the inlet). Construction of the inlet began in 1925. The new inlet was completed in 1927 at a cost of $ 225,000, and was 130 feet (40 m) wide and 8 feet (2.4 m) deep (below mean low water). As happens generally to inlets on
8208-488: The late 1970s and the 1980s. Many of the leading officials in the Carter administration, including Carter himself, were members of the Trilateral Commission, which de-emphasized the Cold War. The Trilateral Commission instead advocated a foreign policy focused on aid to Third World countries and improved relations with Western Europe and Japan. The central tension of the Carter administration's foreign policy
8316-413: The malaise accompanying it coincided with Carter's 1980 re-election campaign, and contributed to his unexpectedly severe loss to Ronald Reagan . Not until March 1981 did GDP and employment totals regain pre-recession levels. During the 1976 presidential campaign, Carter proposed a health care reform plan that included key features of a bipartisan bill, sponsored by Senator Ted Kennedy, that provided for
8424-445: The median income for a household in the town was $ 127,819, and the median income for a family was $ 117,051. Males had a median income of over $ 100,000 versus $ 36,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 143,729. About 3.7% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including none of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over. Those who spoke only English at home accounted for 98.54% of
8532-480: The mid-19th century Lake Worth Lagoon was a fresh water lake with no connection to the ocean. After the Lake Worth Inlet was cut near the north end of the lagoon in 1866 (with intermittent closures and re-openings until 1886), the lagoon became increasingly brackish . Development around the lagoon polluted it, as well. By 1913 residents of the area were discussing opening another inlet from the south end of
8640-449: The name to be selected. One of the most puzzling mysteries in Florida history was the disappearance of Circuit Judge Curtis Chillingworth and his wife Marjorie, who left a friend's home on the night of June 14, 1955, en route to their oceanfront cottage in Manalapan. It was established five years later that the couple were murdered by hitmen hired by one of Curtis Chillingworth's fellow judges. The Chillingworths were thrown overboard from
8748-454: The nomination on the final day of the primaries. The 1976 Democratic National Convention proceeded harmoniously and, after interviewing several candidates, Carter chose Mondale as his running mate. The selection of Mondale was well received by many liberal Democrats, many of whom had been skeptical of Carter. The Republicans experienced a contested convention that ultimately nominated incumbent President Gerald Ford , who had succeeded to
8856-511: The nomination, and many of these candidates were better known than Carter. Carter sought to appeal to various groups in the party; his advocacy for cutting defense spending and reining in the CIA appealed to liberals, while his emphasis on eliminating government waste appealed to conservatives. Carter won the most votes of any candidate in the Iowa caucus , and he dominated media coverage in advance of
8964-402: The north jetty to pump sand past the inlet. The transfer plant pumped an average 50,000 cubic yards (38,000 m) of sand past the inlet in the next five years. The transfer plant was shut down during World War II due to fuel shortages, and sand again accumulated in the inlet and the lagoon. Following World War II, sand transfer was resumed, and dredging of the accumulated shoals in the inlet and
9072-460: The number of female circuit court judges increased from one to twelve, the number of non-white male circuit judges increased from six to thirteen, the number of female district court judges increased from four to 32, and the number of non-white male district court judges increased from 23 to 55. Carter appointed the first female African-American circuit court judge, Amalya Lyle Kearse , the first Hispanic circuit court judge, Reynaldo Guerra Garza , and
9180-468: The policy of affirmative action , and his administration submitted an amicus curiae brief to the Supreme Court while it heard the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke . The Supreme Court's holding, delivered in 1978, upheld the constitutionality of affirmative action but vetoed the use of racial quotas in college admissions. First Lady Rosalynn Carter publicly campaigned for
9288-614: The popular vote and 297 electoral votes , while Ford won 48% of the popular vote and 240 electoral votes. The 1976 presidential election represents the lone Democratic presidential election victory between the elections of 1964 and 1992 . Carter fared particularly well in the Northeast and the South, while Ford swept the West and won much of the Midwest. In the concurrent congressional elections , Democrats increased their majorities in both
9396-472: The population, while French was a home language of 1.45%. Carter administration Jimmy Carter 's tenure as the 39th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 1977, and ended on January 20, 1981. Carter, a Democrat from Georgia , took office following his narrow victory over Republican incumbent president Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election . His presidency ended following his landslide defeat in
9504-810: The post elevated to that of Assistant Secretary of State . Derian established the United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices , published annually since 1977. Latin America was central to Carter's new focus on human rights. The Carter administration ended support to the historically U.S.-backed Somoza regime in Nicaragua and directed aid to the new Sandinista National Liberation Front government that assumed power after Somoza's overthrow. Carter also cut back or terminated military aid to Augusto Pinochet of Chile , Ernesto Geisel of Brazil, and Jorge Rafael Videla of Argentina, all of whom he criticized for human rights violations. Carter's ambassador to
9612-532: The presidency in 1974 after the resignation of Richard Nixon due to the latter's involvement in the Watergate scandal . With the Republicans badly divided, and with Ford facing questions over his competence as president, polls taken in August 1976 showed Carter with a 15-point lead. In the general election campaign, Carter continued to promote a centrist agenda, seeking to define new Democratic positions in
9720-445: The president remarked, "will guarantee that from 1980 to the year 2030, the social security funds will be sound". Carter supported many of the goals of the environmentalist movement, and appointed prominent environmentalists to high positions. As president his rhetoric strongly supported environmentalism, with a certain softness regarding his acceptance of nuclear energy – he had been trained in nuclear energy with atomic submarines in
9828-525: The president's ability to enact his agenda. In many cases, these failures of communication stemmed not from intentional neglect, but rather from poor organization of the administration's congressional liaison functions. President Carter attempted to woo O'Neill, Senate Majority Leader Robert Byrd , and other members of Congress through personal engagement, but he was generally unable to rally support for his programs through these meetings. Carter also erred in focusing on too many priorities at once, especially in
9936-463: The proposed tax. I want to talk to you right now about a fundamental threat to American democracy ... I do not refer to the outward strength of America, a nation that is at peace tonight everywhere in the world, with unmatched economic power and military might. The threat is nearly invisible in ordinary ways. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul and spirit of our national will. We can see this crisis in
10044-625: The ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment , and the president supported the extension of the ratification period for that amendment. Carter presided over the deregulation of several industries, which proponents hoped would help revive the sluggish economy. The Airline Deregulation Act (1978) abolished the Civil Aeronautics Board over six years, provided for the free entry of airlines into new routes, and opened air fares up to competition. Carter also signed
10152-496: The same time, cannabis consumption in the United States reached historically high levels. Carter was the first president to address the topic of gay rights, and his administration was the first to meet with a group of gay rights activists. Carter opposed the Briggs Initiative , a California ballot measure that would have banned gays and supporters of gay rights from being public school teachers. Carter supported
10260-511: The town was 98.13% White (95% were Non-Hispanic White ), 1.56% Asian , and 0.31% Pacific Islander . Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 3.12% of the population. As of 2000, there were 167 households, out of which 9.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.9% were married couples living together, 2.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.0% had someone living alone who
10368-400: The two Democratic leaders. In June 1979, Carter proposed more limited health insurance reform—an employer mandate to provide private catastrophic health insurance. The plan would also extend Medicaid to the very poor without dependent minor children, and would add catastrophic coverage to Medicare . Kennedy rejected the plan as insufficient. In November 1979, Senator Russell B. Long led
10476-587: The workplace. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) programs and women's programs were also strengthened, and "common sense priorities" led to focus on major health problems. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act, passed in 1978, prohibited companies or organizations from discriminating against pregnant employees while providing protection in the areas of childbirth and medical conditions related to pregnancy or childbirth. The National Consumer Cooperative Bank Act of 1978 sought to put funds aside for low-interest loans to start cooperatives. Minimum wage coverage
10584-416: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.33. In 2000, 7.8% of the population was under the age of 18, 2.2% was from 18 to 24, 13.4% from 25 to 44, 35.8% from 45 to 64, and 40.8% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 61 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males. In 2000,
10692-617: Was a project of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science . Although foreign policy was not his highest priority at first, a series of worsening crises made it increasingly the focus of attention regarding the Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Iran, and the global energy crisis. His handling of the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis made him very unpopular at home and lowered his historical stature as measured by historians. Carter took office during
10800-493: Was designed to facilitate the construction of power plants. Nonetheless, Kaufman and Kaufman write that policies enacted under Carter represented the "most sweeping energy legislation in the nation's history." Carter's policies contributed to a decrease in per capita energy consumption, which dropped by 10 percent from 1979 to 1983. Oil imports, which had reached a record 2.4 billion barrels in 1977 (50% of supply), declined by half from 1979 to 1983. Carter took office during
10908-557: Was elected as the Governor of Georgia in 1970, and during his four years in office he earned a reputation as a progressive , racially moderate Southern governor. Observing George McGovern 's success in the 1972 Democratic primaries , Carter came to believe that he could win the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination by running as an outsider unconnected to establishment politicians in Washington. Carter declared his candidacy for
11016-410: Was enacted. In 1979 Carter opened the first White House Conference on Library and Information Services stating that "libraries must be strengthened and the public made more aware of their potential: Libraries can be community resources for the consumer and small business on matters such as energy and marketing and technological innovation." The White House Conference on Library and Information Services
11124-557: Was extended to farmworkers, and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act Amendments of 1978 increased the upper age limit on coverage against age discrimination in non-federal employment and in the private sector from 65 to 70 as a means of extending safeguards against age discrimination. In addition, the purchase requirement for food stamps was abolished and the first-ever national youth employment law
11232-404: Was generally viewed as the winner of the first debate, but he made a major gaffe in the second debate when he stated there was "no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe ." The gaffe put an end to Ford's late momentum, and Carter helped his own campaign with a strong performance in the third debate. Polls taken just before election day showed a very close race. Carter won the election with 50.1% of
11340-476: Was never intended for navigation, but is used by recreational boaters. The inlet has a reputation of being dangerous due to shoaling, strong currents and close clearances. There were more than 46,000 boat trips through the inlet in 2006. Seven boats required rescue in the inlet that year. Manalapan, Florida Manalapan is a town in Palm Beach County , Florida, United States. It is part of
11448-519: Was passed during Carter's presidency. Amid growing public fear that the social security system was in danger of bankruptcy within a few years, Carter signed the Social Security Financing Amendments Act in December 1977, which corrected a flaw that had been introduced into the benefit formula by earlier legislation in 1972, raised Social Security taxes and reduced Social Security benefits. "Now this legislation",
11556-430: Was purchased by Larry Ellison in 2022 for $ 173 million, making it the most expensive home sale in Florida history. The property spans A1A and is connected by a series of tunnels under the road. The approximate coordinates for the Town of Manalapan is located at 26°34′15″N 80°2′40″W / 26.57083°N 80.04444°W / 26.57083; -80.04444 . Manalapan is a small beach side community. It
11664-653: Was reflected in the division between Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, who sought improved relations with the Soviet Union and the Third World, and National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, who favored confrontation with the Soviet Union on a range of issues. After the disappointment of the Vietnam War a re-focus of the US Army on the Warsaw Pact problem found that technology and teamwork both were in dire need to be upgraded. Guided by General Donn A. Starry and
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