Misplaced Pages

#701298

112-678: The Bóbr has a length of 279 kilometres (173 mi) (3 in Czech Republic, 276 in Poland, 10th longest Polish river) and a basin area of 5,874 square kilometres (2,268 sq mi) (44 in Czech Republic and 5,830 in Poland). It originates on a slope of the Rýchory mountains in the southeast of the Krkonoše range. The source is located near the small Bobr village of the Žacléř municipality in

224-425: A wingspan of 17.5 m (57 ft 5 in); was powered by an eight-cylinder engine producing 75 hp; unloaded weight was 850 kg; and could attain a speed of 65 km/h (40 mph). From 1912, the construction of airplanes proceeded in mixed wood and steel tube construction with fabric covering. One of the planes designed and built was a Riesenflugzeug ("giant aircraft") AEG R.I . This aircraft

336-599: A factor. The site at Brunnenstraße in the former Berlin district of Wedding was also sold, as were the firms AEG-Fabrik Essen and Bauknecht . AEG played an important role in the history of the German railways; the company was involved in the development and manufacture of the electrical parts of almost all German electric locomotive series and contributed to the introduction of electrical power in German railways. Additionally many steam locomotives were made in AEG factories. In 1931

448-837: A guarantee by the federal government. Not only was AEG-Telefunken AG affected, but also its subsidiaries Küppersbusch AG in Gelsenkirchen , Hermann Zanker Maschinenfabrik GmbH & Co. KG in Tübingen and Carl Neff GmbH in Bretten . The Alno-Möbelwerke GmbH & Co. KG in Pfullendorf was taken over by the minority shareholders, and separated from the group. The suppliers to AEG were affected and some filed for bankruptcy—including Becher & Co. Möbelfabriken KG in Bühlertann —with lack of continuity of company policy

560-673: A hydro electric power plant in Lauffen am Neckar to Frankfurt , where it lit 1000 light bulbs and drove an artificial waterfall at the International Electrotechnical Exhibition in Frankfurt am Main . This success marked one of beginnings of the general use of alternating current for electrification in Germany, and showed that distance transmission of electric power could be economically useful. In

672-628: A mountain range located in the north of the Czech Republic and the south-west of Poland , part of the Sudetes mountain system (part of the Bohemian Massif ). The Czech–Polish border, which divides the historic regions of Bohemia and Silesia , runs along the main ridge. The highest peak, Sněžka ( Polish : Śnieżka ), is the Czech Republic's highest natural point with an elevation of 1,603 metres (5,259 ft). On both sides of

784-581: A princely hideaway, and in 1838 the king purchased nearby Schildau Castle (today Wojanów ) for his daughter Louise , Princess of the Netherlands. Frederick William IV enlarged the Erdmannsdorf manor house. Many new parks were created and manors and palaces rebuilt according to the newest architectural styles. In 1918 the Republic of Czechoslovakia was founded, and in the following years there

896-449: A road connecting the village of Borowice with Przełęcz Karkonoska, now known as Droga Borowicka ("Borowice Road"). Poor sanitary and feeding conditions resulted in a high mortality rate, and after a typhus epidemic broke out in 1942 the construction was halted. After the defeat of Germany in the war, the mountains became again part Czechoslovakia and Poland, although with Soviet-installed communist regimes, which stayed in power until

1008-580: Is a popular destination for tourists engaging in downhill and cross-country skiing , hiking , cycling and other activities. The range has been called the Giant Mountains in English literature since at least 1719. The Czech name "Krkonoše" is first mentioned (in the singular, as "Krkonoš" ) in a 1492 record of the division of the Manor of Štěpanice into two parts. The first map occurrence of

1120-548: Is a protected area, and many houses are only used at weekends, for recreational purposes. The population exchange also led to a decline of the cultural landscape. In large parts of the mountains the meadows ran to seed, settlements deracinated , hundreds of traditional houses and mountain huts decayed or turned into architecturally worthless objects and countless memorials, chapels, shrines, landmarks and springs were destroyed, because they were either German-related or ecclesiastic. New Polish names were issued by political decree in

1232-637: Is also licensed to various brand partners under the Electrolux Global Brand Licensing program. In 1883, Emil Rathenau founded Deutsche Edison-Gesellschaft für angewandte Elektricität in Berlin. In 1888, it was renamed as Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft . Initially producing electrical equipment (such as light bulbs, motors and generators), the company soon became involved in AC electric transmission systems. In 1907, Peter Behrens

SECTION 10

#1732773340702

1344-481: Is first listed by Ptolemy and refers to a pre-Celtic or Germanic people . In Simon Hüttel's chronicle of Trautenau ( Trutnov ) from 1549 the names Hrisenpergisches Gebirge , Hrisengepirge , Hrisengebirge , Risengepirge appeared for the first time, but in the following centuries several other names were still used too. Martin Helwig's map of Silesia mentions Riſenberg (Risenberg). In 1380, Přibík Pulkava called

1456-645: Is the subalpine vegetation zone , which is marked by knee timber , mat-grass meadows and subarctic high moors. This habitat of special importance in the Krkonoše is a relic of Arctic tundra, which was typical in Central Europe during the ice age. At the same time, however, there was a connection to the alpine grasslands of the Alps, and plant species coexist here which are otherwise separated by several thousand kilometers, such as cloudberries. Some species evolved under

1568-750: The Knights Hospitaller from Strzegom , and in 1292, Duke Bolko I the Strict granted the Grzbiet Lasocki in the east to the Krzeszów Abbey , whereas the remainder of the Polish part of the mountains remained a ducal possession, but there were some small noble possessions. The first people who explored the inner parts of the Giant Mountains were treasure hunters and miners looking for gold, silver, ores and valuable stones, mainly on

1680-718: The Kreuzberg between 1888 and 1894 the garden architect Hermann Mächtig designed its waterfall after the Zackelfall ( Kamieńczyk Falls ) and a gully after Wolfsschlucht (Vlčí rokle in Adršpach). After World War II, ski resorts expanded with new lifts and slopes on both sides of the mountains, while the traditional mountain huts were neglected . Many were victims of fires, such as Labská bouda, Riesenbaude , and Prinz-Heinrich-Baude . Similarly many hiking trails, ski jumps and luge tracks fell into disrepair due to lack of care. In 1945,

1792-496: The Middle High German word Buode , which means booth or building. The Polish name is schronisko . These were mostly named either for the location or for their constructor or occupant. The occupants, however, often changed after the expulsion, and several mountain huts especially on the now Polish side received new names. Entire colonies of mountain huts were called after the families who lived there. They are located in

1904-753: The Oder-Neisse line . The Pilchowice Dam ( Polish : Jezioro Pilchowickie , German: Talsperre Mauer ) was built from 1904 to 1912 in the northern Krkonoše range near Jelenia Góra. Then the largest in Europe, surpassing even the Urft Dam built in 1905, it created a reservoir of about 4 km (2.5 mi) length. The masonry structure was erected on a Gneiss basis according to the Intze Principle . Equipped with Francis turbines manufactured by Voith and Siemens-Schuckert and AEG generators,

2016-756: The Piast dukes of Silesia and incorporated their lands with the consent of King Casimir III of Poland by the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin , whereafter both Lusatia in the west and Silesia in the east became Lands of the Bohemian Crown . During the Potsdam Conference in 1945, the Western Allies briefly advocated a Polish-German border along the Oder, Bóbr and Kwisa rivers, but were rejected by Joseph Stalin , who had already committed himself to

2128-657: The Second World War , AEG worked with the Nazi Party and benefited from forced labour from concentration camps. After the war, its headquarters moved to Frankfurt am Main . In 1967, AEG joined with its subsidiary Telefunken AG , creating Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AEG-Telefunken . In 1985, Daimler-Benz purchased the AEG-Telefunken Aktiengesellschaft (which was renamed to AEG Aktiengesellschaft ) and wholly integrated

2240-729: The hydroelectric plant supplies about 20,000,000 kWh a year, with a power rating of 7,585 kW. Parts of the Bóbr river valley is protected area in some form or another, and the river itself originates from the Krkonoše National Park in Czech Republic, close to the border with Poland. Protections in the Bóbr valley area include: Krkono%C5%A1e The Giant Mountains , Krkonoše , or Karkonosze ( Czech: [ˈkr̩konoʃɛ] , Polish pronunciation: [karkɔˈnɔʂɛ] , German : Riesengebirge pronounced [ˈʁiːzn̩ɡəˌbɪʁɡə] ), are

2352-565: The tree line . The main ridge of the mountains runs from east to west and forms the border between these two countries. Its highest peak, Sněžka/Śnieżka , is the highest peak of the Czech Republic. The Silesian northern part, in Poland, drops steeply to the Jelenia Góra valley, whereas the southern Czech part slopes gently to the Bohemian basin. In the north-easterly direction the Giant Mountains continue to Rudawy Janowickie , and in

SECTION 20

#1732773340702

2464-476: The 17th century, whereas the oldest surviving monument to a mountain victim is located on Sněžka/Śnieżka and commemorates Jan Pieniążek-Odrowąż who died in 1828. As a result, the mountains became one of the most popular vacation areas in the German Empire . In the 19th century, the most numerous tourists were Germans and Poles . Polish-language guidebooks to the Giant Mountains have been published since

2576-743: The 18th century, and in the 18th-19th centuries there were also indigenous Polish mountain guides. In the 19th century, many Czech writers visited the mountains and climbed Sněžka, which they then described in their works. Mount Sněžka was a symbol of the Slavic origin of the Czechs and a source of inspiration in the Czech National Revival movement. During the Gründerzeit (19th century period of industrial and economic growth) many manufacturers from Berlin built numerous holiday villas on

2688-488: The 1920s AEG became a global supplier of electrical know-how and equipment. In 1923, for example, it provided most of the essential materials and a team of engineers to oversee the electrification of British-ruled Palestine. British firms, at the time, could not compete with the prices of AEG The activity of the company soon extended to all areas of electrical power engineering, including electric lighting, electric power, electric railways, electro-chemical plants, as well as

2800-447: The 1970s and culminated in the late 1980s, could not be stopped entirely. The clearing of forests in the surroundings of mountain huts created species-rich mountain meadows, which were maintained in alpine pasture farming. After the expulsion of Germans in 1945, this type of management largely came to a standstill and the mountain meadows were largely abandoned. Above the timber line at about 1,250 to 1,350 m (4,100 to 4,430 ft)

2912-437: The 1970s, resulting in the sale of some assets. In 1983, the consumer electronics division Telefunken Fernseh und Rundfunk GmbH was sold. In 1985, the company re-took the name AEG and the remainder of the company was acquired by Daimler-Benz ; the parts that remained were primarily related to electric power distribution and electric motor technology. Under Daimler-Benz ownership, the former AEG companies eventually became part of

3024-487: The 1980s for all but Polish and Czechoslovak citizens. The mountains are on the route of main Sudetes hiking trail, Główny Szlak Sudecki (440 km from Świeradów Zdrój to Prudnik ), which follows the main ridge. Today, the Giant Mountains are a popular holiday destination in both summer and winter. The Giant Mountains are a traditional winter sports centre in Central Europe. The largest mountain resorts are located on

3136-489: The 1980s. Almost the entire German population was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . On the northern Silesian side, Poles, some of whom had been expelled from what was formerly eastern Poland resettled the area, while Czechs re-settled the southern Bohemian side of the mountain range. Today the population density of the area of the national park is two-thirds lower than before World War II, as it

3248-488: The 320 built, as the sole surviving World War One German multi-engine bomber. During the Second World War AEG produced machines for reconnaissance purposes, including a helicopter platform driven by an AC motor. This was a tethered craft that could not fly freely; the power supply was carried by three cables from the ground. The machine reached an altitude of 300 m. AEG bought Kühlstein in 1902, founding

3360-463: The Berlin rail network, but there was no rail connection between the two plants. In 1895 an underground railway link between the two plots was built in a tunnel 270 meters long. The tunnel was built by Siemens & Halske (S & H) (later to become Siemens ) under the direction of C. Schwebel and Wilhelm Lauter who were also connected in the building of what is now the Spree tunnel Stralau used by

3472-674: The Czech Hradec Králové Region . Parallel to the Lusatian Neisse tributary of the Oder in the west, it flows northwards from the Bohemian region into adjacent Silesia . Shortly after the river crosses the border to Polish Niedamirów and runs northwestwards through the Jelenia Góra valley of the Western Sudetes to the dam of Pilchowice and downhill into the plains of Lower Silesia , passing

Bóbr - Misplaced Pages Continue

3584-1167: The Czech Hikers Club (KCT) after the Land Control Act. This influx was stopped when the Czechoslovakian side of the mountains was occupied by Germany in 1938, and many of these Czechs left the region or were expelled. There was no fighting in the Giant Mountains during World War II , and the Germans occupied the mountain huts as military observation posts, communication posts and resorts for troops. The Germans operated at least 15 forced labour camps, located in Przesieka , Przełęcz Karkonoska , Piechowice , Kowary and Krzaczyna . The camps held prisoners of various nationalities, including Polish (often women and sometimes even children), Italian, French, Jewish, Czech, Belgian, Luxembourgish, Ukrainian and Russian. Belgian, French and Soviet prisoners of war, and possibly also Czech and Polish civilians, were used to build

3696-500: The Czech Republic and Schronisko Strzecha Akademicka, Schronisko Samotnia and Schronisko na Hali Szrenickiej in Poland. In other places, the old mountain huts were replaced by newer buildings which were specially built for tourism purposes. Huts from the 20th century include Petrova bouda and the hut on the summit of mount Sněžka/Śnieżka. There are also many impressive rock formations, such as Dívčí kameny-Śląskie Kamienie and Mužské kameny-Czeskie Kamienie, above 1,400 metres (4,600 feet) on

3808-411: The Czech Republic. Apart from minor adjustments, the boundary has survived unchanged to this day. It is disputed whether the Polish ruler Bolesław III Wrymouth crossed the Giant Mountains during his reprisal campaign against Bohemia in 1110. Until the establishment of Poland in the 10th-11th century the mountain range and its foothills were unpopulated, with deep, impenetrable forests. The Polish part

3920-643: The Czech side in Pec pod Sněžkou , Špindlerův Mlýn , Harrachov and Janské Lázně and on the Polish side in Szklarska Poręba , Karpacz and Kowary . August Neidhardt von Gneisenau described a sledging of ten kilometres (6.2 miles) from Grenzbauden (Pomezní boudy) to Schmiedeberg (Kowary) already in 1817. Much earlier however heavy sledges already transported timber and hay whereas smaller and more manoeuvrable sledges, so called "Hitsch'n", were used to get faster from

4032-545: The European luge championships many times. The first Rendezvous race, predecessor of today's Nordic Ski Championships , was hosted by Johannisbad, the majority of the competitions were won by HDW athletes. The mountain range is traversed by the cross-border hiking trail along the main ridge called the " Polish–Czech Friendship Trail ". The start point is located on Szrenica and the end in the Okraj Pass / Pomezní boudy ;

4144-435: The Giant Mountains amounts to 631 square kilometres (244 square miles), 454 square kilometres (175 square miles) within the Czech Republic and 177 square kilometres (68 square miles) in Poland. While most of the Sudetes are middle-sized Mittelgebirge mountains, the Giant Mountains have a few characteristics of proper high mountains such as glacial cirques , small periglacial landforms and an elevation significantly above

4256-625: The Jizera mountains. The rivers on the Czech side often fall over steep edges into valleys formed by ice-age glaciers. The largest waterfalls on the southern side of the mountains are the Labský vodopád with a height of 50 metres (160 feet), Pančavský waterfall (140 metres (460 feet), the highest waterfall in the Czech Republic), Horní Úpský waterfall, Dolní Úpský waterfall and Mumlavský waterfall (10 metres or 33 feet ). The most important rivers on

4368-407: The Krkonoše and obtained the entire dominion of Vrchlabí ( Hohenelbe , High Elbe ). His enterprising spirit was crucial for the further development of the area. For the supplement of the miners he founded many smaller towns in higher parts of the mountains. Further down in the valleys iron work furnaces were built, and water wheels provided the energy required. Due to the intensive economic activity

4480-584: The Nazis, especially in promoting re-armament of the Wehrmacht , Luftwaffe , and Kriegsmarine . During the war itself, they were to use large numbers of forced labourers as well as concentration camp prisoners, under inhuman conditions of work. AEG worked extensively with the Nazi party in Poland. AEG was forced to relinquish Kabelwerk Krakow, a cable manufacturing plant, to the Nazi party . Kabelwerk Krakow

4592-433: The Nazis. The company benefited from the use of large numbers of forced labourers as well as concentration camp prisoners, under inhuman conditions of work. After WWII, the company lost its businesses in the eastern part of Germany. After a merger in 1967, the company was renamed Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AEG- Telefunken (from 1979 on only AEG-Telefunken ). The company experienced financial difficulties during

Bóbr - Misplaced Pages Continue

4704-625: The North Sea, those on the north side into the Baltic. The river valleys and lower layers form the sub- montane zone . The aboriginal hardwood and mixed forests are largely replaced with spruce monocultures . Only the river valleys offer remnants of hardwood forests. The higher parts form the montane vegetation zone. Their natural coniferous forests have also in large parts been replaced by spruce monocultures, which are often heavily damaged due to air pollution and soil acidification. In many places,

4816-454: The Obří důl, Labský důl and Důl Bílého Labe on the south side and the dramatic Śnieżne Kotły, Kocioł Łomniczki and the calderas of mountain lakes Wielki Staw and Mały Staw on the north side of the main ridge. The species-richest areas are called zahrádka ("garden"). There are about 15 in Krkonoše, for example Čertova zahrádka und Krakonošova zahrádka. On both the Czech and Polish side, large parts of

4928-571: The Polish Dolnośląskie Towarzystwo Turystyczno-Krajoznawcze ("Lower Silesian Tourist and Sightseeing Society") was founded in Przesieka , which was merged with the Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Society the following year. The Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Society re-opened several mountain huts. The cross-border hiking trail on the main ridge called " Polish–Czech Friendship Trail " was closed in

5040-523: The Polish (Silesian) northern part, where farming conditions were better, and later the southern Bohemian part along the Elbe and Úpa rivers. Many agricultural settlements, markets and handcraft communities and cities were founded at that time, and they formed a base for the further colonization of the mountain range. In 1281, Duke Bernard the Lightsome granted the western portion of the Giant Mountains to

5152-410: The Polish national park prohibit reforestation of damaged and dead forests. On the Czech side, however, large-scale reforestation projects are common. The climate of the Giant Mountains is marked by frequent weather changes. The winters are cold and snow depths above 3 metres (9.8 feet) are not uncommon. Many parts of the mountains are covered with snow for five or six months. There is often dense fog at

5264-524: The Polish northern Giant Mountains. In the 1970s and 1980s, Polish and Czech anti-communist activists met illegally in the Giant Mountains. Following the Fall of Communism , presidents of Czechoslovakia and Poland met at the Przełęcz Karkonoska in 1990. Typical for the Giant Mountains are its numerous mountain huts, which are called bouda in Czech and Baude in German. Both names are derived from

5376-411: The Polish side are Kamienna, Łomnica and Bóbr . They also form impressive waterfalls, such as Kamieńczyk Falls (27 metres or 89 feet), Szklarki Falls (13.3 metres or 44 feet) Wodospad na Łomnicy (10 m or 33 ft) or Podgórna Falls (10 m or 33 ft). The main ridge of the Giant Mountains forms the watershed between the North Sea and the Baltic. The rivers on the south side drain into

5488-588: The Russian occupied zone and were lost. The headquarters for the non-expropriated parts of the company was moved first to Hamburg and then finally to Frankfurt am Main , the headquarters in Berlin having been destroyed. In 1970, AEG-Telefunken had 178,000 employees worldwide, and was the 12th largest electrical company in the world. The company was burdened by, among other things, unsuccessful projects such as an automated baggage conveyor system at Frankfurt Airport and nuclear powerplant construction. In particular,

5600-674: The Silesian Schaffgotsch dominions (which family owned the Silesian part of the mountains, as well as large estates in the Jelenia Góra Valley north of them since the Middle Ages), defines the border between Bohemia and Silesia to this day. At first Bad Warmbrunn ( Cieplice Śląskie Zdrój , now a district of Jelenia Góra) with its hot springs became a popular bath and tourist centre on the northern side of

5712-411: The Silesian part of the mountains, where they settled in Marysin (present-day district of Szklarska Poręba ), Karpacz , Borowice , Michałowice (present-day district of Piechowice ) and Jagniątków (present-day district of Jelenia Góra ). Following the war, several cottages, called bouda (plural: boudy ) in Czech, buda (plural: budy ) in Polish and Baude (plural: Bauden ) in German, remained in

SECTION 50

#1732773340702

5824-577: The Silesian side and the Austrian Riesengebirgsverein on the Bohemian side . The touristic development of the Krkonoše was one of their goals, and this primarily meant the construction of hiking trails . In the following years they created a network of 3,000 kilometres (1,900 miles), with 500 kilometres (310 miles) on the Silesian (main) and Bohemian ridge alone . With the development of settlement and tourism, there have been cases of deaths from falls from heights, straying and freezing or from avalanches. The oldest surviving records of avalanches date back to

5936-409: The Silesian side, many of which are preserved to this day and provide a special flair , as in Szklarska Poręba (formerly Schreiberhau) . Direct rail links to Schreiberhau from Berlin, Breslau (Wrocław), Stettin (Szczecin) and Dresden , and later even Deutsche Luft Hansa air links via Hirschberg (Jelenia Góra), enabled a convenient and speedy arrival . On laying out Berlin's Victoria Park on

6048-491: The Silesian side. In the 14th and 15th centuries foreigners who spoke a non-German language came to the mountains. They were called "Wallen" (see Walha ), and their journeys to the "treasure" deposits were recorded in so-called "Wallenbüchern" (Wallen books). Mysterious orientation signs from these "Wallen" are visible to this day, especially on the northern side of the mountains. In the 14th–16th centuries, miners, glassmakers, charcoal burners, woodcutters and shepherds settled in

6160-417: The Sněžka were common, for instance by Theodor Körner and Johann Wolfgang Goethe . Artists like Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Gustav Carus hiked through the mountains to find inspiration . Future President of the United States John Quincy Adams visited the Giant Mountains in 1800. At the end of the 19th century two mountain clubs were founded, the German Riesengebirgsverein (Giant Mountains Club) on

6272-492: The U-Bahn. By 1889 AEG were known as specialists in the construction of industrial portable drilling machines, some of these were driven by flexible shafts from electric motors. AEG also developed a toothed belt drive to reduce motor speed down to that required by machine tools. In 1903 the competing radio companies AEG and Siemens & Halske merged, forming a joint subsidiary named Telefunken . In 1907 architect Peter Behrens became an artistic adviser. Responsible for

6384-412: The border, large areas of the mountains are designated national parks ( Krkonoše National Park in the Czech Republic and Karkonosze National Park in Poland), and these together comprise the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Transboundary Biosphere Reserve under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme . The source of the River Elbe is within the Giant Mountains. The range has a number of major ski resorts, and

6496-410: The character of the mountains and shaped the cultural landscape significantly. Hundreds of families, especially from the Tyrol region, created another group of inhabitants who spoke a different German dialect and brought another domestic culture to the Krkonoše. On the mountain hillsides they founded new settlements, laid down the basis for later farming by breeding cattle and built wooden dams to retain

6608-524: The company acquired Borsig and transferred the locomotive production to the AEG-Borsig works ( Borsig Lokomotiv-Werke GmbH ) from the Borsig plant in Tegel. In 1948 the plant became VEB Lokomotivbau Elektrotechnische Werke . In addition to numerous electric locomotives produced for the DR steam locomotive production continued until 1954. When the Federal Republic of Germany began implementing AC propulsion systems AEG found itself in competition with Brown, Boveri & Cie . The prototype DB Class E320

6720-409: The company in 1996 into Daimler-Benz AG (1998: DaimlerChrysler ). The remains of AEG became part of Adtranz (later Bombardier Transportation ) and Deutsche Aerospace (1998: DASA, today part of Airbus SE ). After acquiring the AEG household subsidiary AEG Hausgeräte GmbH in 1994, Electrolux obtained the rights to the AEG brand name in 2005, which it now uses on some of its products. The AEG name

6832-577: The construction of steam turbines, automobiles, cables and cable materials. In the first decades, the company had many factories in and around Berlin: A number of other notable events involving AEG occurred in this period: On 20 June 1915, founder Emil Rathenau died at age 77. AEG donated 60,000 Reichsmarks to the Nazi party after the Secret Meeting of 20 February 1933 at which the twin goals of complete power and national rearmament were explained by Hitler. They joined with other large companies, such as IG Farben , Thyssen and Krupp , in their support of

SECTION 60

#1732773340702

6944-402: The design of all products, advertising and architecture, he has since become considered as the world's first corporate designer. Behren's philosophy was to create a building which is solid, strong and simple in its structure. It is perfect for doing its job of producing large, heavy machinery. The dimensions of the building were chosen to allow turbines to be transported above other machinery. In

7056-403: The early wartime Spreewerk P38s. In an effort to express regret for its use of Jewish slave labour in World War II , AEG joined with Rheinmetall , Siemens , Krupp , and I G Farben to pay DEM 75 million in reparations to the Jewish Claims Conference . In 1945, after the Second World War, the production in the factories in the western sectors of Berlin - what today is the building of

7168-448: The east and Lower Lusatia to the west. After in 937 King Otto I of Germany had established the Saxon Eastern March on the lands settled by Polabian Slavs , Margrave Gero until 963 subdued the Lusatian lands up to the border with Poland ( Civitas Schinesghe ). Upon Gero's death in 965, the river was the designated eastern border of the newly created March of Lusatia in the Holy Roman Empire . The Polish territorial sovereignty

7280-478: The first deforested enclaves on hillsides and on the peaks appeared during this period. By order of Christopher von Gendorf, widespread timber cutting for the silver mine in Kutná Hora started in many places, which caused irreparable damage. These orders led to the third wave of colonization, which fully affected the mountain ridges. In 1566 he invited lumberjacks from Alpine countries to settle in his domain. These people from Tyrol , Carinthia and Styria changed

7392-456: The first native inhabitants were wood cutters , charcoal burners and hunters, and the first immigrants were gold prospectors. The first wave of colonization by Czech settlers in the Bohemian part goes back to the 13th century, but only includes the foothills; the mountain ridges were still unpopulated. The second wave of colonization of the foothills in the late 13th century was mostly by German settlers ( Ostsiedlung ); they first colonized

7504-484: The first three years (afterwards it moved to Vienna and finally Innsbruck ) and that the first president of the ÖSV was Guido Rotter, a local from the mountains. The clubs on the Silesian side were part of the German Ski Association (DSV). After the breakup of Austro-Hungary and the creation of Czechoslovakia the German clubs of the Bohemian side of the Giant mountains joined the newly founded HDW, an association for all German winter sports clubs in Czechoslovakia, whereas

7616-531: The foot of the mountains up to 1,230 millimetres (48 inches ) on mount Sněžka/Śnieżka. The highest precipitation, at 1,512 mm (59.5 in), is reached in the snow pits in the valleys at the foot of the main ridge. Since the Middle Ages, a state border has been established in the Giant Mountains, first between Poland and Bohemia, then between the Polish Duchy of Jawor and Bohemia, between Prussia and Austria , between Germany and Czechoslovakia , between Poland and Czechoslovakia, and then between Poland and

7728-409: The foot of the mountains. Poland's Karkonosze National Park ( Karkonoski Park Narodowy , KPN) was created in 1959 and covers an area of 55.8 square kilometres (21.5 square miles). It covers the highly sensitive higher parts of the mountain range from an altitude of about 900 to 1,000 metres (3,000 to 3,300 feet) and some special nature reserves below this zone. The strict conservation regulations of

7840-399: The forest is dead. This is due to the geographic location in the Black Triangle, a region around the German–Polish–Czech border triangle with many coal-burning power plants. The sulfur dioxide emissions, which are mainly responsible for acid rain, and the emission of many other concentrations have been greatly reduced since the beginning of the 1990s, but the forest die-back, which started in

7952-420: The formation of the Städtischen Elektrizitätswerke (A.G.StEW) ("City electricity works company (Berlin)") on 8 May 1884. The original factory was located near Stettiner Bahnhof . In 1887 the company acquired land in the Berlin-Gesundbrunnen area on which the Weddingsche Maschinenfabrik (founded by Wilhelm Wedding ) was previously located. In the same year, in addition to a restructuring and expansion of

8064-967: The headquarters of DW (TV)Deutsche Welle - and Nuremberg , Stuttgart and Mulheim an der Ruhr resumed and further new works were erected, among others an Electric meter plant in Hameln . The steam and electric locomotive plant in Hennigsdorf ( Fabriken Hennigsdorf ) became a Volkseigener Betrieb (VEB) (people owned enterprise) as the Lokomotivbau Elektrotechnische Werke (LEW) ("electric locomotive works"). The cable plant ( Draht-, Kabel- und Metallwerk Oberspree ) and apparatus factory ( Apparatefabrik Treptow ) and other facilities also lay in East Germany and became Sowjetische Aktiengesellschaft (SAG) (Soviet joint stock companies). Over 90% of assets in Berlin lay in

8176-486: The higher altitudes. On average, mount Sněžka/Śnieżka is at least partly hidden in fog and/or clouds on 296 days, and has an average of about 0.2 °C, which is similar to places much further north, like Iceland. The main ridge is one of the most wind-exposed areas of Europe. On the northern side the Foehn wind is a frequent meteorological phenomenon. The annual precipitation ranges from about 700 millimetres (28 inches ) at

8288-399: The higher parts of the mountains, which were used during the cattle pasturage in the summer and sometimes even through the winter. Among the oldest are Luční bouda, Stara Śląska Buda at Łabski Szczyt , Pomezní bouda and Brádlerova bouda founded in the 1620s and 1630s. The entire mountain range became a densely populated region. During the 17th century the mountain range on the Bohemian side

8400-425: The higher parts or the ridge of the Krkonoše and were used by shepherds as wooden refuges in the summer. After 1800, some of the mountain huts became interesting for the first hikers, and towards the end of the 19th century many were converted into hostels. Later, these huts were often expanded to host a larger number of guests. Well-known historical mountain huts include Luční bouda, Martinova bouda and Vosecká bouda in

8512-618: The length of the trail is approx. 30 km; the level of difficulty is moderate. The trail partially overlaps with ski trails. AEG (German company) Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AG ( German for 'General electricity company JSC '; AEG ) was a German producer of electrical equipment . It was established in 1883 by Emil Rathenau as the Deutsche Edison-Gesellschaft für angewandte Elektricität in Berlin . The company's initial focus

8624-438: The main ridge, Harrachovy kameny on the Czech side, and Pielgrzymy and Słonecznik in Poland. These weathered blocks of granite form high towers which often resemble humans or animals, and reach heights up to 30 metres (98 feet). Similar formations can be found in other parts of the Sudetes. The Giant Mountains form one of the most traditional tourist areas in Central Europe. As early as the 18th and 19th centuries, ascents of

8736-479: The mountain range are protected as national parks and nature reserves . The Czech Krkonoše National Park ( Krkonošský národní park , KRNAP) was created in 1963 as the second national park in Czechoslovakia , making it the oldest national park in the Czech Republic . Its area is approximately 370 square kilometres (140 sq mi), including not only the subalpine zone but also large parts down to

8848-455: The mountains the Sněžné hory (Snowy Mountains). The Czech writer Bohuslav Balbín recorded in 1679 that the mountains were known under various names: Krkonoše (Cerconossios), Rhipaeos Montes, Obrovski Mountains, Snow Mountains or Riesen Gebirge. The modern names of Krkonoše (Czech), Riesengebirge (German) and Karkonosze (Polish) became widely accepted only in the 19th century. The area of

8960-520: The mountains. In 1511 German miners from the region around Meissen in Saxony started working in Obří Důl , directly below mount Sněžka/Śnieżka, and at the same time many other mines were opened in other central parts of the mountains, like Svatý Petr, now part of Špindlerův Mlýn . In the 1530s, Christopher von Gendorf , a Carinthian aristocrat and royal senior captain of King Ferdinand I, appeared in

9072-534: The mountains. Nordic skiing was introduced during the same time when in 1880 Dr. Krause from Hirschberg (Jelenia Gora) bought some Norwegian skis in Stettin (Szczecin). A pair of them, the first recorded skis in the Giant Mountains, ended up at the Peterbaude (Petrovka). The locals however didn't know their purpose, and it wasn't until Fridtjof Nansens "Paa ski over Grønland" (The First Crossing of Greenland)

9184-648: The mountains. In 1822 Wilhelm , a brother of Prussian king Frederick William III , was the first prince of the Hohenzollern dynasty who took his summer residence in the Hirschberg (Jelenia Góra) valley, at Fischbach (today Karpniki ) castle. In 1831 the king himself bought Erdmannsdorf Estate, which he had learned to appreciate when visiting his brother in Fischbach and the previous owner of Erdmannsdorf, field marshal August von Gneisenau . The valley became

9296-532: The mountains. The first glassworks reportedly was established in the Cicha Dolina ("Silent Valley") at the foot of the Grzybowiec mountain on the Polish side already in the 13th century, yet it certainly operated in the 14th–16th centuries. In the mid-14th century, there were also glassworks in Szklarska Poręba and Vysoké nad Jizerou . Later on, glassworkers from Bohemia also moved to the Silesian part of

9408-452: The name Telefunken Computer GmbH with the company Nixdorf ) was sold to Siemens . The process computer ( TR 84 , TR 86 , AEG 60–10, AEG 80–20, AEG 80–60) continued as Geschäftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik (after 1980 as ATM Computer GmbH). In 1975 the former Telefunken Headquarter at Berlin- Charlottenburg , Ernst-Reuter-Platz 7 was sold. The building had been previously rented to Technische Universität Berlin . In 1976, to circumvent

9520-427: The name dates back to 1518 to Klaudyán map of Bohemia , when it is referred to the mountains as "Krkonoss" . The origin of the name is usually interpreted as a compound of "krk" or "krak" , an Old Slavonic word for Krummholz (a reference to the local vegetation) – and "noš" , derived from "nosit" (to carry). Alternative linguistic theories mention a connection with the pre– Indo-European word Corconti , which

9632-590: The needed infrastructure and sponsored equipment for poorer people and schools. Around 1900 a number of sports clubs were founded in the Giant Mountains. The leading role of the region back then was emphasised by the fact that 5 of the 12 founding clubs of the Austrian Ski Federation (ÖSV) were located in this part of the Bohemia, that the office of the ÖSV was located in Hohenelbe (Vrchlabí) for

9744-411: The newly named Adtranz in 1995, and the AEG name was no longer used. Electrolux , which had already acquired the household subsidiary AEG Hausgeräte GmbH in 1994, now own the rights to use and license the AEG brand. The company originated in 1882, when Emil Rathenau acquired licences to use some of Thomas Edison 's lamp patents in Germany. The Deutsche Edison Gesellschaft ("German Edison Company")

9856-495: The nuclear power plant at Würgassen , the commissioning of which was delayed by several years due to technical problems cost AEG hundreds of millions of DM. As a result, the company paid its last dividend in 1972. The entertainment arm ( Telefunken Fernseh und Rundfunk GmbH ) headquartered in Hanover was sold. This was followed by the computer mainframe business ( TR 4 , TR 10 , TR 440  [ de ] ) (a partnership under

9968-436: The production range, the AEG name was adopted. In 1887 Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrowolsky joined the company as chief engineer, later becoming vice-director. His work on polyphase electric power led him to become the world's leading engineer in three-phase electric power systems at the end of the 1880s. In 1891 Miller and Dobrovolski demonstrated the transmission of electrical power over a distance of 175 km (109 mi) from

10080-439: The requirement of equal participation of employees in the supervisory board, Dr. Walter Cipa (Dipl.-Geol.) (AEG boss from 1976 to 1980) created four further companies as wholly owned joint stock companies in addition to the two household appliance companies. (The numbers in parentheses refer to percentage of turnover in 1980) In 1979 Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AEG-Telefunken was renamed AEG-Telefunken AG by dropping

10192-476: The ridges down into the valleys. Races with both types of sledges were a popular pastime among the locals and became an attraction for tourists. As sledging became more and more popular competitions were organized, the most popular and earliest during the late 19th century in Johannisbad (Janské Lázně). Around 1900, 3,930 sledges with long horn-shaped runners and 6,000 sport sledges were counted on both sides of

10304-612: The same year the Stadtbahn Halle/Saale (City railway Halle–Saale) opened the first electric tram system (of notable size) in Germany. Tropp Paul began his work for the AEG 1889/90 until 1893, and Franz Schwechten designed the facades of the Acker- und Hussitenstraße in 1894–95. In 1894 the site of the former Berlin Viehmarktgasse (cattle market alley) was purchased. This had a railroad siding connecting to

10416-690: The small Czech minority joined the Svaz lyžařů , an association for all Czech winter sports clubs. The towns and villages of the Giant Mountains became a popular venue for national and international competitions, its athletes ranked among the best of the era. The first German Nordic combined champion was a local, the competition itself was staged in Schreiberhau (Szklarska Poręba). Schreiberhau also hosted several luge championships. Martin Tietze and his sister Friedel from neighbouring Brückenberg (Karpacz) won

10528-532: The south-east to Rýchory . The pass Novosvětský průsmyk (Polish: Przełęcz Szklarska ) at Jakuszyce forms the western border with the Jizera Mountains . The Bohemian ridge in the Czech Republic, running parallel to the main ridge, forms a second ridge (also called inner ridge). At Špindlerův Mlýn the river Elbe divides the Bohemian ridge. The ridges are divided by the rivers Elbe, Mumlava, Bílé Labe, Velka Úpa, Malá Úpa and Jizera, which originates in

10640-419: The specific conditions of the Krkonoše unlike in the Alps or in the tundra, especially in Śnieżne Kotły . They are endemic, which means they only appear here. The alpine vegetation zone , with large rocky deserts, can only be found on the highest peaks (Sněžka, Luční hora , Studniční hora , Kotel and Szrenica ). Only grass, moss and lichen survive here. Especially species-rich are glacial cirques such as

10752-528: The supplement "Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft", used since 1887. In February 1980, Heinz Dürr became board Chairman (until 1990). In August 1982 a restructuring plan, backed with federal guarantees of 600 million DM and new bank loans of 275 million DM, fell apart at the first disagreement between the banks. A banking consortium provided an administrative loan of DM 1.1 billion to the AEG Group until June 1983; 400 million of which only to be available on

10864-543: The technology developed in the past, in part, now enables Alstom to build the very successful Traxx series of locomotives. AEG also built the Hellenic Railways TRAINOSE Class 520 DMUs between 1989/1990/1991 and 1994/1995/1996. AEG manufactured a range of aircraft from 1912 to 1918. The first aircraft in 1912 was of wooden construction and modeled after the Wright brothers biplane. It had

10976-516: The towns of Jelenia Góra , Bolesławiec , Szprotawa , and Żagań , where the parallel Kwisa river joins it. The river finally flows into the Oder near the town of Krosno . Non-navigable for its entire length, it is a popular destination for canoeing . Since the Middle Ages the lower Bóbr river north of Żagań and the Kwisa confluence marked the border between the historic regions of Silesia in

11088-423: The water. In the 17th century Albrecht von Wallenstein acquired parts of the mountains, and the town of Vrchlabí served as a base for armament of his army. The Thirty Years' War of 1618–1648 sparked further exploration and settlement of the Giant Mountains, as the inhabitants, fleeing from the armies, took refuge in the mountains, sometimes founding new villages. Religious refugees from the Bohemian part fled to

11200-557: Was acknowledged to Duke Bolesław I Chrobry by Emperor Otto III at the Congress of Gniezno in 1000. Nevertheless, Bolesław laid claims to the lands west of the Bóbr, which he temporarily acquired by the 1018 Treaty of Bautzen . After Emperor Conrad II had reconquered the territory until 1031, the status quo was restored. The river became an internal border, when the Luxembourg king John of Bohemia step-by-step vassalized

11312-514: Was administratively part of the Wleń castellany . The first traces of human settlements probably appeared in the Duchy of Bohemia near two provincial paths between Bohemia and Poland in the 12th century. The town of Jelenia Góra and probably also Kowary existed nearby already in the 12th century, however, the oldest villages on the foothills on the Polish side were founded in the 13th century. Among

11424-501: Was also contracted for the production of electrical equipment at Auschwitz concentration camp . AEG used slave labour from Camp No. 36 at the new sub-camp of Auschwitz III and also known as Monowitz , called "Arbeitslager Blechhammer ". Most of them would die in 1945 during the death marches and finally in Buchenwald . AEG was a major supplier of grips for P38 pistols manufactured by Walther Arms , Mauser , as well as on

11536-420: Was an influx of Czechs on the Bohemian side of the mountains. Usually these people worked for the government (in contrast to the German inhabitants they spoke both Czech and German, which was required) , but some of them also worked in the tourism industry and managed mountain huts like Labská bouda and Vosecká bouda. Many of these mountain huts had previously been owned by aristocratic landowners, but were given to

11648-432: Was appointed as artistic consultant to AEG. This led to the creation of the company's initial corporate identity , with products and advertising sharing common design features. The company expanded in the first half of the 20th century, and it is credited with a number of firsts and inventions in electrical engineering. During the same period, it entered the automobile and airplane markets. Electrical equipment for railways

11760-539: Was built with Krupp as dual voltage (15 kV and 25 kV AC) test machine, the technology ultimately leading to locomotives such as DB Class 120 and ICE 1 . Only after German reunification and the adoption of the LEW plant in Hennigsdorf did AEG's name return to whole locomotive manufacturing, but only for a short time. "AEG locomotives GmbH " became part of ABB Daimler-Benz Transportation (later ADtranz) and currently

11872-522: Was divided among new landowners, most of them Catholics and foreign to the region. These included the families of Harrach , Morzin and de Waggi. Disputes about the borders of each domain soon followed, but were settled between 1790 and 1810. Since the Treaty of Berlin (1742) Silesia had become part of the Kingdom of Prussia . The court decision of 1790, which set the border between the Bohemian dominions and

11984-623: Was driven by electrical lighting, as in 1881, Rathenau had acquired the rights to the electric light bulb at the International Exposition of Electricity in Paris. Using small power stations, his company introduced electrical lighting to cafés, restaurants, and theaters, despite the high costs and limitations. By the end of the 19th century, AEG had constructed 248 power stations, providing a total of 210,000 hp of electricity for lighting, tramways, and household devices. During

12096-483: Was founded in 1883 with the financial backing of banks and private individuals, with Emil Rathenau as company director. In 1884, Munich-born engineer Oskar von Miller (who later founded Deutsches Museum ) joined the executive board. The same year, the company entered negotiations with the Berlin Magistrat (the municipal body) to supply electricity to a large area from a central supply, which resulted in

12208-737: Was located in Krakow-Plaszow and used forced Jewish labor manufacturing cables from 1942 to 1944. In 1943, AEG began to relocate goods and evacuate workers. Goods were relocated to various places, including Berlin and Sudetenland . When installing electric and lighting systems for the Waffen-SS training grounds in Dębica , AEG used forced labor from Jews placed in the Pustkow labor camp located in south east Poland. During World War II , an AEG factory near Riga used female slave labour . AEG

12320-445: Was powered by four 260 hp (190 kW) Mercedes D.IVa engines linked to a combination leather cone and dog clutch . The first flight tests were satisfactory, but on 3 September 1918, the R.I broke up in the air killing its seven crewmen. The most successful in terms of production figures of all the AEG aircraft designs was that of the G.IV Grossflugzeuge ("large aircraft") heavy tactical bomber, of which one still survives of

12432-448: Was produced during this time, beginning a long history of supplying the German railways with electrical equipment. According to the 1930 Encyclopedia Britannica : "Prior to 1923 it was the largest electrical manufacturing concern in Germany and one of the most important industrial undertakings in the world." During the Second World War , AEG joined with other large companies such as IG Farben , Thyssen and Krupp in their support of

12544-479: Was translated into German in 1891 that skiing became popular. At the same year the first ski manufacture of Austria-Hungary was established in Jungbuch (Mladé Buky) by master carpenter Franz Baudisch. The first crossing of the main ridge was done in 1892/93. Skiing as a popular sport was mainly brought forward by forest wardens, teachers and industrialists and business people who provided money to create and maintain

#701298