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57-529: The former municipality of Bodegraven also includes the communities Meije , and Nieuwerbrug . On January 1, 2011, Bodegraven merged with Reeuwijk to Bodegraven-Reeuwijk . Bodegraven is centrally located in the Green Heart of the Randstad , roughly equally distant (about 30 km) from Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , and Utrecht . It is surrounded by the municipalities (clockwise, starting in

114-529: A cuneiform tablet. He translated it and discovered an hitherto unknown Babylonian version of the story of the great flood. This version gave specific measurements for an unusually large coracle (a type of rounded boat). His discovery lead to the production of a television documentary and a book summarizing the finding. A scale replica of the boat described by the tablet was built and floated in Kerala, India. Searches for Noah's Ark have been made from at least

171-633: A "box" or " chest " to describe the Ark, surah 29:15 of the Quran refers to it as a safina , an ordinary ship; surah 7:64 uses fulk, and surah 54:13 describes the Ark as "a thing of boards and nails". Abd Allah ibn Abbas , a contemporary of Muhammad , wrote that Noah was in doubt as to what shape to make the Ark and that Allah revealed to him that it was to be shaped like a bird's belly and fashioned of teak wood. The medieval scholar Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Masudi (died 956) wrote that Allah commanded

228-516: A bakery which subsequently burnt a large part of the town. In all a 100 homes had burnt down and 130 families were homeless. A national collection was held and the town quickly recovered. In the 20th century, Bodegraven expanded: the southside between the Oude Rijn and the railway was built up circa 1900, the northside between the World Wars, and since the 1950s the area between the railway and

285-471: A critic who doubted that the Ark could contain all the animals in the world, argued that Moses, the traditional author of the book of Genesis, had been brought up in Egypt and would therefore have used the larger Egyptian cubit. He also fixed the shape of the Ark as a truncated pyramid , square at its base, and tapering to a square peak one cubit on a side; only in the 12th century did it come to be thought of as

342-467: A detailed account of the logistics of the Ark, down to arrangements for the disposal of dung and the circulation of fresh air. The 16th-century geometer Johannes Buteo calculated the Ark's internal dimensions, allowing room for Noah's grinding mills and smokeless ovens, a model widely adopted by other commentators. Irving Finkel , a curator at the British Museum, came into the possession of

399-454: A local flood, which is described in the 1910 edition as part of a "gradual surrender of attempts to square scientific facts with a literal interpretation of the Bible" that resulted in "the ' higher criticism ' and the rise of the modern scientific views as to the origin of species" leading to "scientific comparative mythology" as the frame in which Noah's Ark was interpreted by 1875. In Europe,

456-565: A real (though localized) flood event in the Middle East could potentially have inspired the oral and later written narratives; a Persian Gulf flood, or a Black Sea Deluge 7,500 years ago has been proposed as such a historical candidate. The structure of the Ark (and the chronology of the flood) is homologous with the Jewish Temple and with Temple worship. Accordingly, Noah's instructions are given to him by God (Genesis 6:14–16):

513-485: A rectangular box with a sloping roof. Early Christian artists depicted Noah standing in a small box on the waves, symbolizing God saving the Christian Church in its turbulent early years. Augustine of Hippo (354–430), in his work City of God , demonstrated that the dimensions of the Ark corresponded to the dimensions of the human body, which according to Christian doctrine is the body of Christ and in turn

570-698: A small brewery called Brouwerij De Molen . The A12 Motorway, running next to Bodegraven, connects The Hague via Utrecht and Arnhem to the German border. The State Highway N11 connects the A12 with the A4 Motorway at Leiden. Railway Station: Bodegraven . There is a train between Leiden and Utrecht stopping in Bodegraven, four times an hour. There is only one bus (Line 178) in Bodegraven, connecting it with Reeuwijk and Gouda. A local bus (Line 724) drives between

627-582: A symbol of the Christ who was expected", stating that the vessel had its door on the east side—the direction from which Christ would appear at the Second Coming —and that the bones of Adam were brought aboard, together with gold, frankincense , and myrrh (the symbols of the Nativity of Christ ). Hippolytus furthermore stated that the Ark floated to and fro in the four directions on the waters, making

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684-539: A word which appears nowhere else in the Bible, but thought to be a loan word from the Akkadian gupru – and divided into qinnim , a word which always refers to birds' nests elsewhere in the Bible, leading some scholars to emend this to qanim , reeds. The finished vessel is to be smeared with koper , meaning pitch or bitumen ; in Hebrew the two words are closely related, kaparta ("smeared") ... bakopper . Bitumen

741-532: Is Atrahasis , but the meaning is the same. In the Atrahasis version, the flood is a river flood. The version closest to the biblical story of Noah is that of Utnapishtim in the Epic of Gilgamesh . A complete text of Utnapishtim's story is contained on a clay tablet dating from the seventh century BCE, but fragments of the story have been found from as far back as the 19th century BCE. The last known version of

798-674: Is forced to rebuild it. In Book 18 of the Right Ginza , a Mandaean text , Noah and his family are saved from the Great Flood because they were able to build an ark or kawila (or kauila , a Mandaic term; it is cognate with Syriac kēʾwilā , which is attested in the Peshitta New Testament, such as Matthew 24 :38 and Luke 17 :27). In contrast to the Jewish tradition, which uses a term that can be translated as

855-448: Is generally imagined, not amounting to a hundred species of quadrupeds ." It also endorses a supernatural explanation for the flood, stating that "many attempts have been made to account for the deluge by means of natural causes: but these attempts have only tended to discredit philosophy, and to render their authors ridiculous". The 1860 edition attempts to solve the problem of the Ark being unable to house all animal types by suggesting

912-568: Is identified by tradition with a hill near the town of Jazirat ibn Umar on the east bank of the Tigris in the province of Mosul in northern Iraq, and Masudi says that the spot could be seen in his time. The Baháʼí Faith regards the Ark and the Flood as symbolic. In Baháʼí belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the "ark" of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead. The Baháʼí scripture Kitáb-i-Íqán endorses

969-479: Is more likely option as "koper" is thought to be a loanword from the Akkadian " kupru ", meaning bitumen. For well over a century, scholars have said that the Bible's story of Noah's Ark is based on older Mesopotamian models. Because all these flood stories deal with events that allegedly happened at the dawn of history, they give the impression that the myths themselves must come from very primitive origins, but

1026-537: Is nearly identical to the Babylonian word for an oblong boat ( ṭubbû ), especially given that "v" and "b" are the same letter in Hebrew: bet (ב). However, the causes for God or the gods sending the flood differ in the various stories. In the Hebrew myth, the flood inflicts God's judgment on wicked humanity. The Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh gives no reasons, and the flood appears the result of divine caprice. In

1083-638: Is the boat in the Genesis flood narrative through which God spares Noah , his family, and examples of all the world's animals from a global deluge. The story in Genesis is based on earlier flood myths originating in Mesopotamia , and is repeated, with variations, in the Quran , where the Ark appears as Safinat Nūḥ ( Arabic : سَفِينَةُ نُوحٍ "Noah's ship") and al-fulk (Arabic: الفُلْك). The myth of

1140-451: The Dutch province of South Holland and has a second part, de Zegveldse or Stichtse Meije in the province of Utrecht . The first is a part of the former municipality of Bodegraven , and lies about 7 km northwest of Woerden . Bodegraven has made part of the new municipality of Bodegraven-Reeuwijk since 2011. The second is part of the municipality of Woerden . A third part, across

1197-476: The Encyclopædia Britannica from 1771 describes the Ark as factual. It also attempts to explain how the Ark could house all living animal types: "... Buteo and Kircher have proved geometrically, that, taking the common cubit as a foot and a half, the ark was abundantly sufficient for all the animals supposed to be lodged in it ... the number of species of animals will be found much less than

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1254-641: The Limes Germanicus . As such, many army camps, ports, and roads were built by the Romans. Many settlements originated on the road along the Limes, including Bodegraven. Not much is known about Bodegraven after that. According to folklore, a lost map from 809 made reference to a fiefdom "Bodelo". There is certainty however that circa 1050 a small settlement had formed, probably near the current Dorpskerk (Village Church). After two centuries of dispute between

1311-490: The Renaissance saw much speculation on the nature of the Ark that might have seemed familiar to early theologians such as Origen and Augustine . At the same time, however, a new class of scholarship arose, one which, while never questioning the literal truth of the ark story, began to speculate on the practical workings of Noah's vessel from within a purely naturalistic framework. In the 15th century, Alfonso Tostada gave

1368-399: The 12th-century Jewish commentator Abraham ibn Ezra interpreted the ark as a vessel that remained underwater for 40 days, after which it floated to the surface. The First Epistle of Peter (composed around the end of the first century AD ) compared Noah's salvation through water to Christian salvation through baptism. Hippolytus of Rome (died 235) sought to demonstrate that "the Ark was

1425-437: The 1940s by barber André de Jong. In 2005 the factory closed and was demolished. Bodegraven has a strategic location in the middle of the Green Heart, resulting in a relative high number of industries located here. There is a picturesque historic windmill located in the town, which dates from the late seventeenth century and is now known as "De Arkduif" (the 'ark-dove' of the biblical Noah's Ark story). This currently houses

1482-607: The A12 Motorway has been built up. Bodegraven is known as a centre for the cheese trade, controlled by the powerful Goebel family, though the number of cheese warehouses has decreased and, the Tuesday Cheese Market is no longer held since 2001. There still is a cheese museum and a cheese monument in front of the church. It was also known for its shampoo because of the Andrélon Factory, founded in

1539-535: The Archons , a 3rd-century Gnostic text, Noah is chosen to be spared by the evil Archons when they try to destroy the other inhabitants of the Earth with the great flood. He is told to create the ark then board it at a location called Mount Sir, but when his wife Norea wants to board it as well, Noah attempts to not let her. So she decides to use her divine power to blow upon the ark and set it ablaze, therefore Noah

1596-432: The Ark. A differing opinion is that the Ark itself distinguished clean animals from unclean, admitting seven pairs each of the former and one pair each of the latter. According to Sanhedrin 108b, Noah was engaged both day and night in feeding and caring for the animals, and did not sleep for the entire year aboard the Ark. The animals were the best of their kind and behaved with utmost goodness. They did not procreate, so

1653-684: The Armenians believed that the remains of the Ark lay "in Armenia, at the mountain of the Cordyaeans", in a location they called the Place of Descent ( Ancient Greek : αποβατηριον ). He goes on to say that many other writers of "barbarian histories", including Nicolaus of Damascus , Berossus , and Mnaseas mention the flood and the Ark. In the fourth century, Epiphanius of Salamis wrote about Noah's Ark in his Panarion , saying "Thus even today

1710-590: The Babylonian Atrahasis version, the flood is sent to reduce human overpopulation, and after the flood, other measures were introduced to limit humanity. A consensus among scholars indicates that the Torah (the first five books of the Bible, beginning with Genesis) was the product of a long and complicated process that was not completed until after the Babylonian exile . Since the 18th century,

1767-507: The Earth to absorb the water, and certain portions which were slow in obeying received salt water in punishment and so became dry and arid . The water which was not absorbed formed the seas, so that the waters of the flood still exist. Masudi says the ark began its voyage at Kufa in central Iraq and sailed to Mecca , circling the Kaaba before finally traveling to Mount Judi , which surah 11:44 gives as its final resting place. This mountain

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1824-408: The Flood, Noah, and the Ark as we know it today certainly originated in the landscape of ancient Mesopotamia, modern Iraq." Linguistic parallels between Noah's and Atrahasis' arks have also been noted. The word used for "pitch" (sealing tar or resin) in Genesis is not the normal Hebrew word, but is closely related to the word used in the Babylonian story. Likewise, the Hebrew word for "ark" ( tēvāh )

1881-539: The French could advance over the frozen polders to Meije and Zwammerdam . Before reaching Alphen aan den Rijn they could be repelled by the Dutch. Thaw had set in so the only retreat route was along the dike of the Oude Rijn. The French therefore came through Bodegraven and destroyed it. Afterwards, the fort Wierickerschans was built just east of the town. Until 1870 Bodegraven prospered. But in that year fire broke out in

1938-607: The Islamic belief that Noah had numerous companions on the ark, either 40 or 72, as well as his family, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood. The Baháʼí Faith was founded in 19th century Persia, and it recognizes divine messengers from both the Abrahamic and the Indian traditions. Multiple Jewish and Christian writers in the ancient world wrote about the ark. The first-century historian Josephus reports that

1995-558: The Mesopotamian flood story was written in Greek in the third century BCE by a Babylonian priest named Berossus . From the fragments that survive, it seems little changed from the versions of 2,000 years before. The parallels between Noah's Ark and the arks of Babylonian flood heroes Atrahasis and Utnapishtim have often been noted. Atrahasis's Ark was circular, resembling an enormous quffa , with one or two decks. Utnapishtim's ark

2052-478: The ark have been suggested but have never been confirmed. Search sites have included the Durupınar site , a site on Mount Tendürek , and Mount Ararat , both in eastern Turkey , but geological investigation of possible remains of the ark has only shown natural sedimentary formations. While biblical literalists often maintain the Ark's existence in archaeological history, its scientific feasibility, along with that of

2109-402: The ark is to be 300 cubits long, 50 cubits wide, and 30 cubits high (approximately 134×22×13 m or 440×72×43 ft). These dimensions are based on a numerological preoccupation with the number 60, the same number characterizing the vessel of the Babylonian flood hero. Its three internal divisions reflect the three-part universe imagined by the ancient Israelites: heaven, the earth, and

2166-475: The bishop of Utrecht and the Counts of Holland, Bodegraven eventually became part of Holland . In the late Middle Ages, large tracts of land around Bodegraven were prepared for cultivation by digging division ditches ( kavelsloten ) perpendicular to the rivers (such as Oude Rijn , Meije , and Oude Bodegrave ) between land parcels and then ditches cross-wise some 1,250 meters (4,100 feet) from and parallel to

2223-580: The body of the Church. Jerome ( circa 347–420) identified the raven, which was sent forth and did not return, as the "foul bird of wickedness" expelled by baptism ; more enduringly, the dove and olive branch came to symbolize the Holy Spirit and the hope of salvation and eventually, peace. The olive branch remains a secular and religious symbol of peace today. According to the Hypostasis of

2280-449: The coming deluge, but was ignored or mocked. God placed lions and other ferocious animals to protect Noah and his family from the wicked who tried to keep them from the Ark. According to one Midrash , it was God, or the angels , who gathered the animals and their food to the Ark. As no need existed to distinguish between clean and unclean animals before this time, the clean animals made themselves known by kneeling before Noah as they entered

2337-399: The communities Bodegraven, Zwammerdam, De Meije, Zegveld, Woerden, Nieuwerbrug, and back to Bodegraven. A second local bus (Line 722) connects Alphen aan den Rijn and Bodegraven via Zwammerdam. A steam tram formerly ran between Bodegraven and Gouda. Between 1892 and 1917 it used horses instead of steam locomotives. Meije (Netherlands) De Meije or Bodegraafse Meije is a village in

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2394-422: The flood narrative has been analysed as a paradigm example of the combination of two different versions of a story into a single text, with one marker for the different versions being a consistent preference for different names "Elohim" and "Yahweh" to denote God. The Talmudic tractates Sanhedrin , Avodah Zarah , and Zevahim relate that, while Noah was building the Ark, he attempted to warn his neighbors of

2451-550: The global flood that destroys all life begins to appear in the Old Babylonian Empire period (20th–16th centuries BCE). The version closest to the biblical story of Noah, as well as its most likely source, is that of Utnapishtim in the Epic of Gilgamesh . Early Christian and Jewish writers such as Flavius Josephus believed that Noah's Ark existed. Unsuccessful searches for Noah's Ark have been made from at least

2508-419: The little river De Meije , belongs to the municipality Nieuwkoop . The Bodegraafse "Meije", which also includes the surrounding farmlands, has a population of around 420. In the village of De Meije are two elementary schools, a catholic church, and a pub that is often frequented by water tourists that use the small river (also called De Meije ) that flows along the village. This water is connected to both

2565-404: The lowest of the Ark's three decks, humans and clean beasts on the second, and the unclean animals and birds on the top. A differing interpretation described the refuse as being stored on the topmost deck, from where it was shoveled into the sea through a trapdoor. Precious stones, as bright as the noon sun, provided light, and God ensured the food remained fresh. In an unorthodox interpretation,

2622-675: The myth of the global flood that destroys all life only begins to appear in the Old Babylonian period (20th–16th centuries BCE). The reasons for this emergence of the typical Mesopotamian flood myth may have been bound up with the specific circumstances of the end of the Third Dynasty of Ur around 2004 BCE and the restoration of order by the First Dynasty of Isin . Nine versions of the Mesopotamian flood story are known, each more or less adapted from an earlier version. In

2679-653: The north): Nieuwkoop , Woerden , Reeuwijk (former municipality), Boskoop , and Alphen aan den Rijn . The town is situated on both shores of the Oude Rijn , in which a set of locks are in the middle of town. The oldest part of town is the Reformed St. Gallus Church, on the north side of the river. Bodegraven was already inhabited in the Roman Era. It was situated at the Roman Empire 's northern border,

2736-409: The number of creatures that disembarked was exactly equal to the number that embarked. The raven created problems, refusing to leave the Ark when Noah sent it forth, and accusing the patriarch of wishing to destroy its race, but as the commentators pointed out, God wished to save the raven, for its descendants were destined to feed the prophet Elijah . According to one tradition, refuse was stored on

2793-574: The oldest version, inscribed in the Sumerian city of Nippur around 1600 BCE, the hero is King Ziusudra . This story, the Sumerian flood myth , probably derives from an earlier version. The Ziusudra version tells how he builds a boat and rescues life when the gods decide to destroy it. This basic plot is common in several subsequent flood stories and heroes, including Noah. Ziusudra's Sumerian name means "he of long life." In Babylonian versions, his name

2850-511: The remains of Noah's ark are still shown in Cardyaei." Other translations render "Cardyaei" as "the country of the Kurds". John Chrysostom mentioned Noah's Ark in one of his sermons in the fourth century, saying ""Do not the mountains of Armenia testify to it, where the Ark rested? And are not the remains of the Ark preserved there to this very day for our admonition? The first edition of

2907-510: The river Oude Rijn and the lake Nieuwkoopse Plassen . The most remarkable building in de Meije is the tall grey water tower, called Het Potlood (the Pencil). It rises high above the flat polder area and can be seen from many towns and villages in the area. This South Holland location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Noah%27s Ark Noah's Ark ( Hebrew : תיבת נח ; Biblical Hebrew : Tevat Noaḥ )

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2964-530: The rivers ( achtersloten ). This created the distinctive grid pattern of field divisions. Circa 1350, a lock was built at Bodegraven. In 1672 when war was declared between the Dutch Republic and England, France, Münster, and Cologne, Bodegraven was just behind the Water Defense Line . The Water Line was inundated and formed a barrier to the advancing French troops. But during the winter

3021-642: The sign of the cross, before eventually landing on Mount Kardu "in the east, in the land of the sons of Raban, and the Orientals call it Mount Godash; the Armenians call it Ararat". On a more practical plane, Hippolytus explained that the lowest of the three decks was for wild beasts, the middle for birds and domestic animals, and the top for humans. He says male animals were separated from females by sharp stakes to prevent breeding. The early Church Father and theologian Origen ( circa 182–251), in response to

3078-454: The time of Eusebius (c. 275 – 339 CE) to the present day. In the 1st century, Jewish historian Flavius Josephus claimed the remaining pieces of Noah's Ark had been found in Armenia, at the mountain of the Cordyaeans, which is understood to be Mount Ararat in Turkey . Today, the practice of seeking the remains of the Ark is widely regarded as pseudoarchaeology . Various locations for

3135-412: The time of Eusebius (c. 275–339 CE). Believers in the Ark continue to search for it in modern times, but no scientific evidence that the Ark existed has ever been found, nor is there scientific evidence for a global flood. The boat and the natural disaster as described in the Bible would have been contingent upon physical impossibilities and extraordinary anachronisms. Some researchers believe that

3192-546: The underworld. Each deck is the same height as the Temple in Jerusalem, itself a microcosmic model of the universe, and each is three times the area of the court of the tabernacle, leading to the suggestion that the author saw both Ark and tabernacle as serving for the preservation of human life. It has a door in the side, and a tsohar , which may be either a roof or a skylight . It is to be made of gopher wood " goper ",

3249-501: Was a cube with six decks of seven compartments, each divided into nine subcompartments (63 subcompartments per deck, 378 total). Noah's Ark was rectangular with three decks. A progression is believed to exist from a circular to a cubic or square to rectangular. The most striking similarity is the near-identical deck areas of the three arks: 14,400 cubits , 14,400 cubits , and 15,000 cubits for Atrahasis, Utnapishtim, and Noah, only 4% different. Irving Finkel concluded, "the iconic story of

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