Misplaced Pages

#863136

42-664: The Bohemian March may refer to either: the March of Moravia , a marcher state existing in various forms from 1182 to 1918 the March of the Nordgau , a margraviate in the north of the duchy of Bavaria in the High Middle Ages Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bohemian March . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

84-730: A statutory city was directly subordinate to Moravia. In 1860 the Kreise / kraje were dissolved and the districts were subordinated directly to the Statthalterei in Brünn/Brno. Political districts were re-established in the December Constitution following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and remained in place until Austria-Hungary's dissolution. They were largely retained by

126-612: A fee for areas once resigned by Bretislaus I. In 1147, the Bohemian duke, Vladislaus II , accompanied the German king, Conrad III , on the Second Crusade , but halted his march at Constantinople . Thanks to his military support against northern Italian cities (especially Milan ) for the emperor Frederick Barbarossa , Vladislaus was elected king of Bohemia on 11 January 1158, becoming the second Bohemian king. The Duchy earned

168-537: A geographical term, probably derived from the Celtic (Gallic) Boii tribes, first appeared in 9th-century Frankish sources. In 805, Emperor Charlemagne prepared to conquer the lands, invading Bohemia in 805 and laying siege to the fortress of Canburg . However, the Czech forces shirked from open battle and retired into the deep forests to launch guerilla attacks. After forty days the emperor had to withdraw his forces for

210-580: A signficiant income from the Prague slave trade , trafficking Pagan Slavs, termed as saqaliba , to slavery in al-Andalus in the 10th- and 11th-centuries. Mining of tin and silver began in the Ore mountains in early 12th century. During the German civil war between the Hohenstaufen king Philip of Swabia and his Welf rival Otto IV , Duke Ottokar I of Bohemia decided to support Philip, for which he

252-720: The East Frankish king Louis the German and confirmed his Bohemian dominion. With the fragmentation of Great Moravia under the pressure of the Magyar incursions around 900, Bohemia began to form as an independent principality. Already in 880, the Přemyslid prince Bořivoj from Levý Hradec , initially a deputy of Duke Svatopluk I who had been baptised by the Great Moravian archbishop Methodius of Salonica in 874, moved his residence to Prague Castle and started to subjugate

294-593: The Golden Bull of Sicily —a formal edict by the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II confirming the royal title for Ottokar and his descendants, whereby his duchy was formally raised to a kingdom. The Bohemian king would be exempt from all future obligations to the Holy Roman Empire except for participation in the imperial councils. The imperial prerogative to ratify each Bohemian ruler and to appoint

336-618: The Pope , anti-kings, and rebellions in Saxony in his long reign. The Bohemian troops showed conspicuous bravery and, in 1083, he entered Rome with Henry and their armed forces. Henry gave Vratislaus a lifetime appointment as the first King of Bohemia in 1085 out of gratitude. For his successor Bretislaus II foreign policy was largely concerned with the Silesian conflict, when the Poles did not pay

378-663: The Vltava Basin. Great Moravia briefly regained control over the emerging Bohemian principality upon Bořivoj's death in 888/890 until, in 895, his son Spytihněv together with the Slavník prince Witizla swore allegiance to the East Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia in Regensburg . He and his younger brother Vratislaus then ruled over Central Bohemia around Prague . They were able to protect their realm from

420-827: The Bishop of Prague was revoked. The country then reached its greatest territorial extent and is considered its Golden Age. After the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty, the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were ruled by the House of Luxembourg from 1310, until the death of Emperor Sigismund in 1437. After the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Bohemia remained under the rule of the Austrian House of Habsburg from 1526 until

462-644: The Czechoslovak administration after 1918: The region experienced rapid population growth when it was part of Austria-Hungary . From 1890 to 1900 alone there was an increase of 7.1%. The population development from 1851 to 1900 was as follows: In terms of ethnicity, the population was predominantly divided between Czechs and Germans . The German minority mostly lived on the borders with Lower Austria and Silesia , and in various language islands (around Brünn , Olmütz , Iglau and Zwittau ), as well as in some larger cities. The ethnic distribution according to

SECTION 10

#1732786612864

504-786: The High Middle Ages, until the extinction of the male line with the death of King Wenceslaus III in 1306. The lands encompassed by the Bohemian Forest , the Ore Mountains , the Sudetes and the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands were settled by Bohemian tribes about 550. In the 7th century the local Czech people were part of the union led by the Frankish merchant Samo (d. 658). Bohemia as

546-733: The Magyar forces which crushed an East Frankish army in the 907 Battle of Pressburg during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin . Cut off from Byzantium by the Hungarian presence, the Bohemian principality existed as independent state though still in the shadow of East Francia; the dukes paid tribute to the Bavarian dukes in exchange for the confirmation of the peace treaty. Vratislaus' son Wenceslaus , who ruled from 921,

588-695: The Moravian eagle was gold-red chequered, but was never accepted by the Moravian assembly. In the mid 14th century Emperor Charles IV , also King of Bohemia and Margrave of Moravia, established administrative divisions called kraje ( Kreise in German). These subdivisions were named for their capitals: After the 1848 revolutions , political districts ( politický okres , politische Bezirke ; formally Bezirkshauptmannschaften ) were established, which were organised into two Kreise / kraje – Brünn and Olmütz. In Bach 's reforms of 1854

630-529: The Moravian nobles remained loyal supporters of the Luxembourg emperor Sigismund . In 1469, Moravia was occupied by the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus , who had allied with the Catholic nobility against the rule of George of Poděbrady and had himself elected rival king of Bohemia at Olomouc. The rivalry with King Vladislaus II was settled in the 1479 Peace of Olomouc, whereby Matthias renounced

672-646: The Polish rulers to move their capital to Kraków . In 1040, Bretislaus defeated the German King Henry 's invasion into Bohemia in the Battle at Brůdek . However, the next year Henry besieged Bretislaus in Prague and forced him to renounce all of his conquests except Moravia. In 1047, Henry negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. The son of Bretislaus, Vratislaus II , supported Henry against

714-468: The Přemyslid dynasty, Duke Vladivoj received Bohemia as a fief from the hands of the East Frankish king Henry II in 1002 and the duchy became an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire . The Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia , when Duke Ottokar I ensured his elevation by the German king Philip of Swabia in 1198. The Přemyslids remained in power throughout

756-610: The census was as follows: The division was made ineffective by their other brother Spytihnev (1055), who had inherited Bohemia and extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after Spytihnev's death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav had inherited Bohemia: Despite having heirs, Luitpold's land came to Ulrich's possession after his death. Conrad II, Luitpold's heir, would come to power in 1123. united with Bohemia 1189–1197 directly held by King Rudolph I of Germany 1278–1283 Under

798-758: The death of King Louis II in the 1526 Battle of Mohács . Moravia was ruled as a crown land within the Austrian Empire from 1804 and within Cisleithanian Austria from 1867. During the foundation of Czechoslovakia after World War I , the Margraviate was transformed into "Moravia Land", later "Moravia-Silesia Land" in 1918. This autonomy was eliminated in 1949 by the communist government and has not been re-established since. The margrave held ultimate authority in Moravia, throughout

840-466: The diet. The power of this diet waxed and waned throughout history. By the end of the margraviate, the diet was almost powerless. The diet consisted of three estates of the realm : the estate of upper nobility , the estate of the lower nobility, and the estate of prelates and burghers . With the February Patent of 1861, the diet was reformed into a more egalitarian body. It still retained

882-603: The duchy in fief from the king. Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia re-acquired the Moravian lands in 1019 or 1029, which thenceforth were usually ruled by a younger son of the Bohemian duke/king. About 1031, Bretislaus invaded Hungary to prevent its future expansion and, in 1035, he helped the Emperor against the Lusatians. In 1039, he invaded Poland , captured Poznań and ravaged Gniezno ; after that he conquered part of Silesia including Breslau . The destruction of Gniezno pushed

SECTION 20

#1732786612864

924-565: The early medieval Great Moravian realm had been finally defeated by the Árpád princes of Hungary in 907, what is now Slovakia was incorporated as " Upper Hungary " ( Felső-Magyarország ), while adjacent Moravia passed under the authority of the Duchy of Bohemia . King Otto I of Germany officially granted it to Duke Boleslaus I in turn for his support against the Hungarian forces in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld . Temporarily ruled by King Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland from 999 until 1019, Moravia

966-452: The east. He offered opposition to Henry's successor King Otto I , stopped paying the tribute, attacked an ally of the Saxons in northwest Bohemia and in 936 moved into Thuringia . After a prolonged armed conflict, King Otto I besieged a castle owned by Boleslaus' son in 950 and Boleslaus finally signed a peace treaty whereby he recognized Otto's suzerainty and promised to resume the payment of

1008-414: The former kraje were restored (albeit with some minor border changes and with Nový Jičín ( Neutitschein ) replacing Přerov ) and the political districts were replaced by 'office districts' ( Amtsbezirke  [ de ] ), subordinate to the kraje which distributed some of their authority. The Moravian capital Brno/Brünn acted as the seat for Kreis Brünn / Brněnský kraj but as

1050-521: The future King Ottokar II of Bohemia was appointed Moravian margrave by his father Wenceslaus I in 1247. Along with Bohemia, Moravia was ruled by the House of Luxembourg from the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty until 1437. Jobst , nephew of Emperor Charles IV inherited the Margraviate in 1375, ruled autonomously and was even elected King of the Romans in 1410. Shaken by the Hussite Wars ,

1092-615: The history of the margraviate. This meant that as its margraves became more foreign, so too did governance of the margraviate. Moravia possessed a legislature, known as the Moravian Diet . The assembly has its origins in 1288, with the Colloquium generale , or curia generalis . This was a meeting of the upper nobility, knights, the Bishop of Olomouc , abbots and ambassadors from royal cities . These meetings gradually evolved into

1134-668: The lack of supplies. When the Frankish forces returned the next year burning and plundering the Bohemian lands, the local tribes finally had to submit and became dependent on the Carolingian Empire . While the Frankish realm disintegrated in the mid-9th century, Bohemia fell under the influence of the Great Moravian state which was established around 830. In 874, the Mojmir duke Svatopluk I reached an agreement with

1176-479: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemian_March&oldid=674806080 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Margraviate of Moravia The Margraviate of Moravia ( Czech : Markrabství moravské ; German : Markgrafschaft Mähren )

1218-630: The present-day Czech Republic . The Margraviate lay east of Bohemia proper, with an area about half that region's size. In the north, the Sudeten Mountains , which extend to the Moravian Gate , formed the border with the Polish Duchy of Silesia , incorporated as a Bohemian crown land upon the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin . In the east and southeast, the western Carpathian Mountains separated it from present-day Slovakia . In

1260-583: The royal title but retained the rule over the Moravian lands. From 1599 to 1711, Moravia was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania ). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed. With the other lands of the Bohemian Crown , the Margraviate was incorporated into the Habsburg monarchy upon

1302-513: The same structure, but the members changed. It consisted of assembly seats for landowners, city-dwellers, and rural farmers. This was retained until the diet was abolished after the fall of the Dual Monarchy. The coat of arms of Moravia is charged with a crowned silver-red chequered eagle with golden claws and tongue. It first appeared in the seal of Margrave Přemysl (1209–1239), a younger son of King Ottokar I of Bohemia . After 1462,

Bohemian March - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-516: The same time that Přemyslid rulers used the German alliance to consolidate their rule against a perpetually rebellious regional nobility, they struggled to retain their autonomy in relation to the empire. The Bohemian principality was definitively consolidated in 995, when the Přemyslids defeated their Slavník rivals, unified the Czech tribes, and established a form of centralized rule, albeit shaken by internal dynastic struggles. In 1002, Duke Vladivoj

1386-523: The south, the winding Thaya River marked the border with the Duchy of Austria . Moravians , usually considered a Czech people that speak Moravian dialects , made up the main part of the population. According to a 1910 Cisleithanian census, 27.6% identified themselves as German Moravians . These ethnic Germans would later be expelled after the Second World War . Other ethnic minority groups included Poles , Roma and Slovaks . After

1428-515: The tribute. As the king's ally, his Bohemian troops, together with those of the Kingdom of Germany , fought in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld and after the defeat of the Magyars received the lands of Moravia in recognition of his services. Overwhelming the marauding Hungarians had the same benefits for Germans and Czechs. Less obvious is what Boleslav I the Cruel wanted to gain by participating in

1470-520: The united rule of the Bohemian kings from 1611 (see List of rulers of Bohemia ). 50°N 17°E  /  50°N 17°E  / 50; 17 Duchy of Bohemia While the Bohemian dukes of the Přemyslid dynasty , at first ruling at Prague Castle and Levý Hradec , brought further estates under their control, the Christianization initiated by Saints Cyril and Methodius

1512-676: The war against the Obotrite tribes in far north, when he crushed an uprising of two Slavic dukes (Stojgněv and Nakon) in the Saxon Billung March . Probably Boleslav wanted to ensure that his German neighbors did not interfere with his expansion of Bohemia to the east. Significantly, the Bishopric of Prague , founded in 973 during the reign of Duke Boleslaus II , was subordinated to the Archbishopric of Mainz . Thus, at

1554-514: Was enfeoffed with the Duchy of Bohemia from the hands of King Henry II of Germany . With this act, what had been a fully sovereign duchy became part of the Holy Roman Empire . After Vladivoj died the next year, the Polish duke Bolesław I the Brave invaded Bohemia and Moravia and ruled as Boleslaus IV. In 1004, after the Poles were expelled from Bohemia with help from Henry II, Duke Jaromír received

1596-531: Was already accepted as head of the Bohemian tribal union; however, he had to cope with the enmity of his neighbour Duke Arnulf of Bavaria and his mighty ally, the Saxon king Henry I of Germany . Wenceslaus maintained his ducal authority by submitting to King Henry in 929, whereafter he was murdered by his brother Boleslaus . Assuming the Bohemian throne in 935, Duke Boleslaus conquered the adjacent lands of Moravia and Silesia , and expanded farther to Kraków in

1638-511: Was awarded with a royal coronation in 1198, this time as a hereditary title. In 1200, however, Ottokar abandoned his pact with Philip and declared for the Welf faction. Both Otto and Pope Innocent III subsequently accepted Ottokar as hereditary King of Bohemia. The Bohemian principality was then reborn into the Bohemian kingdom . In 1212, Ottokar I, bearing the title "king" since 1198, extracted

1680-571: Was continued by the Frankish bishops of Regensburg and Passau . In 973, the Diocese of Prague was founded through the joint efforts of Duke Boleslaus II and Emperor Otto I . Later Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia , killed by his younger brother Boleslaus in September 935, became the land's patron saint. While the lands were occupied by the Polish king Bolesław I and internal struggles shook

1722-404: Was one of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire and then Austria-Hungary , existing from 1182 to 1918. It was officially administered by a margrave in cooperation with a provincial diet . It was variously a de facto independent state, and also subject to the Duchy , later the Kingdom of Bohemia . It comprised the historical region called Moravia , which lies within

Bohemian March - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-405: Was re-conquered by Duke Oldřich of Bohemia and ultimately became a land of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas held by the Přemyslid dynasty . In 1182, the Margraviate was created at the behest of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa by merger of the three Přemyslid appanage principalities of Brno , Olomouc and Znojmo , and given to Conrad II , the son of Prince Conrad of Znojmo. As heir apparent ,

#863136