Chernihiv ( Ukrainian : Чернігів , IPA: [tʃerˈn⁽ʲ⁾iɦiu̯] ; Russian : Чернигов , romanized : Chernigov , IPA: [tɕɪrˈnʲiɡəf] ) is a city and municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative center of Chernihiv Oblast and Chernihiv Raion within the oblast. Chernihiv's population is 282,747 (2022 estimate).
121-476: Boldyni Hory or Boldyni Hills is a historical area in the city of Chernihiv , Ukraine on the right bank of the Desna , as well as a monument of landscape art (since 1972). Boldyni Hory are located two kilometers from the historic center of Chernihiv . From the center of Chernihiv one can walk or take public transport to Tolstoy street. The monuments are formed from 20 to 35-meter hills developed by an arc south of
242-583: A Jesuit seminary, entered federation with the university in 1979. In contrast with the constituent colleges, the colleges of Knox, Massey, Regis, St. Michael's, Trinity, Victoria and Wycliffe continue to exist as legally distinct entities, each possessing a separate financial endowment . While St. Michael's, Trinity and Victoria continue to recognize their religious affiliations and heritage, they have since adopted secular policies of enrolment and teaching in non-divinity subjects. Some colleges have, or once had, collegiate structures of their own: Emmanuel College
363-528: A humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with cold, cloudy and snowy winters, and warm, sunny summers. The average annual temperature for Chernihiv is 7.0 °C (44.6 °F), ranging from a low of −5.6 °C (21.9 °F) in January to a high of 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) in July. Precipitation is well distributed throughout the year though precipitation is higher during the summer months and lower during
484-538: A low church seminary, both encouraged their students to study for non-divinity degrees at University College. In 1885, they entered a formal affiliation with the University of Toronto, and became federated schools in 1890. The idea of federation initially met strong opposition at Victoria University , a Methodist school in Cobourg , but a financial incentive in 1890 convinced the school to join. Decades after
605-493: A Nazi prison and a forced labour battalion for Jews in the city. The Statue of Lenin on Myru Avenue was toppled on February 21, 2014, as part of the demolitions of the statues of Lenin in Ukraine . Until 18 July 2020, Chernihiv was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Chernihiv Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced
726-547: A college be established in York. On March 15, 1827, a royal charter was formally issued by King George IV , proclaiming "from this time one College, with the style and privileges of a University ... for the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion , and for their instruction in the various branches of Science and Literature ... to continue for ever, to be called King's College." The granting of
847-604: A dramatic renaissance after the 2003 SARS crisis, and it is now Canada's largest public health school, with more than 750 faculty, 800 students, and research and training partnerships with institutions throughout Toronto and the world. With more than $ 39 million in research funding per year, the School supports discovery in global health, tobacco impacts on health , occupational disease and disability, air pollution, inner city health, circumpolar health, and many other pressing issues in population health. The Temerty Faculty of Medicine
968-606: A military and territorial unit of the state at the time). Under the 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo the legal suzerainty of the area was ceded to the Tsardom of Russia , with Chernihiv remaining an important center of the autonomous Cossack Hetmanate . With the abolishment of the Hetmanate, the city became an ordinary administrative center of the Russian Empire and a capital of local administrative units. The area in general
1089-527: A model that resembles those of the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford in Britain. The colleges hold substantial autonomy over admissions, scholarships, programs and other academic and financial affairs, in addition to the housing and social duties of typical residential colleges . The system emerged in the 19th century, as ecclesiastical colleges considered various forms of union with
1210-760: A range of services and facilities, including a library, restaurants, barbershops, an art gallery, a theatre, concerts, debates, study spaces, and a swimming pool. The confluence of assorted functions is the result of an effort to create a holistic educational experience, a goal summarized in the Founders' Prayer. The Hart House model was influential in the planning of student centres at other universities, notably Cornell University 's Willard Straight Hall . Hart House resembles some traditional aspects of student representation through its financial support of student clubs, and its standing committees and board of stewards that are composed mostly of undergraduate students. However,
1331-598: A settlement there indicate that it seems to have existed at least as early as the 9th century. Towards the end of the 10th century, the city probably had its own rulers. It was there that the Black Grave , one of the largest and earliest royal mounds in Eastern Europe , was excavated in the 19th century. The city was the second wealthiest and most important in the southern portion of the Kievan Rus' . From
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#17327805435641452-681: A total of about 230 mounds surrviving, defining the populated area. One of the largest—the Hulbyshche kurgan—is located in the northeastern part of the necropolis, has a height of 6 m (in ancient times 8.5 m), and a diameter of 22 m. Next to it is the Bezimennyi (Nameless) kurgan, which according to Professor Boris Rybakov belongs to the first half of 10th century. The mounds of the Boldyni Hory were studied in 1872 and 1908 by D. Y. Samokvasov, and in 1965 by S. S. Shirinsky. In
1573-660: A train station with bus station called Chernihiv Ovruch railway . Narrow gauge railway of 76 versts was laid from the Kruty station of the Moscow Kyiv-Voronezh railway towards Chernihiv. In 1893, on the left bank of the Desna River , in the area of a modern automobile bridge, a railway station was built along the Kyiv highway. Passengers were delivered here from the city and back by horse transport. In 1925, traffic
1694-612: Is FC Desna Chernihiv . In 2022 the club was admitted into the Ukrainian First League for the season 2022–23 , keeping high the name of the city in the sport sphere. WFC Lehenda-ShVSM Chernihiv is Ukrainian professional women's football club from Chernihiv. The team won 6 times the Top Division , four times the Women's Cup and been in both competition second only behind Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv . The club won also
1815-478: Is marshrutka from Chernihivska and Lisova metro stations, which go to the centre of Chernihiv, often to Peremohy Avenue. Buses to Novhorod-Siverskyi leave hourly from Chernihiv's Central bus station , located near the Chernihiv train station . Public transport includes buses and trolleybuses . There is no direct connection between railway station and Chernihiv-1 bus station to the most central sights on
1936-517: Is a ceremonial boulevard and arterial thoroughfare that runs through downtown between Queen's Park and Front Street . The Spadina , St. George , Museum , Queen's Park , and St. Patrick stations of the Toronto subway system are nearby. The architecture is epitomized by a combination of Romanesque and Gothic Revival buildings spread across the eastern and central portions of campus, most dating between 1858 and 1929. The traditional heart of
2057-572: Is a college of Victoria and St. Hilda's College is part of Trinity; St. Joseph's College had existed as a college within St. Michael's until it was dissolved in 2006. Ewart College existed as an affiliated college until 1991, when it was merged into Knox College. Postgraduate theology degrees are conferred by the colleges of Knox, Regis and Wycliffe, along with the divinity faculties within Emmanuel, St. Michael's and Trinity, including joint degrees with
2178-408: Is affiliated with a network of ten teaching hospitals , providing medical treatment, research and advisory services to patients and clients from Canada and abroad. A core member of the network is University Health Network , itself a specialized federation of Toronto General Hospital , Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , Toronto Western Hospital , and Toronto Rehabilitation Institute . Physicians in
2299-690: Is an early example of the North American student centre , simultaneously serving cultural, intellectual, and recreational interests within its large Gothic-revival complex. University of Toronto alumni include five Prime Ministers of Canada (including William Lyon Mackenzie King and Lester B. Pearson ), three Governors General of Canada , nine foreign leaders, and 17 justices of the Supreme Court of Canada . As of 2024 , 13 Nobel laureates , six Turing Award winners, 100 Rhodes Scholars , and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with
2420-565: Is based in Chernihiv. The first stage of the plant was put into operation in 1963. The city also has the Chernihiv Musical Instrument Factory established in 1933. In 1995 a manufacturer of goods for animals, called COLLAR Company, was established by Yuri Sinitsa . Chernihiv has a Chernihiv Polytechnic National University and Taras Shevchenko National University "Chernihiv College". Chernihiv has
2541-420: Is hosting the annual convocation ceremonies, the building is a venue for academic and social events throughout the year. The sandstone buildings of Knox College epitomizes the North American collegiate Gothic design, with its characteristic cloisters surrounding a secluded courtyard. A lawn at the northeast is anchored by Hart House , a Gothic-revival student centre complex. Among its many common rooms,
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#17327805435642662-562: Is the 5-domed Transfiguration Cathedral , commissioned in the early 1030s by Mstislav the Bold and completed several decades later by his brother, Yaroslav the Wise . The Cathedral of Sts Boris and Gleb , dating from the mid-12th century, was much rebuilt in succeeding periods, before being restored to its original shape in the 20th century. Likewise built in brick, it has a single dome and six pillars. The crowning achievement of Chernihiv masters
2783-507: Is the massive Robarts Library complex, built in 1972 and opened a year later in 1973. It features raised podia, extensive use of triangular geometric designs and a towering 14-storey concrete structure that cantilevers above a field of open space and mature trees. Sidney Smith Hall is the home to the Faculty of Arts and Science, as well as a few departments within the faculty. The Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building , completed in 2006, exhibits
2904-489: Is underway. The earliest residential buildings in the downtown date from the late 17th century, a period when a Cossack regiment was deployed there. Two most representative residences are those of Polkovnyk Lyzohub (1690s) and Polkovnyk Polubotok (18th century). The former mansion, popularly known as the Mazepa House, used to contain the regiment's chancellery. One of the most profusely decorated Cossack structures
3025-466: Is undoubtedly the ecclesiastical collegium , surmounted by a bell-tower (1702). The archbishop's residence was constructed nearby in the 1780s. St. Catherine Church (1715), with its 5 gilded pear domes, traditional for Ukrainian architecture, is thought to have been intended as a memorial to the regiment's exploits during the storm of Azov in 1696. All through the most trying periods of its history, Chernihiv retained its ecclesiastical importance as
3146-627: The Canadian Institutes of Health Research , the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council amounting to about one-third of the research budget. About eight per cent of research funding came from corporations, mostly in the healthcare industry . The first practical electron microscope was built by the physics department in 1938. During World War II,
3267-700: The Church of England , the university assumed its present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution. As a collegiate university , it comprises 11 colleges each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs and significant differences in character and history. The university maintains three campuses, the oldest of which is St. George, located in downtown Toronto . The other two satellite campuses are located in Scarborough and Mississauga . The University of Toronto offers over 700 undergraduate and 200 graduate programs. The university receives
3388-566: The Faculty of Medicine from Toronto-based philanthropists James and Louise Temerty . This broke the previous record for the school set in 2019 when Gerry Schwartz and Heather Reisman jointly donated $ 100 million for the creation of a 70,000-square-metre (750,000 sq ft) innovation and artificial intelligence centre. The Faculty of Medicine has been renamed the Temerty Faculty of Medicine in their honour. In December 2021,
3509-725: The Greco-Roman period, and the painting Adam and Eve by Lucas Cranach the Elder , dated from 1538. The University of Toronto Collection features Canadian contemporary art , while the University College Art Collection holds significant works by the Group of Seven and 19th century landscape artists . In the 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities (also known as the Shanghai Ranking),
3630-733: The Group of Twenty , and the Citizen Lab , which conducts research on Internet censorship as a joint founder of the OpenNet Initiative . The university operates international offices in Berlin, Hong Kong and Siena . The Dalla Lana School of Public Health is a Faculty of the University of Toronto that began as one of the Schools of Hygiene begun by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1927. The School went through
3751-703: The Hart House Debates were suspended, although exhibition and interfaculty games were still held. The David Dunlap Observatory in Richmond Hill opened in 1935, followed by the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies in 1949. By the 1961–62 academic year, the university had a total enrolment of 14,302 students, including 1,531 graduate students. The university opened suburban campuses in Scarborough in 1964 and in Mississauga in 1967. The university's former affiliated schools at
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3872-654: The Italy Women's Cup in 2007. In the 2001–02 , 2003–04 , 2006–07 seasons they played in the UEFA Women's Cup . University of Toronto The University of Toronto ( UToronto or U of T ) is a public research university in Toronto , Ontario , Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park . It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College , the first institution of higher learning in Upper Canada . Originally controlled by
3993-524: The Ontario Agricultural College and Glendon Hall became fully independent of the University of Toronto and became part of University of Guelph in 1964 and York University in 1965, respectively. Beginning in the 1980s, reductions in government funding prompted more rigorous fundraising efforts. In 2000, geophysicist Kin-Yip Chun was reinstated as a professor of the university, after he launched an unsuccessful lawsuit against
4114-764: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1618–1648), where it was granted Magdeburg rights in 1623 and in 1635 became a seat of Chernihiv Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province . The area's importance increased again in the middle of the 17th century during and after the Khmelnytsky Uprising . In the Hetman State , Chernihiv was the city of deployment for the Chernihiv Cossack regiment (both
4235-531: The Rotman School of Management . The Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering is the other major direct-entry undergraduate faculty. The University of Toronto is the birthplace of an influential school of thought on communication theory and literary criticism known as the Toronto School . Described as "the theory of the primacy of communication in the structuring of human cultures and
4356-673: The Spanish Civil War , the history of science and medicine , Canadiana and the history of books . The Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library has a rare 40,000-volume Chinese collection from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) that was originally held by scholar Mu Xuexun (1880–1929). The Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library has the largest research collection for Hong Kong and Canada–Hong Kong studies outside of Hong Kong. The rest of
4477-656: The Ukrainian Cup in the season 2017–18 against Dynamo Kyiv . The club and during the season 2019–20 got again into the Quarterfinals of the Ukrainian Cup for the second time of the history of the club. In Premier League in the season 2019–20 , Desna got into the play-offs for the Championship round table and qualified mathematically at least for the Europa League third qualifying round , for
4598-554: The fir wood it was painted upon, was taken to Moscow by Svyatoslav's descendants, the Baryatinsky family, in 1579. The nearby Chernihiv Glory Memorial we can find Saint Anthony Caves of Saint Elijah and the Holy Trinity features a small eponymous church , built 800 years ago. The roomy Trinity cathedral , one of the most imposing monuments of Cossack baroque , was erected between 1679 and 1689. Its refectory, with
4719-444: The high-tech architectural style of glass and steel by British architect Norman Foster . The University of Toronto has traditionally been a decentralized institution, with governing authority shared among its central administration, academic faculties and colleges. The Governing Council is the unicameral legislative organ of the central administration, overseeing general academic, business and institutional affairs. Before 1971,
4840-616: The British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact . Reformist politicians opposed the clergy's control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized . In 1849, after a lengthy and heated debate, the newly elected responsible government of the Province of Canada voted to rename King's College as the University of Toronto and severed the school's ties with the church. Having anticipated this decision,
4961-687: The British use of wit . Smaller debating societies at Trinity, University and Victoria College have served as initial training grounds for debaters who later progress to Hart House. The club won the World Universities Debating Championship in 1981 and 2006. The North American Model United Nations (NAMUN) hosts an annual Model United Nations conference on campus, while the United Nations Society participates in various North American and international conferences. The Toronto chess team has captured
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5082-469: The Chernihiv diocese Filaret (Gumilevsky), in the west wing of the church – at rest the general, participant in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–78, historian and public figure, chairman of Chernihiv archival commission Hryhoriy Myloradovych. Not far from the cathedral under the green crowns stands a chapel in which is buried a prominent Russian diplomat, a native of Chernihiv Grigory Shcherbin. Next to
5203-537: The Niagara border in 1866. The Corps was part of the Reserve Militia led by professor Henry Croft . Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was the precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering , which has been nicknamed Skule since its earliest days. While the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887 when
5324-531: The SKA Kyiv) that played in Chernihiv for the next couple of years. In 1977 Desna was revived now in place of the amateur club " Khimik Cherhihiv " that won regional competitions. On 27 May 2018, the team got promoted to the Ukrainian Premier League for the first time in their history. The original team colours were blue shirts, blue shorts, blue socks. The team got into the Quarterfinals of
5445-844: The University of Toronto announced the launch of the Defy Gravity campaign, the largest fundraising campaign in Canadian history, with a goal of raising $ 4 billion for the university. The university grounds lie about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the Financial District in Downtown Toronto , immediately north of Chinatown and the Discovery District , and immediately south of the neighbourhoods of Yorkville and The Annex . The site encompasses 55.8 hectares (138 acres) bounded mostly by Bay Street to
5566-457: The University of Toronto in 1921 is considered among the most significant events in the history of medicine . The stem cell was discovered at the university in 1963, forming the basis for bone marrow transplantation and all subsequent research on adult and embryonic stem cells . This was the first of many findings at Toronto relating to stem cells, including the identification of pancreatic and retinal stem cells. The cancer stem cell
5687-430: The University of Toronto is Hart House , a neo-Gothic student activity centre that was initiated and financed by alumnus-benefactor Vincent Massey and named for his grandfather Hart . Opened in 1919, the complex aimed to establish a communitarian student culture in the university and its students, who at the time kept largely within their own colleges under the decentralized collegiate system. The Hart House offers
5808-399: The University of Toronto to ensure their viability. The desire to preserve religious traditions in a secular institution resulted in the federative collegiate model that came to characterize the university. University College was the founding nondenominational college, created in 1853 after the university was secularized. Knox College , a Presbyterian institution, and Wycliffe College ,
5929-487: The University of Toronto was named the top research university in Canada by Research Infosource, with a sponsored research income (external sources of funding) of $ 1,234.278 million in 2020. In the same year, the university's faculty averaged a sponsored research income of $ 446,600, while graduate students averaged a sponsored research income of $ 61,000. The federal government was the largest source of funding, with grants from
6050-591: The Val. Trolleybus 1 and bus 38 are going to the Drama Theater stop near Piatnytska Church . Different routes come to Hotel Ukraine from different sides. The main Football club of Chernihiv is called FC Desna Chernihiv , the original name of the club was " Avanhard Chernihiv " during its first year of existence. Between 1961 and 1970 the club was called Desna. In 1972 it was replaced with SC Chernihiv (team of
6171-576: The adjoining church of Presentation to the Temple, was finished by 1679. There are also the 17th-century towered walls, monastic cells , and the five-tiered belfry from the 1780s. Other historic abbeys in the vicinity of Chernihiv include those in Kozelets and Hustynia , which feature superb examples of Ukrainian Baroque . Cheksil , one of the largest enterprises in the Ukrainian textile industry,
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#17327805435646292-413: The architectural ensemble of the Trinity-Elijah Monastery—the Trinity Monastery —iwas built in the late 17th century. In 1667, a tenement house was built on the site of the eastern gate of the monastery for the printing house of the Trinity-Elijah Monastery. In the tomb of the Trinity Cathedral among the Chernihiv bishops is the body of the author of a multi-volume historical and statistical description of
6413-518: The building's Great Hall is noted for large stained-glass windows and a long quotation from John Milton 's Areopagitica inscribed around the walls. The adjacent Soldiers' Tower stands 143 feet (44 m) tall as the most prominent structure in the vicinity, its stone arches etched with the names of university members lost to the battlefields of the two World Wars. The tower houses a 51-bell carillon played on special occasions such as Remembrance Day and convocation. North of University College,
6534-494: The buried Taddle Creek , linking with Trinity College, Varsity Arena and the Faculty of Law . Victoria College is on the eastern side of Queen's Park, centred on a Romanesque main building made of contrasting red sandstone and grey limestone. Developed after the Second World War , the western section of the campus consists mainly of modernist and internationalist structures that house laboratories and faculty offices. The most significant example of Brutalist architecture
6655-420: The charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan , the influential future first Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the college's first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queen's Park . Under Strachan's stewardship, King's College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and
6776-417: The city had been completely encircled by Russian forces. On 5 April 2022, Governor of Chernihiv Oblast Vyacheslav Chaus stated that the Russian military has left Chernihiv Oblast, but that it had planted mines in many areas. On 19 August 2023, a Russian missile strike killed seven in the city. On 17 April 2024, another Russian missile strike killed over a dozen people in the city. Distribution of
6897-422: The city population peaked at 25,000, lasted until 1239 when the city was sacked by the hordes of Batu Khan , and entered a long period of relative obscurity. The area fell under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1353. The city was burned again by Crimean khan Meñli I Giray in 1482 and 1497 and in the 15th to 17th centuries changed hands several times between Lithuania, Muscovy (1408–1420 and from 1503), and
7018-532: The condition of the rolling stock and the quality of the services provided do not meet modern requirements. Since the introduction of the new high-speed train timetable, the trailed wagons of the 93/94 Chernihiv – Odesa train were canceled. As of 2015, regular trains from Minsk to Odesa , and from St. Petersburg to Kyiv to Kharkiv run through Chernihiv, and there are direct connections with Moscow. Trains to Crimea (Simferopol, Feodosia) were canceled on 27 December 2014 due to Russia's annexation of Crimea . The area
7139-399: The country's legal education system away from the apprenticeship model that prevailed until the mid-20th century. The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education is the teachers college of the university, affiliated with its two laboratory schools , the Institute of Child Study and the University of Toronto Schools (a private high school run by the university). Autonomous institutes at
7260-452: The creation of New College in 1962, Innis College in 1964 and Woodsworth College in 1974, all of them nondenominational. Along with University College, they comprise the university's constituent colleges, which are established and funded by the central administration and are therefore financially dependent. Massey College was established in 1963 by the Massey Foundation as a college exclusively for graduate students. Regis College ,
7381-597: The death of John Strachan, the Anglican seminary Trinity College entered federation in 1904, followed in 1910 by St. Michael's College , a Roman Catholic college founded by the Basilian Fathers . Among the institutions that had considered federation but ultimately remained independent were McMaster University , a Baptist school that later moved to Hamilton , and Queen's College, a Presbyterian school in Kingston that later became Queen's University . Constituent colleges Theological colleges Federated colleges Postgraduate college The post-war era saw
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#17327805435647502-434: The early 11th century on, it was the seat of the powerful Principality of Chernigov , whose rulers at times vied for power with Kievan Grand Princes , and often overthrew them and took the primary seat in Kiev for themselves. The grand principality was the largest in Kievan Rus and included not only the Severian towns but even such remote regions as Murom , Ryazan and Tmutarakan . The golden age of Chernigov, when
7623-418: The east, Bloor Street to the north, Spadina Avenue to the west and College Street to the south. An enclave surrounded by university grounds, Queen's Park , contains the Ontario Legislative Building and several historic monuments. With its green spaces and many interlocking courtyards, the university forms a distinct region of urban parkland in the city's downtown core. The namesake University Avenue
7744-410: The enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary. University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. During the American Civil War , the threat of Union blockade on British North America prompted the creation of the University Rifle Corps , which saw battle in resisting the Fenian raids on
7865-422: The eve of Victory Day, May 8, 1986, the memorial of Glory was unveiled in the lower reaches of the Boldyni Hory. Four majestic figures froze on the granite pedestal in bronze: an ancient Rus' warrior in a helmet with a sword and spear and a shield depicting the ancient coat of arms of Chernihiv, a soldier of World War II , a national avenger and a working woman. Along with 5 granite stelae, bronze bas-reliefs reflect
7986-463: The faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees. The university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888 when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884. A devastating fire in 1890 gutted the interior of University College and destroyed 33,000 volumes from
8107-469: The first time in the history of the Club since 1960. FC Chernihiv is another club in the city of Chernihiv, founded in 2003, which they play in Chernihiv Arena , they won the Chernihiv Oblast Football Championship . The club in 2020, got a certificate for vistup to participate for the Ukrainian Second League for the season 2020–21 . For the first time in the entire history, the place will be represented in professional football by two teams, one of which
8228-427: The floodplain of the Stryzhen River. The area has long been inhabited, many archeological, historical and architectural monuments have been preserved on its territory. There are several versions of what "Boldyni" means: Located on the Boldyni Hills on an area of 1.2 ha, the kurgan complex is one of the largest known to science in Ukraine necropolises of the 9th–11th centuries. It consists of 6 mound groups, with
8349-476: The interior. After the domes collapsed in 1611, they were augmented and reconstructed in the Ukrainian baroque style. The wall, monastic cells , and bell-tower all date from the 17th century. The nearby mother superior's house is thought to be the oldest residential building in the Left-Bank Ukraine . The cloister's holiest icon used to be that of Theotokos , who made her epiphany to Sviatoslav of Chernigov on 6 February 1060. The icon, called Yeletskaya after
8470-408: The labor, heroic and victorious history of the Chernihiv region: the march on Prince Igor Svyatoslavovich's Polovtsians , heroic episodes of the period of the so-called "Great October", civil and World War II , and guerrilla warfare. At present, Boldyni Hory is a monument of garden and park art, a valuable historical and architectural complex, as well as a significant tourist attraction of the city and
8591-464: The libraries, Robarts Library , holds about five million bound volumes that form the main collection for humanities and social sciences . The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library constitutes one of the largest repositories of publicly accessible rare books and manuscripts . Its collections range from ancient Egyptian papyri to incunabula and libretti ; the subjects of focus include British, Western and Canadian literature , Aristotle , Darwin ,
8712-703: The library collections are dispersed at departmental and faculty libraries in addition to about 1.3 million bound volumes the colleges hold. The university has collaborated with the Internet Archive since 2005 to digitize some of its library holdings. Housed within University College, the University of Toronto Art Centre contains three major art collections. The Malcove Collection is primarily represented by Early Christian and Byzantine sculptures, bronzeware, furniture, icons and liturgical items. It also includes glassware and stone reliefs from
8833-583: The library, but the university restored the building and replenished its library within two years. Over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachan's Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991 and the Royal Ontario Museum from 1912 to 1968; both still retain close ties with
8954-534: The main students' unions on administrative and policy issues are the University of Toronto Students' Union , Association of Part-time Undergraduate Students and the Graduate Students' Union. Student representative bodies also exist at the various colleges, academic faculties and departments. The Hart House Debating Club employs a debating style that combines the American emphasis on analysis and
9075-486: The main building of Trinity College displays Jacobethan Tudor architecture , while its chapel was built in the Perpendicular Gothic style of Giles Gilbert Scott . The chapel features exterior walls of sandstone and interiors of Indiana Limestone and was built by Italian stonemasons using ancient building methods. Philosopher's Walk is a scenic footpath that follows a meandering, wooded ravine ,
9196-433: The medical institutes have cross-appointments to faculty and supervisory positions in university departments. The Rotman School of Management developed the discipline and methodology of integrative thinking , upon which the school used to base its curriculum. Founded in 1887, the Faculty of Law 's emphasis on formal teachings of liberal arts and legal theory was then considered unconventional, but gradually helped shift
9317-639: The middle of the 11th century, the monk Anthony the Reverend came to Boldyna Hill and founded earthen structures, the so-called Saint Anthony Caves . They are connected by underground passages with the Church of St. Elijah, which was built in the XII century. In 1654, a colleague of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Colonel Stefan Podobail of Chernihiv , was buried in the Saint Anthony Caves . The landmark of
9438-438: The monastery is a cemetery where prominent Ukrainians are buried (their graves have been preserved) – Ukrainian biker and lyre player Leonid Glibov; famous Ukrainian writer Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky (and his relatives – wife Vira Ustymivna, mother Glykeriya Maksymovna, sister Lidia Mykhailivna); Ukrainian folklorist and ethnographer Opanas Markevych, husband of the writer Marko Vovchok ; writer and public figure Mykola Verbytsky. On
9559-548: The most annual scientific research funding and endowment of any Canadian university. It is also one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, alongside McGill University . Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory , known collectively as the Toronto School . The university
9680-485: The neighborhood were owned by Jews. There were 1,321 Jewish artisans in Chernihiv, including 404 tailors and seamstresses, but the demand for artisan labor was limited to the town. There were 69 Jewish day-laborers, almost exclusively teamsters . Few, however, were employed in factories. During World War II , Chernihiv was occupied by the German Army from 9 September 1941 to 21 September 1943. The Germans operated
9801-648: The north-northeast of Kyiv . The area was served by Chernihiv Shestovytsia Airport prior to 2002, and during the Cold War it was the site of Chernihiv air base . The city of Chernihiv is crossed by Desna River , a major left tributary of the Dnieper River . "Desna" means "right hand" in the Old East Slavic language . It is 1,130 km (700 mi) long, and has a drainage basin that covers 88,900 km (34,300 sq mi). In Ukraine,
9922-680: The number of raions of Chernihiv Oblast to five, the city was merged into Chernihiv Raion. In June 2022, Chernihiv signed an agreement with Rzeszów, Poland to become sister cities. On 24 February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , the city was under siege by the Russian Armed Forces according to the Russian Ministry of Defense, in its first battle since the Second World War. On 10 March 2022, Mayor Vladyslav Atroshenko announced that
10043-433: The population by native language according to the 2001 census : Despite considering Ukrainian a native language, not all people were using it in daily life, as Russian remained the primary language for communication in Chernihiv. A 2017 survey that asked what language do participants use at home revealed that Ukrainian was spoken only by 18% of the city's population, both Ukrainian and Russian were at 28%, while Russian
10164-477: The publication of the first observational evidence proving the existence of black holes . Toronto astronomers have also discovered the Uranian moons of Caliban and Sycorax , the dwarf galaxies of Andromeda I , II and III , and the supernova SN 1987A . A pioneer in computing technology, the university designed and built UTEC , one of the world's first operational computers, and later purchased Ferut ,
10285-463: The publication placed the university 19th in the world. In the 2024–25 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking , the university ranked 17th in the world, and first in Canada. The Canadian-based Maclean's magazine ranked the University of Toronto second in their 2022–2023 Medical Doctoral university category. Maclean's 2023 university rankings also ranked the University of Toronto first in its reputation survey. The university
10406-615: The region. Chernihiv The city was designated as a Hero City of Ukraine by the Ukrainian government during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . The name Chernihiv / Chernigov is a compound name, which begins with the Slavic root Cherni- / Cherno- , which means 'black'. Scholars vary with interpretations of the second part of the name ( -hiv / -gov , -говъ ) though scholars such as Dr. Martin Dimnik, Professor of Medieval History at University of Toronto , connect Chernihov with
10527-611: The river is 253 km (157 mi). The area of its drainage basin is 8,700 km (3,400 sq mi). The Snov freezes in November – late January and stays icebound until March – early April. Part of the river forms the Russia–Ukraine border. According to Ruthenian chronicles, in 1068 a battle took place at the Snov River between Duke of Chernihiv Sviatoslav Yaroslavich and Cumans led by Duke Sharukan . Chernihiv has
10648-534: The river's width ranges from 60 to 250 m (200 to 820 ft), with its average depth being 3 m (9.8 ft). The mean annual discharge at its mouth is 360 m /s (13,000 cu ft/s). The river freezes over from early December to early April and is navigable from Novhorod-Siverskyi to its mouth, for about 535 km (332 mi). The Snov River , right tributary of the Desna River ( Dnieper basin ), also goes through Chernihiv. The length of
10769-636: The seat of either a bishopric or an archbishopric. At the outskirts of the modern city lie two ancient cave monasteries formerly used as the bishops' residences. The caves of the Yeletskyi Monastery are said to predate those of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Kyiv Monastery of the Caves). Its magnificent six-pillared cathedral was erected at the turn of the 11th to 12th centuries; some traces of its 750-year-old murals may still be seen in
10890-540: The second commercial computer after UNIVAC I . Multi-touch technology was developed at Toronto, with applications ranging from handheld devices to high-end drawing monitors to collaboration walls . The AeroVelo Atlas , which won the Igor I. Sikorsky Human Powered Helicopter Competition in 2013, was developed by the university's team of students and graduates and was tested in Vaughan . The discovery of insulin at
11011-619: The structuring of the human mind", the school is rooted in the works of Eric A. Havelock and Harold Innis and the subsequent contributions of Edmund Snow Carpenter , Northrop Frye and Marshall McLuhan . Since 1963, the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology of the Faculty of Information has carried the mandate for teaching and advancing the Toronto School. Several notable works in arts and humanities are based at
11132-737: The theory of NP-completeness . The University of Toronto is the recipient of both the single largest philanthropic gift in Canadian history, a $ 250 million donation from James and Louise Temerty in 2020, and the largest ever research grant in Canada, a $ 200 million grant from the Government of Canada in 2023. The Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, primarily within U Sports , with ties to gridiron football , rowing and ice hockey. The earliest recorded instance of gridiron football occurred at University of Toronto's University College in November 1861. The university's Hart House
11253-460: The time: "Until I reached Toronto," remarked Lord Dufferin during his visit in 1872, "I confess I was not aware that so magnificent a specimen of architecture existed upon the American continent ." The building was declared a National Historic Site of Canada in 1968. Built in 1907, Convocation Hall is recognizable for its domed roof and Ionic -pillared rotunda. Although its foremost function
11374-457: The university alleging racial discrimination. In 2017, a human rights application was filed against the University by one of its students for allegedly delaying the investigation of sexual assault and being dismissive of their concerns. In 2018, the university cleared one of its professors of allegations of discrimination and antisemitism in an internal investigation, after a complaint was filed by one of its students. The University of Toronto
11495-559: The university as independent institutions. The University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canada's first academic publishing house . The Faculty of Forestry, founded in 1907 with Bernhard Fernow as dean, was Canada's first university faculty devoted to forest science. In 1910, the Faculty of Education opened its laboratory school , the University of Toronto Schools . The First and Second World Wars curtailed some university activities as undergraduate and graduate men eagerly enlisted. Intercollegiate athletic competitions and
11616-566: The university developed the G-suit , a life-saving garment worn by Allied fighter plane pilots, later adopted for use by astronauts. Development of the infrared chemiluminescence technique improved analyses of energy behaviours in chemical reactions. In 1963, the asteroid 2104 Toronto is discovered in the David Dunlap Observatory in Richmond Hill and is named after the university. In 1972, studies on Cygnus X-1 led to
11737-493: The university fourth in the world, and first in Canada. The University Ranking by Academic Performance 2019–2020 rankings placed the university second in the world, and first in Canada. Along with academic and research-based rankings, the university has also been ranked by publications that evaluate the employment prospects of its graduates. In the Times Higher Education's 2022 global employability ranking,
11858-536: The university grounds in Toronto's Discovery District , conducting $ 1 billion of medical research annually. MaRS Discovery District is a research park that serves commercial enterprises and the university's technology transfer ventures. In 2008, the university disclosed 159 inventions and had 114 active start-up companies. Its SciNet Consortium operates the most powerful supercomputer in Canada. A notable hub for social, cultural and recreational activities at
11979-945: The university include the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics , the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies and the Fields Institute . Within the Faculty of Arts and Science, notable departments include the Department of Mathematics . The University of Toronto Libraries is the third-largest academic library system in North America, following those of Harvard and Yale , measured by number of volumes held. Its collections include more than 12 million print books, 1.9 million digital books, over 160,000 journal titles, and close to 30,000 metres of archival materials. The largest of
12100-553: The university operated the Connaught Medical Research Laboratories , now part of the pharmaceutical corporation Sanofi-Aventis . Among the research conducted at the laboratory was the development of gel electrophoresis . The University of Toronto is the primary research presence that supports one of the world's largest concentrations of biotechnology firms. More than 5,000 principal investigators reside within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from
12221-470: The university ranked 11th in the world, and first in Canada. In QS's 2022 graduate employability ranking, the university ranked 21st in the world, and first in Canada. In a 2013 employment survey conducted by the New York Times , the University of Toronto was ranked 14th in the world. In 2018, the University of Toronto Entrepreneurship was ranked the fourth best university-based incubator in
12342-487: The university ranked 22nd in the world and first in Canada. The 2023 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 21st in the world, and first in Canada. In 2019, it ranked 11th among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings . The 2023 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the university 18th in the world, and first in Canada. In the Times' 2020 reputational ranking,
12463-787: The university through the Toronto School of Theology . The Faculty of Arts and Science is the university's main undergraduate faculty, and administers most of the courses in the college system. While the colleges are not entirely responsible for teaching duties, most of them house specialized academic programs and lecture series. Among other subjects, Trinity College is associated with programs in international relations , as are University College with Canadian studies , Victoria College with Renaissance studies , Innis College with film studies and urban studies , New College with gender studies , Woodsworth College with industrial relations and St. Michael's College with Medieval studies . The faculty teaches undergraduate commerce in collaboration with
12584-428: The university was governed under a bicameral system composed of the board of governors and the university senate. The chancellor, usually a former governor general , lieutenant governor , premier or diplomat, is the ceremonial head of the university. The president is appointed by the council as the chief executive. Unlike most North American institutions, the University of Toronto is a collegiate university with
12705-554: The university's various programs and curricula in international affairs, foreign policy, and public policy . As the Cold War heightened, Toronto's Slavic studies program evolved into an important institution on Soviet politics and economics, financed by the Rockefeller , Ford and Mellon foundations. The Munk School is also home to the G20 Research Group , which conducts independent monitoring and analysis on
12826-696: The university, including the Dictionary of Canadian Biography since 1959 and the Collected Works of Erasmus since 1969. The Records of Early English Drama collects and edits the surviving documentary evidence of dramatic arts in pre- Puritan England, while the Dictionary of Old English compiles the early vocabulary of the English language from the Anglo-Saxon period. The Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy encompasses
12947-408: The university, known as Front Campus, is near the campus centre in an oval lawn enclosed by King's College Circle. The centrepiece is the main building of University College , built in 1857 with an eclectic blend of Richardsonian Romanesque and Norman architectural elements. The dramatic effect of this blended design by architect Frederick William Cumberland drew praise from European visitors of
13068-600: The university. The founding of a colonial college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe , the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada and founder of York , the colonial capital. As an Oxford -educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War , Simcoe believed a college was needed to counter the spread of republicanism from the United States . The Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 that
13189-485: The winter months. The record high was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) and the record low was −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F). Chernihiv's architectural monuments chronicle the two most flourishing periods in the city's history – those of Kievan Rus' (11th and 12th centuries) and of the Cossack Hetmanate (late 17th and early 18th centuries). The oldest church in the city and one of the oldest churches in Ukraine
13310-441: The world by UBI Global in the "World Top Business Incubator – Managed by a University" category. Since 1926, the University of Toronto has been a member of the Association of American Universities , a consortium of the leading North American research universities. The university manages by far the largest annual research budget of any university in Canada with sponsored direct-cost expenditures of $ 878 million in 2010. In 2021,
13431-520: The worship of "the black god" Chernibog . The city of Chernihiv is also historically known by different names in other languages – Polish : Czernihów ; Yiddish : טשערניגאָב . Chernihiv was first mentioned (as Черниговъ ) in the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (907) , but the time of its establishment is unknown. Artifacts from the Khazar Khaganate uncovered by archaeological excavations at
13552-409: Was first identified in 1997 by Toronto researchers, who have since found stem cell associations in leukemia , brain tumours and colorectal cancer . Medical inventions developed at Toronto include the glycaemic index , the infant cereal Pablum , the use of protective hypothermia in open heart surgery and the first artificial cardiac pacemaker . The first successful single-lung transplant
13673-591: Was opened on the Nizhyn to Chernigiv section of the Southwest Railway. But rail transport in Chernihiv was postponed until 1928. The bridge over the Desna River was not ready and trains still arrived on the left bank, where the old narrow-gauge railway station was located, and passengers got to Chernihiv by road bridge. According to 2006 data, the volume of freight traffic is 84,737 wagons per year. Over 4.5 million passengers are transported each year. However,
13794-550: Was performed at Toronto in 1981, followed by the first nerve transplant in 1988, and the first double-lung transplant in 1989. Researchers identified the maturation promoting factor that regulates cell division , and discovered the T-cell receptor , which triggers responses of the immune system. The university is credited with isolating the genes that cause Fanconi anemia , cystic fibrosis and early-onset Alzheimer's disease , among numerous other diseases. Between 1914 and 1972,
13915-610: Was ranked in spite of having opted out—along with several other universities in Canada—of participating in Maclean's graduate survey since 2006. The university's research performance has been noted in several bibliometric university rankings, which use citation analysis to evaluate the impact a university has on academic publications. In 2019, the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked
14036-545: Was ruled by the Governor-General appointed from Saint Petersburg , the imperial capital, and Chernihiv was the capital of local namestnichestvo (province) (from 1782), Malorosiyskaya or Little Russian (from 1797) and Chernigov Governorate (from 1808). According to the census of 1897, the city of Chernihiv had 11,000 Jews out of a total population of 27,006. Their primary occupations were industrial and commercial. Many tobacco plantations and fruit gardens in
14157-520: Was served by Chernihiv Shestovytsia Airport , and during the Cold War it was the site of Chernihiv air base . The close airport is in Kyiv at the Boryspil Airport located 143.1 kilometres (89 miles) away, and the smaller, municipally owned Zhuliany Airport located 158.7 km (98.6 mi) away on the southern outskirts of the city of Kyiv . A popular transport to Chernihiv from Kyiv
14278-406: Was the birthplace of insulin , stem cell research, the first artificial cardiac pacemaker , and the site of the first successful lung transplant and nerve transplant. The university was also home to the first electron microscope , the development of deep learning , neural network , multi-touch technology, the identification of the first black hole Cygnus X-1 , and the development of
14399-562: Was the exquisite Piatnytska Church , constructed at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. This graceful building was seriously damaged in the Second World War ; its original medieval outlook was reconstructed to a design by Pyotr Baranovsky . The historic center of Chernihiv has been on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List since 1989, but currently the creation of a renewed nomination
14520-475: Was the first Canadian university to amass a financial endowment greater than one billion dollars in 2007. From 2011 to 2018, the university embarked on the Boundless fundraising campaign, which concluded in 2018 at $ 2.641 billion raised, setting a new all-time fundraising record in Canada. On September 24, 2020, the university announced the single largest donation in Canadian history, a $ 250 million gift to
14641-528: Was the most at 53%. However the 2022 Russian invasion has caused a new wave of Ukrainization in Chernihiv, with more and more people switching to Ukrainian in their private lives. According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute between April and May 2023, 53% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 41% spoke Russian. Chernihiv stands on the Desna River 150 km (93 mi) to
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