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42-463: Bolkestein is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Frits Bolkestein (born 1933), Dutch politician and intellectual Gerrit Bolkestein (1871–1956) Dutch politician, grandfather of Frits Martijn Bolkestein (born 1972), Dutch politician, nephew of Frits [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Bolkestein . If an internal link intending to refer to

84-737: A backbencher . In August 1999 Bolkestein was nominated as the next European Commissioner in the Prodi Commission , and was giving the heavy portfolios of Internal Market and Services and Taxation and Customs serving from 16 September 1999 until 22 November 2004. Frederik Bolkestein was born on 4 April 1933 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands . His father was president of the Court in Amsterdam. His grandfather, Gerrit Bolkestein ,

126-518: A Dutch newspaper, raised a storm of criticism in December 2010. According to Ronny Naftaniel , head of the Jewish organisation CIDI, this was not the first time Bolkestein has expressed this view. Parliamentary leader A party leader may be the same person as the parliamentary leader, or the roles may be separated. In many countries, the position of leader of a political party (that is,

168-632: A book about Jews in the Netherlands written by Manfred Gerstenfeld , a Holocaust survivor and senior researcher at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs , Bolkestein is quoted as having said that practicing Jews had no future in the Netherlands, due to antisemitism among Turkish and particularly Moroccan immigrants , and that they should emigrate to the United States or Israel. Bolkestein's remarks, after having been published in

210-428: A different person. In English, the leader may be referred to as a "parliamentary chairman", "group leader", "floor leader", "caucus leader" or simply "parliamentary leader", among other names. In Australian and New Zealand politics , the party figure commonly described as "leader" is usually an MP responsible for managing the party's business within parliament. Party constitutions will typically distinguish between

252-522: A different person. For instance, Friedrich Merz was parliamentary leader while Angela Merkel was party leader for some years while the CDU was in opposition. If the party leader is the chancellor or a member of the government, another person always is the parliamentary leader. In both houses of the Dutch parliament , parliamentary leaders are formally elected by their peers in the parliamentary group. In

294-520: A member of the House of Representatives shortly after election of 1977 taking office on 16 January 1978 serving as a frontbencher and spokesman for Economic Affairs . After the election of 1982 Bolkestein was appointed as State Secretary for Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Lubbers I taking office on 5 November 1982. After the election of 1986 Bolkestein was not offered a cabinet post in

336-640: A parliamentary leader). So does the Senate and House of Delegates . In the Philippines, each body of the bicameral Congress has a majority floor leader and a minority floor leader. For the Senate , there is the majority floor leader of the Senate and the minority floor leader of the Senate . For the House of Representatives there is the majority floor leader of the House and the minority floor leader of

378-472: A provincial legislature. They serve as interim legislative leaders, when a party leader either has no seat in the legislative body, during a transition period preceding, or following a leadership contest. Each of the seven political groups of the European Parliament has its own group leader. The groups within the European Parliament are often very broad, so the position of the group leader is

420-529: A retired Dutch actress. In 2005, his house in northern France had its electricity cut briefly by the local energy company after he criticized French protectionist measures against incoming electricians from Eastern Europe. In 2010 he was awarded the Prize for Liberty by the Flemish classical-liberal think tank Libera! . Also, he is on the advisory board of OMFIF where he is regularly involved in meetings regarding

462-643: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolkestein&oldid=1092268603 " Categories : Surnames Dutch-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Frits Bolkestein Frederik " Frits " Bolkestein ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈfreːdərɪk frɪts ˈbɔlkəstɛin] ; born 4 April 1933)

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504-547: A sulfurous Russian banking establishment, and by his work for Shell , British-Dutch petrol company. Two firms 'detaining secret accounts in Clearstream ' ... Van Buitenen, also Dutch, then asked for 'clarification' to the European Commission and the opening of a parliamentary investigation. The Commission's president, José Manuel Barroso , answered that these facts "don't bring up any new question" and that it

546-440: A unifying one—they may help to consolidate MEPs with similar outlooks ahead of important votes. The groups are organisationally separate from a European political party , and multiple parties often ally as a single group, thus the distinction between a party and a parliamentary leader is usually strict. In German politics, leaders of the major parties have often been heads of government of the various states rather than members of

588-505: Is a Dutch retired politician and energy executive who served as Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) from 1990 to 1998 and European Commissioner for Internal Market from 1999 until 2004 under Romano Prodi . Bolkestein worked as a corporate director for Royal Dutch Shell from May 1960 until July 1976 and as a manager for an engineering company in Amsterdam from September 1976 until January 1978. Bolkestein became

630-506: Is not known "if Menatep took contact with Bolkestein while he was in his functions". No investigation thereby took place." The free daily underlines that "in 2001, it was Bolkestein himself that announced the Commission's refusal to open up a parliamentary investigation on Clearstream", following MEP Harlem Désir 's requests and accusations that Menatep had an "undeclared account" at Clearstream. Bolkestein refused to answer any questions by

672-534: The Cabinet Kok I with Bolkestein opting to remain as Parliamentary leader. Bolkestein also served as President of the Liberal International from 15 April 1996 until 18 April 2000. For the election of 1998 Bolkestein again served as lijsttrekker (top candidate) but shortly thereafter announced that he was stepping down on 30 July 1998 but continued to serve in the House of Representatives as

714-413: The House of Representatives , leaders of opposition parties are also their parties' parliamentary leader. Leaders of coalition parties might choose to enter the cabinet, serving as prime minister if their party is the largest in the coalition or otherwise as deputy prime minister . Otherwise they remain parliamentary leaders. The legislatures of most Palauan states have a floor leader (equivalent to

756-508: The University of Amsterdam , where he received a BSc degree in mathematics and physics in 1955. In 1959, he received a MA degree in philosophy and Greek from the same university. Bolkestein subsequently received a BSc degree from The London School of Economics in 1963, and an LLM degree from Leiden University in 1965. During his studies in Amsterdam, Bolkestein was editor for the satirical student magazine Propria Cures . He

798-433: The Commission to investigate the accusations brought forward by Révélation$ , a book written by investigative journalist Denis Robert and former Clearstream member Ernest Backes , as well as to ensure that the 10 June 1990 directive (91/308 CE) on control of financial establishment be applied in all member states in an effective way. Commissioner Bolkestein applied that "the Commission has no reason to date to believe that

840-449: The House . Officeholders do not represent political parties but rather political groupings within each body. In British politics , the leader of a party is typically the same person as the parliamentary leader. The leader may not fully control the party bureaucracy. The leader may be chosen by members of parliament (MPs) from among their number, or elected by the wider party membership at a party conference , but once elected must retain

882-718: The Luxembourg authorities do not apply it vigorously" [ sic ]. The three MEPs henceforth published a press statement asking the opening of an investigation by the European Union about the correct application of 10 June 1990 directive. On 26 April 2006, French daily 20 minutes revealed that "in May 2005, MEP Paul van Buitenen was shocked by Frits Bolkestein's presence in Bank Menatep 's international consultative council (owned by Russian magnate Mikhail Khodorkovsky ),

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924-528: The Senate. The floor leaders are referred to as the Senate majority leader , who belongs to the party with the most senators, and the Senate minority leader , who belongs to the other major party. Similar positions exist in the United States House of Representatives , except that the role of House Majority Leader normally goes to the second-highest member of the leadership of the majority party, because it traditionally elects its party leader to

966-452: The chief Senate spokespeople for their parties and to manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. By custom, the presiding officer gives the floor leaders priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate. In the Senate's two-party system, the floor leaders are the spokespeople from both major parties, elected by their parties. They also serve essentially as executives of their parties within

1008-653: The directive including a notable protest at the European Parliament in Strasbourg by port workers which led to damage to the building. MEPs eventually reached a compromise on the text and the Parliament adopted it on 12 December 2006; 2 years after Bolkestein left office, under the Barroso Commission . In 2001, Bolkestein responded to the question raised by Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) Harlem Désir , Glyn Ford and Francis Wurtz , who asked

1050-421: The election, party leader and parliamentary leader Joris Voorhoeve announced he was stepping down and Bolkestein announced his candidacy to succeed and was selected as his successor on 30 April 1990. For the election of 1994 , Bolkestein served as lijsttrekker (top candidate) and following a successful cabinet formation with Labour Leader Wim Kok and fellow Liberal Leader Hans van Mierlo formed

1092-612: The financial and monetary system. Named after Frits Bolkestein, the Directive on services in the internal market aims at enabling a company from a given member-state to recruit workers in other European Union countries using the law of its home country. It triggered huge protests in Europe. This directive was voted in the European Parliament in March 2006 and the MEPs proposed amendments to

1134-571: The first part of the economics program at the London School of Economics in 1964 and he also completed a law degree at Leiden University , graduating in 1965. In 1976, Bolkestein wrote an English language play named Floris, Count of Holland , under the anagrammatic pseudonym of Niels Kobet. Bolkestein left Shell in 1976 and became a member of parliament for the VVD. From 1982 to 1986, he served as Minister of International Trade. After joining

1176-399: The largest of the country. In 1996, his political integrity came under heavy criticism, because it was revealed he had written a letter to Health Minister Els Borst , in which he asked her to help a pharmaceutical company, of which Bolkestein was member of the board of commissioners. The incident was known as the "Dear Els"-incident, because the letter was addressed to Borst personally. He

1218-450: The national parliament. Hence, the position of parliamentary leader in the federal parliament (Germany also has 16 state parliaments) is often occupied by a different person. The parliamentary leader has the supreme responsibility for coordinating the work of the MPs representing his or her party. Even when the party leader is a member of the national parliament, the parliamentary leader can be

1260-503: The new cabinet and returned to the House of Representatives on 3 June 1986 serving as a frontbencher and spokesman for Foreign Affairs and International trade . Bolkestein was appointed as Minister of Defence in the Cabinet Lubbers II following a cabinet reshuffle taking office on 24 September 1988. After the election of 1989 Bolkestein again returned to the House of Representatives on 14 September 1989. Shortly after

1302-495: The newspaper. On 18 May 2010, Bolkestein advocated for the legalization of all drugs in an article called; "Red het land, sta drugs toe" which translates to; "save the nation, allow drugs" in the NRC Handelsblad , a Dutch newspaper. The article was endorsed by many professionals ranging from Els Borst , former Dutch minister of public health, to many jurists, professors and drug experts. In Het Verval ("The Decline"),

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1344-403: The organisational leader) and leader of a parliamentary group are separate positions, and while they are often held by the same person, this is not always or automatically the case. If the party leader is a member of the government, holds a different political office outside the parliamentary body in question, or no political office at all, the position of parliamentary leader is frequently held by

1386-400: The parliament again, he was Minister of Defence from 1988 to 1989. In 1990, he was elected Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy of the VVD, a position he held until 1998. Between 1978 and 1999, when he became European Commissioner, he was member of parliament for 17 years. During the 1990s, he was very successful as the political frontman of the VVD. As an opinion leader, he

1428-454: The parliamentary leader and the organisational leader (who typically is outside of parliament), with the latter often termed a "federal president" or "party president". The two roles are organisationally distinct even if close cooperation is expected. A parliamentary leader is chosen in Canadian politics to lead their caucus in a legislative body, whether it be the House of Commons or

1470-690: The party leaders—the party leader may hold office in a devolved (sub-national) parliament or assembly. The party leader of the Scottish nationalist SNP is John Swinney , who serves as first minister of Scotland , and does not sit at Westminster. The parliamentary group of the SNP at the Westminster parliament is led by SNP MP Stephen Flynn . In the United States Senate , they are elected by their respective party conferences to serve as

1512-475: The position of Speaker . In contrast House Minority Leader serves as floor leader of the "loyal opposition," and is the minority counterpart to the Speaker. Similar positions exist for state legislatures as for both houses of Congress. In addition, "governor's floor leaders" or "administration floor leaders" may be selected by the governor in both houses of several states' legislatures to guide and advocate for

1554-552: The provisional text. The "principle of origin", which stipulates that workers are employed under the legal arrangements of their own state of residence, was replaced by a new "freedom" principle – freedom to provide services, meaning that administrative obstacles should be removed. The compromise allowed the draft Directive to continue to exist. However, there was a great deal of concern about its effect on social standards and welfare, triggering competition between various parts of Europe. This led to significant protests across Europe against

1596-506: The support of the parliamentary party. Similarly, the position of prime minister may be given to the parliamentary leader (the party leader, in the case of the two major parties) of the largest political party in parliament , with the expectation they will be able secure and retain the confidence of a majority of MPs. Some smaller parties have parliamentary leaders in the national parliament (in Westminster) who are separate from

1638-585: Was Minister of Education, Arts, and Sciences to the Dutch government-in-exile of 1939 to 1945. Bolkestein's mother was born in the Dutch East Indies to Dutch parents. Bolkestein attended the Barlaeus Gymnasium in Amsterdam from 1945 to 1951, where he majored in both arts and sciences. Upon completing his gymnasium education, he was an undergraduate in mathematics at Oregon State College from 1951 to 1953. Subsequently, he went to

1680-607: Was also a member of the board of the student union ASVA . Before entering Dutch politics, Bolkestein worked for the oil company Royal Dutch Shell from 1960 to 1975. During this period he was assigned to postings in East Africa, Honduras and El Salvador , Indonesia, the United Kingdom, and France. In Paris, he served on the board of the Shell Chimie from 1973 to 1975. During his tenure with Shell, he completed

1722-535: Was known for his daring and controversial positions on such issues as multicultural problems in Dutch society, political dualism between government and parliament, and the structure and expansion of the European Union. From 1990 to 1994 he was the parliamentary opposition leader and continued his outspoken and independent style when his party was part of the government from 1994. During the provincial elections of 1995, his criticism of Dutch immigration policies made his party

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1764-546: Was president of the Liberal International , the world federation of liberal political parties. Since Autumn 2004, he has been a professor at the Dutch universities of Leiden and Delft . Former Irish finance minister Charlie McCreevy succeeded him as Commissioner for the Internal Market. He authored a number of books on politics and related subjects. Frits Bolkestein is married to Femke Boersma,

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