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59-827: Bolgrad Glacier in Sentinel Range , Antarctica is named after the Bulgarian High School of Bolhrad. The Russo-Turkish Wars of the late 18th and early 19th century prompted many Bulgarians to leave the Ottoman Empire and settle in the southern domains of the Russian Empire and specifically in the Governorate of Bessarabia . These Bessarabian Bulgarians , together with Gagauz people founded 43 villages in Bessarabia, as well as

118-675: A German ethnic group (formerly part of the Germans of Romania ) who lived in Bessarabia (today part of the Republic of Moldova and south-western Ukraine) between 1814 and 1940. From 1814 to 1842, 9,000 of them immigrated from the German areas Baden , Württemberg , Bavaria , some Prussian areas of modern-day Poland and Alsace , France, to the Russian governorate of Bessarabia at

177-565: A charter permitting the establishment of the high school. The charter outlined the goals which the school's establishment set, as well as some basic rules. The high school was open to all colonists, so long as they were of Eastern Orthodox confession. Graduating from the Bolhrad High School would require a total of seven years of education, the first three of which were regarded as progymnasium , or junior high school. Latin , Bulgarian , Romanian and Church Slavonic were part of

236-412: A minister, who was responsible for several villages within the parish. Besides there was Reformed parish (Schabo) and a Roman Catholic church district with four municipalities (Balmas, Emmental, Krasna, Larga). These belonged to the diocese Cherson , which was created on July 3, 1848. The name of the diocese was changed to Tiraspol shortly after. The seat of the diocese was relocated to Saratow by

295-556: A self-colonisation began by private settlement within the country. The boundaries of the twenty-four Mutterkolonies had become limited due to increase in the population. Bessarabian Germans bought or leased land from large Russian landowners and created new villages. In 1920, two years after the Union of Bessarabia with Romania , began the Romanian agrarian reform, in which large land owners with more than 100 hectares were expropriated of

354-642: A stockroom and wine cellar. In the rear part of an estate lay fruit and vegetable gardens and vineyards. The autonomy of the German settlers promised by the Tsar during the recruitment took place via a Russian special authority by the name of Fürsorgekomitee (Welfare Service Committee), previously Vormundschaftskontor . It was concerned with the settlement of all German settlers in south Russia, with its location initially in Chișinău , later in Odesa . The official language of

413-399: A valley with gently sloping hills. The farms were up to 50 m wide, and bordered by acacias . While properties were only 20 metres wide at the roadside, they extended up to 250 metres in depth. The elongated, single-storey houses always stood with the gable facing the road. The whitewashed buildings were built of loam bricks or natural stone. On the farmyard were stables, threshing-rooms and

472-562: The Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission. This article about a glacier in Ellsworth Land is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bessarabian Germans The Bessarabia Germans ( German : Bessarabiendeutsche , Romanian : Germani basarabeni , Ukrainian : Бессарабські німці , romanized :  Bessarabs'ki nimtsi ) were

531-793: The Black Sea . The area, bordering on the Black Sea, was part of the Russian Empire, in the form of Novorossiya ; it later became the Bessarabia Governorate . Throughout their 125-year history, the Bessarabia Germans were an overwhelmingly rural population. Until their moving to the Greater Germany ( Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ), they were a minority consisting of 93,000 people who made up some 3% of

590-477: The Black Sea . Upon arrival at Izmail , the migrants were quarantined for weeks on an island in the delta which claimed further victims. About 10% of the emigrants are thought not to have survived the voyage. Emigrants from the northern and eastern German regions, as well as from Poland, travelled by horse and cart. They were the first Germans to arrive in Bessarabia, in 1814, and were known as Warsaw Colonists because of their origins. Reasons for emigration from

649-540: The Duchy of Warsaw were: Reasons for emigration from South Germany were: Tsarist Russia settled the German migrants in Bessarabia according to plan. They kept land in the southern region, on assigned far, treeless steppe surfaces in the Southern Bessarabia (Budjak; germ. Budschak). In the first settlement phase, up to 1842, twenty-four main German colonies developed. The settlements were put on usually in

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708-510: The Ottoman Empire . In 1857, Nicolae Vogoride , a Moldavian statesman of Bulgarian origin, became Caimacam (Ottoman-appointed regent) of Moldavia. Bulgarian revolutionary Georgi Sava Rakovski , the school's modern patron, personally lobbied in front of Vogoride for the high school's opening. On 10 June 1858 in Iași , the Caimacam granted trust committee members Nikola Parushev and Panayot Grekov

767-475: The Palatinate , Bavaria and Alsace , France, the peak occurring in 1817. After the distribution of passports by German authorities they began the journey in larger groups, known as Kolonnen (lit. "columns"). The time taken for the c. 2,000 km journey was between two and six months, depending upon travel route. Many of those emigrating due to religious reasons formed Harmonien (harmonies). For

826-540: The Triple Alliance was signed. Later, after 1842, the settlers began naming their own villages after their own aspirations – Hoffnungstal (hope valley), Friedenstal (peace valley) – or religious motives – Gnadental (grace valley), Lichtental (light valley). Numerous German establishments of village took on Romanian or Turkish-Tatar origins, such as Albota (white horse), Basyrjamka (salt hole) Kurudschika (drying), and Sarata (salty). Despite

885-407: The Bolhrad High School was Sava Radulov of Panagyurishte . Between 1858 and 1879, 685 people enrolled at the gymnasium and 214 graduated; of these 214, 203 were ethnic Bulgarians. Notable students included Aleksandar Malinov , Angel Kanchev , Danail Nikolaev , Dimitar Agura , Dimitar Grekov , Ivan Kolev and Aleksandar Teodorov-Balan . In 1879, after southern Bessarabia reverted once again to

944-569: The Bulgarian trustees decided to donate profits toward the upkeep of primary schools in places such as Cartal , Etulia , Frecăței , Împuțita , and Vulcănești . In 1935, S. Botușanu, who took over as the main trustee, reported that the Hristoforov–Kamburov administration had reduced the available funds down to 32,900 lei, accumulating debts of 2 million. He also claimed that National Peasantist regime had allowed them to make illegal use of

1003-457: The German settlements. The colloquial language was German, the official language was Russian. Characteristic of the settlers were diligence, religious devotion, large families and thriftiness. The first twenty-four villages of German emigrants were called "mother colonies". They still developed in the context of the national Russian Colonisation. Those settlements developed after 1842 developed were called "daughter colonies". They were mainly due to

1062-511: The Reich. The total number of ethnic Germans resettled into the Reich has been estimated by some historians at 500,000. On arrival in the Reich, most of the resettled Germans were given German citizenship, and the young men were drafted into the Wehrmacht. In accordance with Nazi racist theories of Blut und Boden (Blood and Soil),the goal was to settle the annexed eastern lands with German farmers;

1121-444: The Russian monarchy, the school gradually lost its entirely Bulgarian character. A significant part of the students, however, remained Bulgarians, and the Bulgarian language, history and geography have been part of the gymnasium's curriculum for most of its later existence, including today. For much of the 1910s, Gavril Bezvikonny, supported by the Bulgarian and German colonists, was the regional navigation inspector. His attempt to link

1180-482: The Soviet Union and given to Romania. Although they did not want to leave their homes and farms, they had absolutely no desire to be Soviet subjects again. This compelled Nazi Germany to take action and relocate these ethnic Germans. By a further amendment to the treaty, dated September 28, 1939, agreement was reached between Germany and the Soviet Union for a population exchange. Hitler entrusted Heinrich Himmler,

1239-586: The Soviet officials was sometimes positive and sometimes obstructionist, as many non-German anticommunists also tried to leave, usually without success. The population transfer began in the Baltic states of Latvia and Estonia, where 66,000 and 20,000 people, respectively, settled in Germany in the late fall of 1939. The Nazi government was disappointed in the quality of these immigrants. They wanted farmers to colonize

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1298-654: The Soviets called western Ukraine and western White Russia; Finland and the three Baltic states; and the Romanian provinces of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. For the Germans living in farming settlements in Bessarabia, the German–Soviet Pact was very bad news. They had lived through the Bolshevik Revolution and the early years of the Soviet regime, before their countries of residence were detached from

1357-501: The administration of the fire service. Originally, the plots of land given to the settlers carried only numbers, e.g. "Steppe 9". In the early years of the settlement, the Fürsorgekomitee began renaming the villages. These designations were reminders of the places of victorious battles against Napoleon such as Tarutino , Borodino , Beresina , Dennewitz , Arzis , Brienne , Paris , Leipzig , Katzbach and Teplitz, where

1416-522: The cities of Bolhrad and Comrat . As early as 1832, Ukrainian Slavist Yuriy Venelin had suggested that Bolhrad become a centre of Bulgarian culture and education in the Russian Empire; however, the idea was not put into practice at the time. After the Crimean War (1853–1856), southern Bessarabia (including Bolhrad) was returned to the Principality of Moldavia , an autonomous component of

1475-473: The close of the war, most of the resettled Germans in West Prussia and Poznan fled before the approaching Soviet Red Army towards Germany. The Bessarabia Germans represented one of the least numerous ethnic groups which settled and lived in Bessarabia along the passing of time. During the early and mid 19th century, more specifically in 1828 and 1856, the Bessarabia Germans accounted for 1.71% and 2.4% of

1534-525: The curriculum. In the 1860s, Bolhrad and Moldavia had been absorbed by the larger Principality of Romania . Konown to the new authorities as a "Bulgarian school" ( Romanian : Scóla bulgară de la Bolgrad , modernized: Școala bulgară de la Bolgrad ), in 1863 it began ordering supplies from abroad. As the newspapers reported in December of that year, there was a miscommunication: the board ordered "instruments", and expected to receive scientific tools , but

1593-525: The department, to which belonged one president and approximately 20 co-workers (an official translator, a physician, a veterinary surgeon, a land measurer and so on), was German. Their presidents were: The Committee protected the rights of the settlers and supervised their obligations with regard to the Russian government. Underneath the Fürsorgekomitee there were seventeen offices for those approximately 150 German municipalities, with one selected area chief ( Oberschulz ). Its tasks, among other things, included

1652-523: The emigrants from South Germany, the journey usually followed the course of the River Danube , which they followed as far as Ulm (about 100 km south-east of Stuttgart and 130 km north-west of Munich ). There they boarded Ulm boxes , a sort of one-way boat. Many emigrants fell ill and died while travelling on these boats. The journey carried them downriver to the Danube delta shortly before

1711-548: The establishment of a Moldavian Democratic Republic on Governorate territory; at an early stage in this process, Ciobanu also represented the local Zemstvo at the Bessarabian Teachers' Congress, where he advocated for a Romanian-centered curriculum. As a result of the 1918 union process Bessarabia was included in the Kingdom of Romania (or " Greater Romania "). Among those who rejected this new arrangement

1770-645: The first bishop Ferdinand Helanus, where it remained until 1918. Bishop Josef Alois Kessler relocated the seat to Odesa to escape the Bolshevik , but after their victory he fled to Germany in 1921 and the diocese was disbanded in the Soviet Republic . On the lowest level there were elementary schools in the German villages. In the first years usually someone from the village taught the school children, until 1892, when only graduate teachers were allowed to teach. A gymnasium (grammar school) for boys and girls

1829-535: The fishing grounds. The Romanian Ministry of Education was by then persuaded that the lyceum was earning too much money from its rents, and opted to sue over the issue. Botușanu endorsed this move from within the trustees' council, which resulted in tensions surrounding his reelection in January 1935; that event also witnessed additional tensions between the Bulgarians and other communities, with representatives of

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1888-566: The following privileges: The agents of the Russian crown went with these promises to Württemberg , the northeast German area ( Mecklenburg ) and into the Duchy of Warsaw , where German settlers had established themselves only a few years before. Between 1814 and 1842 over 2,000 families consisting of approximately 9,000 people migrated to the Russian Bessarabia. Most came from the South German areas of Württemberg , Baden ,

1947-454: The foreign ministers of their respective countries)—was a ten-year non-aggression pact, signed on August 23, 1939, promising that neither country would attack the other. It effectively divided Eastern Europe between Germany and the Soviet Union. By a secret protocol to this treaty, the two parties agreed to partition Poland. Germany would have a free hand in western Poland. The Soviet Union would have in its sphere of influence eastern Poland, which

2006-653: The head of the SS (Schutzstaffel, Nazi party paramilitary security service) and police, with the task of their resettlement to territories of western Poland, recently occupied by the Wehrmacht (German Army), and in the process of incorporation into the Reich. The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (often shortened to VoMi), a department of the SS, carried out the relocation and settlement of the ethnic Germans, known in German as Volksdeutsche. In return, any Russian, White Russian, or Ukrainian living in German-occupied Poland had

2065-468: The incentives granted early on, the living conditions in the colonies were tough. Unusual climate and diseases extinguished whole families. Cattle disease, floods , epidemic diseases such as plague and cholera , crop failures and swarms of grasshoppers obstructed reconstruction work. The early dwellings were usually earth houses with reed roofs. Only in later generations a regulated and independent life in economic, cultural and religious areas prevailed in

2124-511: The land in excess of that. Their property was distributed to the peasants, who each received 6 hectares. Hektardörfer , or hectare-towns sprang up on the free land. Approximately 150 German settlements resulted during the presence of the Germans in Bessarabia between 1814 and 1940. A treaty of Nonaggression between the Soviet Union and Germany, also known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (Vyacheslav Molotov and Joachim von Ribbentrop were

2183-606: The latter issuing a public letter of protest. Bolhrad remained Romanian-ruled until the Soviet invasion in June 1940 . In early 1937, during the final stages of Greater Romania, the lyceum was officially renamed after the Romanian King , Carol II ( Liceul de băieți Carol al II-lea ). The local students, assisted by teacher Gheorghe Bujoreanu, were putting out a Romanian-language magazine called Familia Noastră ("Our Family"); it

2242-562: The life of all Bessarabian Germans, because many of their ancestors had once left their German homeland for religious reasons. Abroad they kept the German language in use in the Bible and in the Hymn books. In newly founded villages, places of worship were the first communal facilities to be created. In larger municipalities this was a church for up to 1,000 visitors, in smaller municipalities this

2301-521: The majority were placed on farms in the Warthegau, formerly the Polish province of Poznan, and a smaller number in the former Polish territory of West Prussia. In order to accomplish this, the SS and German army began to expel Polish farmers from these lands, and German re-settlers took over their houses and farms. In their place, 332,000 German evacuees, mostly farmers, were settled on these lands. With

2360-559: The newly conquered lands in the Polish West, not urban residents, many of whom were elderly and without children. In winter 1939–1940, about 60,000 ethnic Germans were brought from Volhynia, western Ukraine, first to a transit camp in Lodz in occupied Poland, and because the majority of these settlers were farmers, they were sent to the former Polish provinces of Poznan (Posen), now renamed the German province of Warthegau, or to West Prussia,

2419-673: The population. They were distinguished from the Black Sea Germans who settled to the east of Odesa , and from the Dobrujan Germans in Dobruja . Perhaps the most prominent person of Bessarabian German ancestry is former German President Horst Köhler (elected on behalf of the CDU ). Before emigrating in 1940, his parents lived in the German colony of Rîșcani in northern Bessarabia, being later on moved to Poland , which

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2478-537: The private settlement of native Bessarabians already living in the country. The first 24 colonies were: As ordered by the Tsar during his recruitment, almost all newcomers worked as farmers. Each German family received 60 desyatinas (about 65 hectares) from the state. The settlement area lay in the Bessarabian black earth belt, whose earth is considered among the best farming land in Europe. As such, fertilisation

2537-614: The range and join Bender Glacier east of Gilbert Spur . The glacier is named after the Bulgarian High School of Bolgrad , a major Bulgarian education centre in Ukraine established in 1858. Bolgrad Glacier is centred at 78°44′00″S 85°08′00″W  /  78.73333°S 85.13333°W  / -78.73333; -85.13333 . US mapping in 1961, updated in 1988. This article includes information from

2596-493: The region bordering Gdansk (Danzig). The evacuees who were not suitable for farming were settled elsewhere in Germany. At the end of September 1940, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to transfer Germans living in the Romanian provinces of Bessarabia and Bukovina, now occupied by the Red Army. By the end of October of that year, this resettlement was practically complete, with a total of 124,000 ethnic Germans transferred to

2655-467: The right to be resettled in the Soviet Union. As this was a voluntary movement, it was all in one westward direction. Resettlement implementation was carried out by teams made up of SS officers and their Soviet counterparts, who interviewed each family individually to ensure that it was of German origin and wanted to be evacuated. The ethnic Germans greeted these teams with enthusiasm and attempted to document their German heritage by any means. Cooperation of

2714-534: The southern Bessarabian lakes with the Danube Delta through a series of canals was vetoed by the high school, which stood to lose its fishing income. In 1914, the Russian authorities assigned a Bessarabian Romanian, Ștefan Ciobanu , to a teaching position at the gymnasium. After the Russian Revolution of February 1917 , he involved himself in the struggle for Bessarabian autonomy, which resulted in

2773-437: The southern region of Bessarabia, Budjak , were banished or emigrated voluntarily after the Russian conquest, leaving the area almost deserted. Russia tried to entice foreign settlers to populate the area and work the farms, since her own farmers were mainly serfs . The aim of this was to re-establish agriculture on the rich black soil. Tsar Alexander I issued a manifesto on 29 November 1813, in which he promised German settlers

2832-572: The students. According to an anonymous report published by Universul in July 1931, the institution was purposefully ignoring the law on ethnic proportionality, giving preference to staff who had graduated from the Sofia University , and recruiting some 80% of its scholarship students from among the ethnic minorities. During this second Romanian interval, Vladimir Cavarnali , a poet and Romanian loyalist of mixed Bulgarian and Gagauz heritage,

2891-566: The total population of Bessarabia. In 1889, they made up 3.1% (based on linguistic criterion, stating their native language as German ). In 1919, under royal Romanian administration, the Bessarabia Germans made up 3.0% of the total population of Bessarabia. In 1941, after the Heim ins Reich re-settlement and during wartime Romanian administration, there were only a little above two thousand ethnic Germans still left in Bessarabia (accounting for 0.1% of Bessarabia's population). Church and religion shaped

2950-597: The trustees. Bolgrad Glacier Bolgrad Glacier ( Bulgarian : ледник Болград , romanized :  lednik Bolgrad , IPA: [ˈlɛdniɡ ˈbɔɫɡrɐt] ) is the 7.4 km long and 5.7 km wide glacier on the west side of Owen Ridge in southern Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains , Antarctica , situated south of Brook Glacier and north of Sirma Glacier . It drains west-southwestwards from Mount Allen , Mount Liptak and Mount Southwick , and flows south of Krusha Peak to leave

3009-871: Was Bolhrad alumnus Pavel Chioru , who swam across the Dniester into the Soviet Union , served in the Red Army and the Cheka during the Russian Civil War , and emerged as a founding figure of the rump Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . In the 1920s, the gymnasium, known as the "Bolgrad Boys' Lyceum" ( Liceul de băieți din Bolgrad ), was touched by controversy, with allegations that its headmasters were cultivating Bulgarian nationalism and actively pushing out Romanian teachers, in connivance with

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3068-462: Was a praying house, in which the dwelling of the Sexton and the village school were included as well. The colonists paid for the maintenance of the church, school, Sexton and teacher (usually a Sexton-teacher in dual functions). The majority of the approximately 150 German settlements were organized in 13 Kirchspielen ( parishes ) and three Pfarrgemeinden of Lutheran denomination. Each parish had

3127-556: Was both an alumnus (1928) and professor (1933–1940). Around 1930, when Romanian Bessarabia was dominated by the National Peasants' Party , the trustees included H. Hristoforov and Boris Kamburov, who were themselves members of that political group. The school had continued as a financially self-sufficient center of learning: in 1932, it still had a budget of 1.8 million lei , with only some 500,000 being used to house and feed its 450 boarding-house interns. In these circumstances,

3186-503: Was by that time occupied by Nazi Germany , where Köhler was born. The coat of arms of the Bessarabia Germans (created after the Second World War ) symbolises the homeland at the Black Sea, left at 1940. The coat of arms consists of a shield as the main component of the heraldic emblem. On four divisions, the crest symbolises the country's colours and other properties. The Bessarabian anthem Bessarabisches Heimatlied

3245-714: Was created in 1922 by Albert Mauch , the director of the Werner-Seminar , a German university in Sarata . The eastern part of the Principality of Moldavia was conquered by the troops of the Russian Czar Alexander I in the Russo-Turkish War between 1806 and 1812. In this Moldavian region, he established the Bessarabia Governorate , the smallest of the Russian Empire. The capital was the central Bessarabian Chişinău . Nomadic Tatars from

3304-465: Was later edited by Cavarnali. In 1938–1940, Carol suspended democracy in favor of a single-party regime, centered on the National Renaissance Front —whose youth movement was called Straja Țării . The lyceum was integrated within this trend: in August 1939, Straja organized a regional training camp at Volcioc . Fifteen teachers who were advanced to mid-level executive positions in the regional Straja ; most of them were Bolhrad lyceum cadres, sent in by

3363-426: Was more widespread, especially the fine-wooled Karakul sheep . The men's traditional black skin caps were made from the wool. Poultry farming for self-sufficiency was a matter of course on each individual farm. Unlike other farming people, the Germans used horses instead of oxen for ploughing. With the establishment of the last colony ( Hoffnungstal ) in 1842, the influx of emigrants from Germany ended. Afterwards,

3422-416: Was not needed. The main crops grown were wheat and corn . In some colonies wide viticulture was operated (see Moldovan wine ), but most farms only produced enough wine for their own needs. The Germans operated animal husbandry only to a small extent, because the resulting dung was not required due to the high soil fertility. Therefore, it was usually dried and used in the winter as fuel. Shepherding

3481-413: Was sent instead musical instruments. The school's own edifice was completed in 1873; the gymnasium remained financially independent from state and church, as it relied on income from rents. It had been transferred full ownership of several lakes with fishing grounds— Beleu , Cahul , Cartal , Cugurlui , Ialpug —and also owned one half of Catlabuga and one tenth of Chitai . The school's first director of

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