The Bolokhovians , Bolokhoveni or Bolokhovens ( Romanian : Bolohoveni ; Old Slavic: Болоховци, Bolokhovtsy) were a 13th-century ethnic group that resided in the vicinity of the principalities of Galicia , Volhynia and Kiev , in the territory known as the " Bolokhovian Land [ hr ; ru ; uk ] " centered at the city of Bolokhov or Bolokhovo (not identified yet). Their ethnic identity is uncertain; although Romanian scholars, basing on their ethnonym identify them as Romanians (who were called Vlachs in the Middle Ages ), archeological evidence and the Hypatian Chronicle (which is the only primary source that documents their history) suggest that they were a Slavic people . Their princes, or knyazes , were in constant conflict with Daniel , the prince of Galicia–Volhynia , between 1231 and 1257. After the Mongols sacked Kiev in 1240, the Bolokhovians supplied them with troops, but the Bolokhovian princes fled to Poland . The Bolokhovians disappeared after Daniel defeated them in 1257.
27-581: Romanian scholars suggest that the name "Bolokhoveni" may have derived from Voloch , the East Slavic term for Romanians , or Vlachs . If this theory is correct, the Bolokhoveni were Romanians living in the western regions of Kievan Rus' . However this theory is contradicted by archaeological evidence, which indicates that the Bolokhovian material culture resembled that of its contemporaries in
54-545: A Lechitic West Slavic language. As a result of the long Polish-Lithuanian rule, these languages had been less exposed to Church Slavonic , featuring therefore less Church Slavonicisms than the modern Russian language, for example: Additionally, the original East Slavic phonetic form was kept in many words in Ukrainian and Belarusian, for example: In general, Ukrainian and Belarusian are also closer to other Western European languages, especially to German (via Polish). At
81-493: A duality between the Church Slavonic language used as some kind of 'higher' register (not only) in religious texts and the popular tongue used as a 'lower' register for secular texts. It has been suggested to describe this situation as diglossia , although there do exist mixed texts where it is sometimes very hard to determine why a given author used a popular or a Church Slavonic form in a given context. Church Slavonic
108-734: A line between the two languages. Central or Middle Russian (with its Moscow sub-dialect), the transitional step between the North and the South, became a base for the Russian literary standard. Northern Russian with its predecessor, the Old Novgorod dialect , has many original and archaic features. Ruthenian, the ancestor of modern Belarusian and Ukrainian, was the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as "Chancery Slavonic" until
135-483: A linguistic continuum with many transitional dialects. Between Belarusian and Ukrainian there is the Polesian dialect , which shares features from both languages. East Polesian is a transitional variety between Belarusian and Ukrainian on one hand, and between South Russian and Ukrainian on the other hand. At the same time, Belarusian and Southern Russian form a continuous area , making it virtually impossible to draw
162-600: A war between Daniel Romanovich, the prince of Galicia–Volhynia , and the Hungarians in 1231. The Bolokhovian princes fought in alliance with the Hungarians. The Bolokhovian princes supported a rebellion against Daniil Romanovich, and they besieged an important stronghold, Kamianets-Podilskyi , in 1233 or 1235. However, the princes were captured and brought to the court of Daniel Romanovich in Vladimir . When Mikhail ,
189-638: Is mostly pronounced as /i/ (identical with the Ukrainian І), while in Ukrainian it's mostly pronounced as /ɪ/ (very similar to the Russian Ы). Other examples: B. ваўчыца (vaŭčyca) U. вовчиця (vovčyc’a) ”female wolf” B. яшчэ /jaˈʂt͡ʂe/ U. ще /ʃt͡ʃe/ “yet” /u̯/ (at the end of a closed syllable) B. стэп /stɛp/, U. степ /stɛp/ "steppe" B. Вікторыя (Viktoryja) U. кобзар (kobzár (nominative case) кобзаря (kobzar’á (genetive case) R. кровь (krov’), кровавый (krovávyj) B. кроў (kroŭ), крывавы (kryvávy) U. кров (krov), кривавий (kryvávyj) ”blood, bloody” B. скажа (skáža) U. скаже (skáže) ”(he/she) will say” After
216-593: Is traditionally more common in Belarus, while the usage of the Cyrillic script in Russia and Ukraine could never be compared to any other alphabet. Modern East Slavic languages include Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian. The Rusyn language is sometimes considered the fourth living language of the group, its status as an independent language being the subject of scientific debate. The East Slavic territory exhibits
243-752: The Volga river valley, the language of the Russian principalities including the Grand Duchy of Moscow . All these languages use the Cyrillic script , but with particular modifications. Belarusian and Ukrainian , which are descendants of Ruthenian , have a tradition of using Latin-based alphabets —the Belarusian Łacinka and the Ukrainian Latynka alphabets, respectively (also Rusyn uses Latin in some regions, e.g. in Slovakia ). The Latin alphabet
270-798: The prince of Chernigov , and Iziaslav , the prince of Novgorod-Seversk , requested their release, they referred to Bolokhovian princes as their "brothers". After the Mongols destroyed Kiev in 1240, the Mongols moving westward did not attack the "Bolokhovian Land". However, they did force the Bolokhovians to supply their army with crops. At the same time, the Bolokhovian princes fled to the Duchy of Masovia (now in Poland). They promised Duke Bolesław I of Masovia that they would accept his suzerainty, but
297-758: The Bolokhovian Land was located between the Dniester and Dnieper rivers. He also says that the Bolokhoveni were located southeast of the present-day town of Ushitsa ( Romanian : Ușița ). According to Niketas Choniates 's chronicle, "the Vlachs, who had heard rumors" of the escape of Andronikos Komnenus (a rebellious cousin of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I), captured him in 1164 at the borders of Galicia. The Hypatian Chronicle first refers to "Bolokhovian princes" when documenting
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#1732772416013324-505: The East Slavic languages are all written in the Cyrillic script, however each of them has their own letters and pronunciations. Russian and Ukrainian have 33 letters, while Belarusian has 32. Additionally, Belarusian and Ukrainian use the apostrophe (') for the hard sign , which has the same function as the letter Ъ in Russian. Some letters, that are not included in the alphabet of a language, can be written as digraphs . For example,
351-406: The attack, Daniil Romanovich invaded and pillaged the Bolokhovian Land and destroyed their fortified towns. Archaeological research at Gubin and Kudin, two supposedly Bolokhovian towns, shows that the town walls were dug up by Daniil's army. However, no corpses or traces of fire were found, implying that Daniil took the towns' inhabitants to his own principality. Their defeat by Daniil's troops in 1257
378-411: The consonant /tsʲ/ does not exist in the Russian language, while in Ukrainian and especially Belarusian, on the contrary, it is relatively common (Ukrainian ць etymologically corresponds to Russian and Belarusian ц; Belarusian ць etymologically corresponds to Russian and Ukrainian ть). Moreover, the letter Щ in standard Russian is always pronounced softly ( palatalization ). Standard Ukrainian, unlike all
405-606: The conversion of the East Slavic region to Christianity the people used service books borrowed from Bulgaria , which were written in Old Church Slavonic (a South Slavic language ). The Church Slavonic language was strictly used only in text, while the colloquial language of the Bulgarians was communicated in its spoken form. Throughout the Middle Ages (and in some way up to the present day) there existed
432-401: The duke captured them. They were released after Daniil Romanovich and his brother, Vasilko Romanovich , promised to give Duke Bolesław I many gifts. The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' did not end the conflicts among the local rulers. The Bolokhovian princes supported Rostislav Mikhailovich when he besieged Bakota , a major town held by Daniil Romanovich's officials, in 1241. In revenge for
459-843: The end of the 17th century when it was gradually replaced by the Polish language. It was also the native language of the Cossack Hetmanate until the end of the 18th century, when the Ukrainian state completely became part of the Russian Empire in 1764. The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk from 1710 is one of the most important written sources of the Ruthenian language. Due to the influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over many centuries, Belarusian and Ukrainian have been influenced in several respects by Polish,
486-550: The extant East Slavic languages. Some linguists also consider Rusyn a separate language, although it is sometimes considered a dialect of Ukrainian. The modern East Slavic languages descend from a common predecessor spoken in Kievan Rus' from the 9th to 13th centuries, which later evolved into Ruthenian , the chancery language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Dnieper river valley, and into medieval Russian in
513-647: The large historical influence of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union , the Russian language is also spoken as a lingua franca in many regions of Caucasus and Central Asia . Of the three Slavic branches, East Slavic is the most spoken, with the number of native speakers larger than the Western and Southern branches combined. The common consensus is that Belarusian , Russian and Ukrainian are
540-452: The other Slavic languages (excl. Serbo-Croatian ), does not exhibit final devoicing . Nevertheless, this rule is not that clear when listening to colloquial Ukrainian. It's one of the typical deviations that occur in the Ukrainian spoken language. Besides the differences of the alphabets, some letters represent different sounds depending on the language. For example, the letter И (romanized as I for Russian and Y for Ukrainian) in Russian
567-566: The principalities of Galicia , Volhynia and Kiev . Bozhskyy, along with other Bolokhovian towns mentioned in the chronicle, were situated along the Buzhok and Sluch rivers. According to the Encyclopedia of Ukraine , the Bolokhovians inhabited the region around the sources of the Teteriv , Boh , Horyn and Sluch rivers. On the other hand, historian Alexandru V. Boldur believes that
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#1732772416013594-536: The same time Russian was being heavily influenced by Church Slavonic (South Slavic language), but also by the Turkic and Uralic languages. For example: What's more, all three languages do also have false friends , that sometimes can lead to (big) misunderstandings. For example, Ukrainian орати ( oraty ) — "to plow" and Russian орать ( orat́ ) — "to scream", or Ukrainian помітити ( pomityty ) — "to notice" and Russian пометить ( pometit́ ) — "to mark". The alphabets of
621-441: The same town as Borokhov , which was recorded by the same chronicle in 1172. Alternatively, Spinei suggests, Bolokhovo may be the same town as Bolechow (now Bolekhiv, Ukraine), which was mentioned as the "town called 'the Vlachs ' " in a Polish charter from 1472. The Hypatian Chronicle refers to the " Bolokhovian Land [ hr ; ru ; uk ] " once. Based on the chronicle, modern historians say that this land bordered
648-473: The sound values of the letter Ё, which doesn't exist in the Ukrainian alphabet, can be written as ЙО (ЬО before and after consonants), while the letter Щ in Russian and Ukrainian corresponds to ШЧ in Belarusian (compare Belarusian плошча and Ukrainian площа ("area")). There are also different rules of usage for certain letters, e.g. the soft sign (Ь) cannot be written after the letter Ц in Russian, because
675-569: The western parts of Kievan Rus'. Furthermore, it is documented that the Bolokhovian princes had family ties with boyars of the Principality of Galicia . The ethnonym seems to be connected to the name Bolokhov , an early medieval settlement that the Hypatian Chronicle – a source on the history of Kievan Rus' – mentioned around 1150. According to historian Victor Spinei , this town may have been
702-507: Was a major factor in the evolution of modern Russian, where there still exists a "high stratum" of words that were imported from this language. Vasilko Romanovich Vasylko Romanovych (1203–1269), Prince of Belz (1207–1269), Prince of Brest (1231–1269), and Prince of Volhynia (1231–1269). He was the son of Roman the Great and Anna-Euphrosyne , and the younger brother of Daniel of Galicia (Danylo). After Roman's death in 1205,
729-570: Was the last recorded event of the history of the Bolokhovians. East Slavic languages The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of the Slavic languages , distinct from the West and South Slavic languages . East Slavic languages are currently spoken natively throughout Eastern Europe , and eastwards to Siberia and the Russian Far East . In part due to
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