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79-694: Bolsonarism ( bolsonarismo in Portuguese ) is a far-right political phenomenon that broke out in Brazil with the rise in popularity of Jair Bolsonaro , especially during his campaign in the presidential election in Brazil in 2018 , which elected him president. The Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) crisis during the Dilma Rousseff government , precipitated and accelerated by the political-economic crisis of 2014 , strengthened Bolsonarist ideology and

158-738: A Captain-major . In 1549, due to their failure and limited success, the Captaincy Colonies of Brazil were united into the Governorate General of Brazil . The captaincy colonies were reorganized as provincial districts to the Governorate. The captaincies continued to be ruled by their hereditary captain-majors but they now reported to the Governor-General of Brazil. The new system was implemented so that Portuguese America could be managed correctly and provide

237-477: A koiné formed by several regional European Portuguese varieties brought to Brazil, modified by natural drift. The written language taught in Brazilian schools has historically been based by law on the standard of Portugal and until the 19th century, Portuguese writers often were regarded as models by some Brazilian authors and university professors. However, this aspiration to unity was severely weakened in

316-659: A "best friend" of the Fugger's Agent), with Diogo Ribeiro, Estevão Frois and the pilot João de Lisboa . The explorers also reported that after going by the 40th parallel to south, along the coast, they found a "land" or "point extending into the sea", and further south, a Gulf. This and the following expeditions of Cristóvão Jacques to the River Plate and into the Parana River in 1521; and of Martim Afonso de Sousa and his brother Pero Lopes de Sousa, in 1530–1532, from

395-415: A Portuguese presence lasting into the second half of the 20th century). On the other hand, the spoken language was not subject to any of the constraints that applied to the written language, and consequently Brazilian Portuguese sounds different from any of the other varieties of the language. Brazilians, when concerned with pronunciation, look to what is considered the national standard variety, and never to

474-433: A case of diglossia , considering that informal BP has developed, both in phonetics and grammar , in its own particular way. Accordingly, the formal register of Brazilian Portuguese has a written and spoken form. The written formal register (FW) is used in almost all printed media and written communication, is uniform throughout the country and is the "Portuguese" officially taught at school. The spoken formal register (FS)

553-880: A comment (topicalization), thus emphasizing it, as in Esses assuntos eu não conheço bem, literally, "These subjects I don't know [them] well" (although this sentence would be perfectly acceptable in Portugal as well). In fact, in the Portuguese language, the anticipation of the verb or object at the beginning of the sentence, repeating it or using the respective pronoun referring to it, is also quite common, e.g. in Essa menina, eu não sei o que fazer com ela ("This girl, I don't know what to do with her") or Com essa menina eu não sei o que fazer ("With this girl I don't know what to do"). The use of redundant pronouns for means of topicalization

632-567: A cultural region, even today. In April 1500, the second Portuguese India Armada , headed by Pedro Álvares Cabral , with a crew of expert captains, including Bartolomeu Dias and Nicolau Coelho , encountered the Brazilian coast as it swung westward in the Atlantic while performing a large " volta do mar " to avoid becalming in the Gulf of Guinea . On 21 April 1500, a mountain was seen that was named Monte Pascoal , and on 22 April, Cabral landed on

711-490: A few generations, except for some areas of the three southernmost states ( Paraná , Santa Catarina , and Rio Grande do Sul ), in the case of Germans, Italians and Slavics, and in rural areas of the state of São Paulo (Italians and Japanese). Nowadays the overwhelming majority of Brazilians speak Portuguese as their mother tongue, with the exception of small, insular communities of descendants of European (German, Polish, Ukrainian, and Italian) and Japanese immigrants, mostly in

790-694: A few terms such as tai chi chuan and chá ("tea"), also in European Portuguese. The loan vocabulary includes several calques , such as arranha-céu ("skyscraper," from French gratte-ciel ) and cachorro-quente (from English hot dog ) in Portuguese worldwide. Use of the reflexive me , especially in São Paulo and the South , is thought to be an Italianism, attributed to the large Italian immigrant population, as are certain prosodic features, including patterns of intonation and stress, also in

869-415: A short metapoema (a metapoem , i. e., a poem about poetry, a specialty for which he was renowned) treating the concept of anacoluto : [...] O homem, chamar-lhe mito não passa de anacoluto (The man, calling him myth is nothing more than an anacoluthon). In colloquial language, this kind of anacoluto may even be used when the subject itself is the topic, only to add more emphasis to this fact, e.g.

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948-522: A steady and wealthy income for the Portuguese Empire . The capital of the new governorate established its capital at São Salvador and the first Jesuits arrived the same year. With permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor demands which were met with Native and later African slaves . From 1565 through 1567, Mem de Sá , the third Governor General of Brazil, successfully destroyed

1027-577: A ten-year-old French colony called France Antarctique , at Guanabara Bay . He and his nephew, Estácio de Sá , then founded the city of Rio de Janeiro in March 1567. In 1621, Philip II of Portugal divided the Governorate General of Brazil into two separate and autonomous colonies, the State of Maranhão and the State of Brazil . Regarding this period it is preferable to refer to "Portuguese America" rather than "Portuguese Brazil" or "Colonial Brazil", as

1106-462: A walk"). This happens because the traditional syntax ( Eu e ela fomos passear ) places a plural-conjugated verb immediately following an argument in the singular, which may sound unnatural to Brazilian ears. The redundant pronoun thus clarifies the verbal inflection in such cases. Portuguese makes extensive use of verbs in the progressive aspect, almost as in English. Brazilian Portuguese seldom has

1185-3399: Is a limited set of vocabulary from Japanese . Portuguese has borrowed a large number of words from English. In Brazil, these are especially related to the following fields (note that some of these words are used in other Portuguese-speaking countries): Many of these words are used throughout the Lusosphere . French has contributed to Portuguese words for foods, furniture, and luxurious fabrics, as well as for various abstract concepts. Examples include hors-concours , chic , metrô , batom , soutien , buquê , abajur , guichê , içar , chalé , cavanhaque (from Louis-Eugène Cavaignac ), calibre , habitué , clichê , jargão , manchete , jaqueta , boîte de nuit or boate , cofre , rouge , frufru , chuchu , purê , petit gâteau , pot-pourri , ménage , enfant gâté , enfant terrible , garçonnière , patati-patata , parvenu , détraqué , enquête , equipe , malha , fila , burocracia , birô , affair , grife , gafe , croquette , crocante , croquis , femme fatale , noir , marchand , paletó , gabinete , grã-fino , blasé , de bom tom , bon-vivant , guindaste , guiar , flanar , bonbonnière , calembour , jeu de mots , vis-à-vis , tête-à-tête , mecha , blusa , conhaque , mélange , bric-brac , broche , pâtisserie , peignoir , négliglé , robe de chambre , déshabillé , lingerie , corset , corselet , corpete , pantufas , salopette , cachecol , cachenez , cachepot , colete , colher , prato , costume , serviette , garde-nappe , avant-première , avant-garde , debut , crepe , frappé (including slang), canapé , paetê , tutu , mignon , pince-nez , grand prix , parlamento , patim , camuflagem , blindar (from German), guilhotina , à gogo , pastel , filé , silhueta , menu , maître d'hôtel , bistrô , chef , coq au vin , rôtisserie , maiô , bustiê , collant , fuseau , cigarette , crochê , tricô , tricot ("pullover, sweater"), calção , culotte , botina , bota , galocha , scarpin (ultimately Italian), sorvete , glacê , boutique , vitrine , manequim (ultimately Dutch), machê , tailleur , echarpe , fraque , laquê , gravata , chapéu , boné , edredom , gabardine , fondue , buffet , toalete , pantalon , calça Saint-Tropez , manicure , pedicure , balayage , limusine , caminhão , guidão , cabriolê , capilé , garfo , nicho , garçonete , chenille , chiffon , chemise , chamois , plissê , balonê , frisê , chaminé , guilhochê , château , bidê , redingote , chéri(e) , flambado , bufante , pierrot , torniquete , molinete , canivete , guerra (Occitan), escamotear , escroque , flamboyant , maquilagem , visagismo , topete , coiffeur , tênis , cabine , concièrge , chauffeur , hangar , garagem , haras , calandragem , cabaré , coqueluche , coquine , coquette ( cocotinha ), galã , bas-fond (used as slang), mascote , estampa , sabotagem , RSVP , rendez-vous , chez... , à la carte , à la ... , forró, forrobodó (from 19th-century faux-bourdon ). Brazilian Portuguese tends to adopt French suffixes as in aterrissagem (Fr. atterrissage "landing [aviation]"), differently from European Portuguese (cf. Eur.Port. aterragem ). Brazilian Portuguese (BP) also tends to adopt culture-bound concepts from French. That

1264-546: Is considered grammatically incorrect, because the topicalized noun phrase, according to traditional European analysis, has no syntactic function. This kind of construction, however, is often used in European Portuguese. Brazilian grammars traditionally treat this structure similarly, rarely mentioning such a thing as topic . Nevertheless, the so-called anacoluthon has taken on a new dimension in Brazilian Portuguese. The poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade once wrote

1343-412: Is essentially a phonetic rendering of the written form. (FS) is used in very formal situations, such as speeches or ceremonies or when reading directly out of a text. While (FS) is necessarily uniform in lexicon and grammar, it shows noticeable regional variations in pronunciation. The main and most general (i.e. not considering various regional variations) characteristics of the informal variant of BP are

1422-450: Is evident in the Brazilian lexicon, which today includes, for example, hundreds of words of Tupi–Guarani origin referring to local flora and fauna; numerous West African Yoruba words related to foods, religious concepts, and musical expressions; and English terms from the fields of modern technology and commerce. Although some of these words are more predominant in Brazil, they are also used in Portugal and other countries where Portuguese

1501-409: Is not a "decreolized" form, but rather the " nativization " of a "radical Romanic" form. They assert that the phenomena found in Brazilian Portuguese are inherited from Classical Latin and Old Portuguese. According to another linguist, vernacular Brazilian Portuguese is continuous with European Portuguese, while its phonetics are more conservative in several aspects, characterizing the nativization of

1580-608: Is often regarded as the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in Literature for works in Portuguese. Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis , João Guimarães Rosa , Carlos Drummond de Andrade , Graciliano Ramos , João Cabral de Melo Neto , Cecília Meireles , Clarice Lispector , José de Alencar , Rachel de Queiroz , Jorge Amado , Castro Alves , Antonio Candido , Autran Dourado , Rubem Fonseca , Lygia Fagundes Telles and Euclides da Cunha are Brazilian writers recognized for writing

1659-762: Is spoken. Words derived from the Tupi language are particularly prevalent in place names ( Itaquaquecetuba , Pindamonhangaba , Caruaru , Ipanema , Paraíba ). The native languages also contributed the names of most of the plants and animals found in Brazil (and most of these are the official names of the animals in other Portuguese-speaking countries as well), including arara (" macaw "), jacaré ("South American caiman "), tucano (" toucan "), mandioca (" cassava "), abacaxi (" pineapple "), and many more. However, many Tupi–Guarani toponyms did not derive directly from Amerindian expressions, but were in fact coined by European settlers and Jesuit missionaries , who used

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1738-426: Is the difference between BP estação ("station") and EP gare ("train station," Portugal also uses estação ). BP trem is from English train (ultimately from French), while EP comboio is from Fr. convoi . An evident example of the dichotomy between English and French influences can be noted in the use of the expressions know-how , used in a technical context, and savoir-faire in a social context. Portugal uses

1817-543: Is the spelling of the [ʒ] sound before e and i . By Portuguese spelling rules, that sound can be written either as j (favored in BP for certain words) or g (favored in EP). Thus, for example, we have BP berinjela / EP beringela ("eggplant"). The linguistic situation of the BP informal speech in relation to the standard language is controversial. There are authors (Bortoni, Kato, Mattos e Silva, Bagno, Perini) who describe it as

1896-606: The Língua Geral extensively in the first centuries of colonization. Many of the Amerindian words entered the Portuguese lexicon as early as in the 16th century, and some of them were eventually borrowed into other European languages. African languages provided hundreds of words as well, especially in certain semantic domains, as in the following examples, which are also present in Portuguese: Although

1975-478: The Amazon River , to Lagoa dos Patos and to the rivers Plate and Paraná, reinforced and demonstrated Portuguese interest in the River Plate. Permanent habitation in Brazil did not begin until São Vicente was founded in 1532 by Martim Afonso de Sousa, although temporary trading posts were established earlier to collect brazilwood , used as a dye . São Vicente, by its democratic municipal prerogatives (in

2054-674: The French in Rio de Janeiro during the 16th century and the Dutch in Recife during the 17th century, had negligible effects on Portuguese. The substantial waves of non-Portuguese-speaking immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (mostly from Italy , Spain , Germany , Poland , Japan and Lebanon ) were linguistically integrated into the Portuguese-speaking majority within

2133-409: The State of Maranhão was restructured into the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão , with a new capital and government. In 1772, the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão was split into two new states, the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and the State of Maranhão and Piauí . The new states would fare poorly and only last 3 years. In 1775, the three colonies of Portuguese America (the State of Brazil ,

2212-476: The State of Maranhão and Piauí ; and the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro ) were united into a singular colony, under the State of Brazil . This arrangement would last until the end of Colonial Brazil . As a result, Brazil did not split into several countries, as happened to its Spanish-speaking neighbors. Portuguese merchants have been trading in the West Indies. To such an extent, that, for instance, for

2291-454: The 20th century by nationalist movements in literature and the arts , which awakened in many Brazilians a desire for a national style uninfluenced by the standards of Portugal. Later, agreements were reached to preserve at least an orthographic unity throughout the Portuguese-speaking world, including the African and Asian variants of the language (which are typically more similar to EP, due to

2370-726: The African slaves had various ethnic origins, by far most of the borrowings were contributed (1) by Bantu languages (above all, Kimbundu , from Angola , and Kikongo from Angola and the area that is now the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo ), and (2) by Niger-Congo languages , notably Yoruba /Nagô, from what is now Nigeria , and Jeje/ Ewe , from what is now Benin . There are also many loanwords from other European languages, including English , French , German , and Italian . In addition, there

2449-484: The Brazilian new right , which are part of the context of the rise of New Right populism at an international level. Bolsonarism was the predominant ideology of the Bolsonaro government and is associated with rhetoric defending the family , patriotism , conservatism , religion and authoritarianism , neo-fascist elements, anti-communism , scientific denialism , carrying weapons , rejection of human rights and

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2528-649: The Codfish ) in North America. The possible voyage of 1473 and several other possible pre-Columbian expeditions to North America in the 15th century, mostly from the Azores in the case of the Portuguese (included in donation royal letters), remain matters of great controversy for scholars. Their existence is based on brief or fragmentary historical documents that are unclear concerning the destinations of voyages. In 1506, King Manuel I of Portugal created taxes for

2607-682: The European one. This linguistic independence was fostered by the tension between Portugal and the settlers (immigrants) in Brazil from the time of the country's de facto settlement, as immigrants were forbidden to speak freely in their native languages in Brazil for fear of severe punishment by the Portuguese authorities. Lately, Brazilians in general have had some exposure to European speech, through TV and music. Often one will see Brazilian actors working in Portugal and Portuguese actors working in Brazil. Modern Brazilian Portuguese has been highly influenced by other languages introduced by immigrants through

2686-1442: The Japanese words being said before the start), saquê , sashimi , tempurá (a lexical "loan repayment" from a Portuguese loanword in Japanese), hashi , wasabi , johrei (religious philosophy), nikkei , gaijin ("non-Japanese"), issei ("Japanese immigrant"), as well as the different descending generations nisei , sansei , yonsei , gossei , rokussei and shichissei . Other Japanese loanwords include racial terms, such as ainoko ("Eurasian") and hafu (from English half ); work-related, socioeconomic, historical, and ethnic terms limited to some spheres of society, including koseki ("genealogical research"), dekassegui (" dekasegi "), arubaito , kaizen , seiketsu , karoshi ("death by work excess"), burakumin , kamikaze , seppuku , harakiri , jisatsu , jigai , and ainu ; martial arts terms such as karatê , aikidô , bushidô , katana , judô , jiu-jítsu , kyudô , nunchaku , and sumô ; terms related to writing, such as kanji , kana , katakana , hiragana , and romaji ; and terms for art concepts such as kabuki and ikebana . Other culture-bound terms from Japanese include ofurô ("Japanese bathtub"), Nihong ("target news niche and websites"), kabocha (type of pumpkin introduced in Japan by

2765-683: The Portuguese town of Póvoa de Varzim , most of its seafarers dying abroad, most of the deaths occurred in the Route of the Antilles, in the West Indies. At the turn of the 17th century, with the union with Castile, the Spanish kings favored the free movement of the people, and other lands of the New World, such as Peru and the Gulf of Mexico, were open to the Portuguese merchants. The Portuguese founded

2844-495: The Portuguese), reiki , and shiatsu . Some words have popular usage while others are known for a specific context in specific circles. Terms used among Nikkei descendants include oba-chan ("grandma"); onee-san , onee-chan , onii-san , and onii-chan ; toasts and salutations such as kampai and banzai ; and some honorific suffixes of address such as chan , kun , sama , san , and senpai . Chinese contributed

2923-626: The Portuguese-speaking countries. However, BP has retained those silent consonants in a few cases, such as detectar ("to detect"). In particular, BP generally distinguishes in sound and writing between secção ("section" as in anatomy or drafting ) and seção ("section" of an organization); whereas EP uses secção for both senses. Another major set of differences is the BP usage of ô or ê in many words where EP has ó or é , such as BP neurônio / EP neurónio ("neuron") and BP arsênico / EP arsénico ("arsenic"). These spelling differences are due to genuinely different pronunciations. In EP,

3002-581: The South and Southeast . Other scholars, however, notably Naro & Scherre, have noted that the same or similar processes can be observed in the European variant, as well as in many varieties of Spanish, and that the main features of Brazilian Portuguese can be traced directly from 16th-century European Portuguese. In fact, they find many of the same phenomena in other Romance languages, including Aranese Occitan , French , Italian and Romanian ; they explain these phenomena as due to natural Romance drift . Naro and Scherre affirm that Brazilian Portuguese

3081-434: The South and Southeast as well as villages and reservations inhabited by Amerindians . And even these populations make use of Portuguese to communicate with outsiders and to understand television and radio broadcasts, for example. Moreover, there is a community of Brazilian Sign Language users whose number is estimated by Ethnologue to be as high as 3 million. The development of Portuguese in Brazil (and consequently in

3160-550: The aversion to the political left , as well as the cult of the figure of Bolsonaro, often called a " myth ". The writer Olavo de Carvalho is often cited as having been the guru of the Bolsonarist ideology. Although former president Jair Bolsonaro defines his government as "free from ideological constraints", he does not recognize Bolsonarism as an ideology, his followers — pejoratively called " Bolsominions " — diverge between those who agree with Bolsonaro and those who flaunt

3239-613: The beginning of a phrase in informal BP when it precedes an imperative, for example, Me olha ("Look at me"), Me avisa quando vocês chegarem em casa ("Let me know when you (pl.) get home"). Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese colonization of the Americas ( Portuguese : Colonização portuguesa da América ) constituted territories in the Americas belonging to the Kingdom of Portugal . Portugal

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3318-1208: The brewing process was brought by German immigrants. Italian loan words and expressions, in addition to those that are related to food or music, include tchau ( " ciao " ), nonna , nonnino , imbróglio , bisonho , entrevero , panetone , colomba , è vero , cicerone , male male , capisce , mezzo , va bene , ecco , ecco fatto , ecco qui , caspita , schifoso , gelateria , cavolo , incavolarsi , pivete , engambelar , andiamo via , tiramisu , tarantella , grappa , stratoria . Terms of endearment of Italian origin include amore , bambino/a , ragazzo/a , caro/a mio/a , tesoro , and bello/a ; also babo , mamma , baderna (from Marietta Baderna ), carcamano , torcicolo , casanova , noccia , noja , che me ne frega , io ti voglio tanto bene , and ti voglio bene assai . Fewer words have been borrowed from Japanese . The latter borrowings are also mostly related to food and drink or culture-bound concepts, such as quimono , from Japanese kimono , karaokê , yakisoba , temakeria , sushi bar , mangá , biombo (from Portugal) (from byó bu sukurín , "folding screen"), jó ken pô or jankenpon (" rock-paper-scissors ," played with

3397-524: The coast, in Porto Seguro . Believing the land to be an island, he named it Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of the True Cross). The previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India already recorded several signs of land near its western open Atlantic Ocean route, in 1497. It has also been suggested that Duarte Pacheco Pereira may have discovered the coasts of Brazil in 1498, possible its northeast, but

3476-593: The cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters. João Álvares Fagundes and Pero de Barcelos established fishing outposts in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia around 1521. These were later abandoned, however, when Portuguese colonizers began to focus their efforts mainly on South America. Nonetheless, the Portuguese-founded towns of Portugal Cove-St. Philip's , St. Peter's , St. John's , Conception Bay and surrounding areas of east Canada remain important as

3555-478: The consonant was silent both in BP and EP, but the words were spelled differently. Only in a small number of words is the consonant silent in Brazil and pronounced elsewhere or vice versa, as in the case of BP fato , but EP facto . However, the new Portuguese language orthographic reform led to the elimination of the writing of the silent consonants also in the EP, making now the writing system virtually identical in all of

3634-442: The dialects that gave rise to Portuguese had quite a flexible use of the object pronouns in the proclitic or enclitic positions. In Classical Portuguese, the use of proclisis was very extensive, while, on the contrary, in modern European Portuguese the use of enclisis has become indisputably predominant. BP normally places the object pronoun before the verb ( proclitic position), as in ele me viu ("he saw me"). In many such cases,

3713-516: The east and southern east coasts of South America, by Portugal, especially the expedition of 1501–1502 to Brazil and beyond, and its meeting with Cabral's ships and men (who had touched the South American, African and Asian continents) on the African coast, at Bezeguiche (the bay of Dakar , Senegal), listening the accounts of its sailors (then returning to Portugal), were the most decisive for his " New World " hypothesis. Vespucci suggested that

3792-528: The exact area of the expedition and the explored regions remain unclear. On the other hand, some historians have suggested that the Portuguese may have encountered the South American bulge earlier while sailing the "volta do mar" (in the Southwest Atlantic), hence the insistence of King John II in moving the line west of the line agreed upon in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. From the east coast,

3871-1318: The expression hora de ponta , from French l'heure de pointe , to refer to the "rush hour," while Brazil has horário de pico, horário de pique and hora do rush . Both bilhar , from French billiard , and the phonetic adaptation sinuca are used interchangeably for "snooker." Contributions from German and Italian include terms for foods, music, the arts, and architecture. From German, besides strudel , pretzel , bratwurst , kuchen (also bolo cuca ), sauerkraut (also spelled chucrute from French choucroute and pronounced [ʃuˈkɾutʃi] ), wurstsalat , sauerbraten , Oktoberfest , biergarten , zelt , Osterbaum, Bauernfest , Schützenfest , hinterland , Kindergarten , bock , fassbier and chope (from Schoppen ), there are also abstract terms from German such as Prost , zum wohl , doppelgänger (also sósia ), über , brinde , kitsch , ersatz , blitz ("police action"), and possibly encrenca ("difficult situation," perhaps from Ger. ein Kranker , "a sick person"). Xumbergar , brega (from marshal Friedrich Hermann Von Schönberg ), and xote (musical style and dance) from schottisch . A significant number of beer brands in Brazil are named after German culture-bound concepts and place names because

3950-418: The fleet then turned eastward to resume the journey to the southern tip of Africa and India. Landing in the New World and reaching Asia, the expedition connected four continents for the first time in history. In 1501–1502, an expedition led by Gonçalo Coelho (or André Gonçalves and/or Gaspar de Lemos ), sailed south along the coast of South America to the bay of present-day Rio de Janeiro . Among his crew

4029-567: The following. While these characteristics are typical of Brazilian speech, some may also be present to varying degrees in other Lusophone areas, particular in Angola, Mozambique and Cabo Verde, which frequently incorporate certain features common to both the South American and European varieties. Although these characteristics would be readily understood in Portugal due to exposure to Brazilian media (and because they are observable in Portugal to some extent as well), other forms are preferred there (except

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4108-530: The gerund: BP uses ficamos conversando ("we kept on talking") and ele trabalha cantando ("he sings while he works"), but rarely ficamos a conversar and ele trabalha a cantar as is the case in most varieties of EP. BP retains the combination a + infinitive for uses that are not related to continued action, such as voltamos a correr ("we went back to running"). Some varieties of EP [namely from Alentejo , Algarve, Açores (Azores), and Madeira] also tend to feature estar + gerund , as in Brazil. In general,

4187-622: The lands in dispute with Spain (according to various treaties signed in the 18th century, those lands would be ceded to the people who effectively occupied them). Under the administration of the Marquis of Pombal (1750–1777), Brazilians started to favour the use of Portuguese, as the Marquis expelled the Jesuit missionaries (who had taught Língua Geral ) and prohibited the use of Nhengatu , or Lingua Franca . The failed colonization attempts, by

4266-440: The language tends to have a closer connection to contemporary European Portuguese, partly because Portuguese colonial rule ended much more recently there than in Brazil, and partly due to the heavy indigenous and diasporic African influence on Brazilian Portuguese. Despite this difference between the spoken varieties, Brazilian and European Portuguese barely differ in formal writing and remain mutually intelligible . However, due to

4345-557: The letters c or p in syllable-final position have become silent in all varieties of Portuguese, a common phonetic change in Romance languages (cf. Spanish objeto , French objet ). Accordingly, they stopped being written in BP (compare Italian spelling standards), but continued to be written in other Portuguese-speaking countries. For example, the word acção ("action") in European Portuguese became ação in Brazil, European óptimo ("optimum") became ótimo in Brazil, and so on, where

4424-451: The main contributions to that swift change were the expansion of colonization to the Brazilian interior, and the growing numbers of Portuguese settlers, who brought their language and became the most important ethnic group in Brazil . Beginning in the early 18th century, Portugal 's government made efforts to expand the use of Portuguese throughout the colony, particularly because its consolidation in Brazil would help guarantee to Portugal

4503-464: The most outstanding work in the Portuguese language. The Brazilian spellings of certain words differ from those used in Portugal and the other Portuguese-speaking countries. Some of these differences are merely orthographic, but others reflect true differences in pronunciation. Until the implementation of the 1990 orthographic reform, a major subset of the differences related to the consonant clusters cc , cç , ct , pc , pç , and pt . In many cases,

4582-405: The new orthography. Regional varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, while remaining mutually intelligible , may diverge from each other in matters such as vowel pronunciation and speech intonation. The existence of Portuguese in Brazil is a legacy of the Portuguese colonization of the Americas . The first wave of Portuguese-speaking immigrants settled in Brazil in the 16th century, but the language

4661-668: The newly discovered lands (especially what is today South America/Brazil) were not the Indies but a "New World", the Mundus novus , Latin title of a contemporary document based on Vespucci letters to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici , which had become widely popular in Europe. Around 1508 or 1511–1512, Portuguese captains reached and explored the River Plate estuary in the present-day Uruguay and Argentina , and went as far south as

4740-480: The past century, specifically by German, Italian and Japanese immigrants. This high intake of immigrants not only caused the incorporation and/or adaptation of many words and expressions from their native language into local language, but also created specific dialects, such as the German Hunsrückisch dialect in the South of Brazil. The written Brazilian standard differs from the European one to about

4819-513: The period. Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502, the Corte-Real brothers explored and charted Greenland and what is today the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador , claiming these lands as part of the Portuguese Empire . Fragmentary evidence also suggests a previous expedition in 1473 by João Vaz Corte-Real , their father, with other Europeans, to Terra Nova do Bacalhau ( New Land of

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4898-418: The points concerning "estar" and "dar"). Modern linguistic studies have shown that Brazilian Portuguese is a topic -prominent or topic- and subject-prominent language. Sentences with topic are extensively used in Portuguese, perhaps more in Brazilian Portuguese most often by means of turning an element (object or verb) in the sentence into an introductory phrase, on which the body of the sentence constitutes

4977-479: The present continuous construct estar a + infinitive , which, in contrast, has become quite common in European over the last few centuries. BP maintains the Classical Portuguese form of continuous expression, which is made by estar + gerund . Thus, Brazilians will always write ela está dançando ("she is dancing"), not ela está a dançar . The same restriction applies to several other uses of

5056-587: The present-day Gulf of San Matias at 42°S (recorded in the Newen Zeytung auss Pressilandt meaning "New Tidings from the Land of Brazil"). Some historians have attributed this voyage to Coelho and Vespucci years before, but a good part of historians and researchers, through the sparse and comparative documentation, identify the captains and the experienced pilot of the India run ("the best Pilot of Portugal" and

5135-513: The proclisis would be considered awkward or even grammatically incorrect in EP, in which the pronoun is generally placed after the verb ( enclitic position), namely ele viu-me . However, formal BP still follows EP in avoiding starting a sentence with a proclitic pronoun, so both will have Deram-lhe o livro ("They gave him/her the book") instead of Lhe deram o livro , though it will seldom be spoken in BP (but would be clearly understood). The first-person singular proclitic pronoun frequently occurs at

5214-477: The rest of the areas where Portuguese is spoken) has been influenced by other languages with which it has come into contact, mainly in the lexicon: first the Amerindian languages of the original inhabitants, then the various African languages spoken by the slaves, and finally those of later European and Asian immigrants. Although the vocabulary is still predominantly Portuguese, the influence of other languages

5293-535: The same extent that written American English differs from written British English . The differences extend to spelling, lexicon, and grammar. However, with the entry into force of the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 in Portugal and in Brazil since 2009, these differences were drastically reduced. Several Brazilian writers have been awarded with the highest prize of the Portuguese language. The Camões Prize awarded annually by Portuguese and Brazilians

5372-423: The sentence Essa menina, ela costuma tomar conta de cachorros abandonados ("This girl, she usually takes care of abandoned dogs"). This structure highlights the topic, and could be more accurately translated as "As for this girl, she usually takes care of abandoned dogs." The use of this construction is particularly common with compound subjects , as in, e.g., Eu e ela, nós fomos passear ("She and I, we went for

5451-601: The states were two separate colonies, each with their own governor general and government. Between 1630 and 1654, the Netherlands came to control part of Brazil's Northeast region , with their capital in Recife . The Portuguese won a significant victory in the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649. By 1654, the Netherlands had surrendered and returned control of all Brazilian land to the Portuguese. In 1751,

5530-406: The subsequent letter (stating that around 32° S, they made a shift to open sea, to south-southeast), maintaining, however, that they reached a similar 50° S latitude. Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer in four Spanish and Portuguese exploratory voyages. The expeditions became widely known in Europe after two accounts attributed to him, published between 1502 and 1504. His last two voyages to

5609-571: The term to express their political position. Bolsonarism has attracted several followers and fanatics , who, in the name of Jair Bolsonaro or based on his ideas, have carried out several extremist attacks and terrorist acts such as 2023 Brazilian Congress attack and the 2024 Brasília attack . Brazilian Portuguese Brazilian Portuguese differs, particularly in phonology and prosody , from varieties spoken in Portugal and Portuguese-speaking African countries . In these latter countries,

5688-586: The terms defined in the Treaty of Tordesillas , the Portuguese Crown claimed it had territorial rights in the area visited by the explorer John Cabot in 1497 and 1498 on behalf of the Crown of England . To that end, in 1499 and 1500, the Portuguese mariner João Fernandes Lavrador visited the northeast Atlantic coast and Greenland , which accounts for the appearance of "Labrador" on topographical maps of

5767-602: The tradition of Portuguese municipalism since the Middle Ages) and by the general elections to its first Câmara (City Council) on August 22, 1532, is symbolically considered the birthplace of democracy in the Americas . From 1534 to 1536, 15 Captaincy colonies were created in Portuguese America. The captaincies were autonomous, and mostly private, colonies of the Portuguese Empire , each owned and run by

5846-459: The two reasons mentioned above, the gap between the written, formal language and the spoken language is much wider in Brazilian Portuguese than in European Portuguese. In 1990, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which included representatives from all countries with Portuguese as the official language, reached an agreement on the reform of the Portuguese orthography to unify

5925-635: The two standards then in use by Brazil on one side and the remaining Portuguese-speaking countries on the other. This spelling reform went into effect in Brazil on 1 January 2009. In Portugal, the reform was signed into law by the President on 21 July 2008 allowing for a six-year adaptation period, during which both orthographies co-existed. All of the CPLP countries have signed the reform. In Brazil, this reform has been in force since January 2016. Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries have since begun using

6004-439: The vowels e and o may be open ( é or ó ) or closed ( ê or ô ) when they are stressed before one of the nasal consonants m , n followed by a vowel, but in BP they are always closed in this environment. The variant spellings are necessary in those cases because the general Portuguese spelling rules mandate a stress diacritic in those words, and the Portuguese diacritics also encode vowel quality. Another source of variation

6083-463: Was not widely used then. For a time Portuguese coexisted with Língua Geral , a lingua franca based on Amerindian languages that was used by the Jesuit missionaries, as well as with various African languages spoken by the millions of slaves brought into the country between the 16th and 19th centuries. By the end of the 18th century, Portuguese had affirmed itself as the national language. Some of

6162-534: Was the Florentine Amerigo Vespucci . According to Vespucci, the expedition reached the latitude "South Pole elevation 52° S" in the "cold" latitudes of what is now Patagonia , near the Strait of Magellan, before turning back. Vespucci wrote that they headed toward the southwest-south, following "a long, unbending coastline". This seems controversial, since he changed part of his description in

6241-622: Was the leading country in the European exploration of the world in the 15th century. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the Earth outside Europe into Castilian and Portuguese global territorial hemispheres for exclusive conquest and colonization . Portugal colonized parts of South America ( Brazil , Colónia do Sacramento, Uruguay , Guanare, Venezuela ), but also made some unsuccessful attempts to colonize North America ( Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia in Canada ). Based on

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