73-752: The Bombay Army was the army of the Bombay Presidency , one of the three presidencies of British India . It was established in 1668 and governed by the East India Company until the Government of India Act 1858 transferred all presidencies to the direct authority of the British Crown . On 1 April 1895 the army was incorporated into the newly created Indian Army , and became known as the Bombay Command until 1908. In
146-474: A District Collector (officially styled, Deputy Commissioner). The districts were further divided into sub-divisions each under the charge of a Deputy Collector or Assistant Collector, each sub-division comprising a few taluks or tehsils each administered by a tahsildar . The East India Company had raised armies in each of the Presidencies, Bombay, Bengal and Madras . The Bombay Army consisted of
219-475: A chancellor, vice-chancellor and fellows. The governor of Bombay was ex-officio chancellor. The education department was under a director of public instruction, who was responsible for the administration of the department in accordance with the general educational policy of the state. The native states generally adopted the government system. Baroda and the Kathiawar states employed their own inspectors. In 1905
292-586: A commercial crisis and the failure of the Bank of Bombay (1866). But the peasantry gained on the whole more than they lost, and the trade of Bombay was not permanently injured. Sir Bartle Frere encouraged the completion of the great trunk lines of railways , and with the funds obtained by the demolition of the town walls (1862) he began the magnificent series of public buildings that now adorn Bombay ( Mumbai ). During this period, parts of Bombay presidency were devastated by two great famines: Great Famine of 1876–78 and
365-532: A factory there. At the time of the transfer, powers for the island's defence and for the administration of justice were also conferred on the company; a European regiment was enrolled; and fortifications were erected which in 1673 proved sufficient to deter the Dutch from an intended attack. As English trade in Bombay increased, Surat (which had been sacked by Shivaji in 1670) began its relative decline. In 1687, Bombay
438-672: A garrison in Aden. During the remainder of the 19th century Bombay Army units participated in the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia , the Second Afghan War of 1878–80, and the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885–87. In 1895 the three separate Presidency Armies were abolished and the Army of India was divided into four commands, each commanded by a lieutenant-general. These comprised Madras (including Burma), Punjab (including
511-768: A number of infantry regiments, sapper and miner units and irregular cavalry. A number of these continue to exist today in the Indian Army ; examples being the Mahar Regiment , Maratha Light Infantry and the Grenadiers , amongst others, in the case of infantry, the Bombay Sappers as engineers and the Poona Horse amongst the cavalry. Under Lord Kitchener 's re-arrangement of the Indian army in 1904
584-491: A numerous staff of clerks. The administration of justice throughout the Presidency was conducted by a High Court at Bombay, consisting of a chief justice and seven puisne judges, along with district and assistant judges throughout the districts of the Presidency. Each of the four divisions were administered by a senior Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer of the rank of Commissioner while the districts were each administered by
657-489: A regimental plate and buckskin breeches. Studies of two British officers: one mounted, in service dress, the other in cold weather uniform; an officer from a grenadier company in full dress; two sepoys in cold weather dress; two sepoys in hot weather dress; a sepoy's blue soft cap and three sketches of grenadier uniform details can be seen at the National Army Museum. In addition, a surviving officers uniform to
730-487: A small cluster of independent zamindaris , situated in the wild and hilly tracts at the northern extremity of the Sahyadri range, and certain. principalities which, from their history or geographical position, are to some extent isolated from the rest of the presidency. Baroda State (Vadodara), one of the residencies of British India , was combined in the 1930s with the residencies of the princely states (agencies) of
803-732: The Bani Bu Ali in 1821 , in North-Western India, notably the 1st Afghan War of 1838–1842, the Sind War of 1843, the 2nd Sikh War of 1848–49 and the Persian War of 1856-57 . The Bombay Army had acquired responsibility for garrisoning Aden, and The 1st Bombay European Regiment, The Bombay Marine Battalion and the 24th Bombay Native Infantry all saw service there in 1839. As of 1 January 1842 the Bombay Army's disposition
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#1732772920264876-724: The Dominion of India . When provinces were replaced with states when the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, the day India became the first republic in the Commonwealth of Nations , Bombay Province became Bombay State , a Part-A state. The Bombay Presidency was bounded on the north by Baluchistan , the Punjab and Rajputana ; on the east by Indore , the Central Provinces and Hyderabad ; on
949-569: The Indian Civil Service . For making laws there was a legislative council, consisting of the Governor and his executive council, with certain other persons, not fewer than eight or more than twenty, at least half of them being non-officials. Each of the members of the executive council had in his charge one or two departments of the government; and each department had a secretary, an under-secretary , and an assistant secretary , with
1022-529: The Indian famine of 1896–97 . British India's Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, enacted in 1921, expanded the Legislative Council to include more elected Indian members, and introduced the principle of dyarchy , whereby certain responsibilities, including agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers. However, the important portfolios like finance, police and irrigation were reserved with members of
1095-687: The Khandesh Agency , Surgana and Jawhar ; South Konkan and Dharwar, comprising Janjira , Sawantwadi and Savanur , as well as the territories under the Deccan States Agency , including the Deccan Satara Jagirs, Ichalkaranji , Sangli Akkalkot , Bhor , Aundh , Phaltan , Jath and Daphalapur, the southern Maratha states, comprising Kolhapur , among other states, and Khairpur in Sindh. The native states under
1168-592: The Talpur dynasty in the Battle of Hyderabad . At its greatest extent, the Bombay Province comprised the present-day state of Gujarat , the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state, including the divisions of Konkan , Desh & Kandesh , and also northwestern Carnataca ; it also included Pakistan 's Sindh Province (1847–1935) and Aden of present-day Yemen (1839–1932). The districts and provinces of
1241-465: The dowry by way of his marriage treaty with princess Catherine De Braganza , daughter of John IV of Portugal . The English East India Company transferred its Western India headquarters from Surat in the Gulf of Cambay after it was sacked , to the relatively safe Bombay Harbour in 1687. The province was brought under direct rule along with other parts of British India through Pitt's India Act , after
1314-647: The nationalisation of the East India Company. Major territorial acquisitions were made by the company after Anglo-Maratha Wars when the whole of the Peshwa 's dominions and much of the Gaekwad 's sphere of influence were annexed to the Bombay Presidency in stages up until 1818. Aden including Socotra were placed under Bombay in 1839, Sind was annexed by the company in 1843 after defeating
1387-404: The "supervision" of the government of Bombay were divided, historically and geographically, into two main groups. The northern or Gujarat group includes the territories of the Gaekwad of Baroda , with the smaller states which form the administrative divisions of Kutch , Palanpur , Rewa Kantha, and Mahi Kantha. These territories, with the exception of Kutch, have a historical connection, as being
1460-637: The 16th century, due to the colonial era of the Portuguese in Goa and Bombay-Bassein . While in the Belgaum area of the Carnatic region , Lingayatis dating to the 12th century, was accepted by nearly 45% of the population. The Marathas were the predominant caste numbering 3,650,000 (1901), 1,900,000 Kunbis and other 350,000 Konkanis , and another 1,400,000 Marathas not specified. The chief languages of
1533-499: The 1750s on had however been expanded to include a majority of indigenous sepoys, initially employed as irregulars for particular campaigns. The first two regular sepoy battalions were raised in 1768, a third in 1760 and a fourth ten years later. The non-Indian (mostly British but also including Swiss and German mercenaries) element was organized in a single Bombay European Regiment. In 1796 the Bombay Native Infantry
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#17327729202641606-448: The 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry Regiment can also be seen at the NAM, the uniform with provenance to John Grant Malcolmson VC. For a brief time after January 1856, the Bombay infantry regiments transitioned to tunics with Carman denoting tunics were for those 'who are at the present without dress coatee'. 1856 pattern officers tunics were scarlet with light yellow facings and gold braid. Following
1679-565: The Bombay Presidency into a regular province, and made Sind a separate province, with relations with the princely state of Khairpur managed by Sindh. It enlarged the elected provincial legislature and expanded provincial autonomy vis a vis the central government. In the 1937 elections , the Indian National Congress won the elections in Bombay but declined to form the government. The Governor Sir George Lloyd invited Sir Dhanjishah Cooper , to form an interim ministry which
1752-745: The British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 Treaty of Salbai , by which the island of Salsette , adjacent to Bombay island, was ceded to the British, while Bharuch was ceded to the Maratha ruler Scindia . The British annexed Surat in 1800. British territory was enlarged in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803. The East India Company received
1825-588: The British responsible for their external affairs. Relations between British India and the states were managed by British agents placed at the principal native capitals; their exact status varied in the different states according to the relations in which the principalities stood with the paramount power. The principal groups of states were North Gujarat , comprising Kutch , Kathiawar Agency , Palanpur Agency , Mahi Kantha Agency , Ambliara Rewa Kantha Agency and Cambay ; South Gujarat, comprising Dharampur , Bansda and Sachin ; North Konkan, Nasik and Khandesh, of
1898-540: The British troops in the Presidency to Bengal, while the Bombay sepoy and sowar (cavalry) units held the southern districts of the North-West Frontier. Some Bombay units saw active service during the repression of the rebellion in Central India. Following the transfer from East India Company rule to that of the British government in 1861 the Bombay Army underwent a series of changes. These included
1971-529: The Company took over control of the city of Bombay. The Mahars served in both Bombay Army and Marine battalions. Prior to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 they were heavily recruited and constituted between a fifth and a quarter of the entire Bombay Army. By 1783 the Bombay Army had grown to 15,000 men, a force that was still significantly smaller than the other two Presidency armies. Recruitment from
2044-655: The Governor's Executive Council. Some of the prominent Indian members of the Executive Council were Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad , R. P. Paranjpye , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah , Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi , Rafiuddin Ahmed , Siddappa Totappa Kambli , Shah Nawaz Bhutto and Sir Cowasji Jehangir . In 1932, Aden was separated from Bombay and made a separate province, and Sindh became a separate province on 1 April 1936. The Government of India Act 1935 made
2117-586: The Great Indian Peninsula, Indian Midland, Bombay, Baroda & Central India, and the Rajputana , Malwa & Southern Mahratta systems. In 1905 the total length of railway under the Bombay government open for traffic was 7,980 miles (12,840 km), which did not include the railway system in Sindh . The University of Bombay was established in 1857, and had an administration consisting of
2190-541: The North West Frontier) and Bengal. In 1903 the separately numbered regiments of the Bombay, Madras and Bengal Armies were unified in a single organisational sequence and the presidency affiliations disappeared. As with many of the Indian infantry fighting regiments, the Bombay Native Infantry mostly adhered to British army regulations - the officers prior to 1856 having worn coatees with gold lace, shakos with
2263-470: The North West Frontier), Bengal and Bombay (including Aden). In 1895 the three separate Presidency Armies began a process of unification which was not to be concluded until the Kitchener reforms of eight years later. As an initial step the Army of India was divided into four commands, each commanded by a lieutenant-general. These comprised Bombay (including Aden), Madras (including Burma), Punjab (including
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2336-576: The Portuguese. In 1661 Bombay was ceded to the Kingdom of England as part of the dowry of the infanta Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . So lightly was the acquisition esteemed in England, and so unsuccessful was the administration of the crown officers, that in 1668 Bombay was transferred to the East India Company for an annual payment of £10, and the company established
2409-569: The Presidency known as Western Presidency was begun in 1618 at Surat in present-day Gujarat , when the East India Company established a factory , protected by a charter obtained from the Mughal Emperor Jahangir . In 1626 the Dutch and the English made an unsuccessful attempt to gain possession of the island of Bombay in the coastal Konkan region from Portugal , and in 1653 proposals were suggested for its purchase from
2482-620: The allies or tributaries of the Gaekwad until 1805, when final engagements were included between that prince and the British government . The southern or Maratha group includes Kolhapur, Akalkot, Sawantwari, and the Satara and southern Mahratta Jagirs, and has a historical bond of union in the friendship they showed to the British in their final struggle with the power of the peshwa until 1818. The remaining territories may conveniently be divided into
2555-496: The beginning of the Indian film industry. Around one year before, Ramchandra Gopal (known as Dadasaheb Torne ) had filmed a stage drama called Pundalik and shown it in the same theatre. However, the credit for making the first Indian feature film is attributed to Dadasaheb Phalke. Other producers at Bombay during the presidency era were Sohrab Modi , Himanshu Rai , V. Shantaram , Shashadhar Mukherjee , and Ardeshir Irani . Ever since production of films took place, there started
2628-525: The capital. The four divisions were Sind, the northern or Gujarat, the central or Deccan and the southern or Carnatic . The government of Bombay was administered by a Governor-in-Council , consisting of the Governor as president and two ordinary members. The Governor was appointed by the British Crown on the advice of the Secretary of State for India . The members of his council were appointed from
2701-481: The class of goods produced. In addition to the mills there were (1901) 178,000 hand-loom weavers in the province, who still have a position of their own in the manipulation of designs woven into the cloth. Silk goods were manufactured in Ahmedabad , Surat , Yeola , Nasik , Thana and Bombay , the material decorated with printed or woven designs; competition from European goods caused the silk industry to decline in
2774-477: The collection of taxes doubly unwelcome, naturally excited a certain amount of misgiving and resentment; but on the whole the population was prosperous and contented, and under Lord Elphinstone (1853–1860) the presidency passed through the crisis of the Revolt of 1857 without any general rising. Outbreaks among the troops at Karachi , Ahmedabad and Kolhapur were quickly put down, two regiments being disbanded, and
2847-533: The disbandment of three regiments of Bombay Native Infantry and the recruitment of replacement units from the Beluchi population. Originally created as irregular units, the three "Belooch" regiments in their red trousers were to remain a conspicuous part of the Bombay Army for the remainder of its separate existence. By 1864 the Bombay Army had been reorganised as follows: With brigades at Bombay, Belgaum, Neemuch, Poona, Ahmednuggur, Nusseerabad and Deesa; as well as
2920-505: The districts of Bharuch , Kaira , etc., and the Maratha Gaekwad rulers of Baroda acknowledged British sovereignty. In 1803, the Bombay Presidency included only Salsette , the islands of the harbour (since 1774), Surat and Bankot (since 1756); but between this date and 1827 the framework of the presidency took shape. The Gujarat districts were taken over by the Bombay government in 1805 and enlarged in 1818. Baji Rao II ,
2993-486: The early 20th century. The custom of investing savings in gold and silver ornaments gave employment to many goldsmiths: the metal was usually supplied by the customer, and the goldsmith charged for his labour. Ahmedabad and Surat are famous for their carved woodwork. Many of the houses in Ahmedabad are covered with elaborate wood-carving, and excellent examples exist in Broach , Baroda , Surat , Nasik and Yeola . Salt
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3066-500: The early stages of Company rule in India , Bombay was rated as an unhealthy and unprofitable region. Accordingly, only a small garrison was maintained while emphasis was placed on creating a local navy (the " Bombay Marine ") to control piracy. In 1742 the Bombay Army consisted of eight companies of European and Eurasian garrison troops, numbering 1,593 of all ranks. These had evolved from independent companies dating back as far as 1668 when
3139-529: The first Governor appointed by the Crown. The Governor's Council was reformed and expanded under the Indian Councils Act 1861 , the Indian Councils Act 1892 , the Indian Councils Act 1909 , the Government of India Act 1919 and the Government of India Act 1935 . The establishment of an orderly administration, one outcome of which was a general fall of prices that made the unwonted regularity of
3212-422: The last of the peshwas , who had attempted to shake off the British yoke, was defeated in the Battle of Khadki , captured subsequently and pensioned ( 1817 /1818), and large portions of his dominions ( Pune , Ahmednagar , Nasik , Solapur , Belgaum , Kaladgi, Dharwad , etc.) were included in the Presidency, the settlement of which was completed by Mountstuart Elphinstone , governor from 1819 to 1827. His policy
3285-575: The lease of the Panch Mahals from Scindia (1853). In 1862, North Canara was transferred from Madras Presidency to Bombay while South Canara remained with Madras. In 1859, under the terms of the Queen's Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria , the Bombay Presidency, along with the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British Crown. Henry Bartle Frere (1862–1867) was
3358-506: The most important were cotton, Deccan hemp ( Hibiscus cannabinus ), and sunn or tag ( Crotalaria juncea ). Much was done to improve the cotton of the presidency. American varieties were introduced with much advantage in the Dharwad collectorate and other parts of the southern Maratha country. In Khandesh the indigenous plant from which one of the lowest classes of cotton in the Bombay market takes its name has been almost entirely superseded by
3431-545: The old Bombay command was abolished and its place was taken by the Western army corps under a lieutenant-general . The army corps was divided into three divisions under major-generals. The 4th (Quetta) Division, with headquarters at Quetta , comprised the troops in the Quetta and Sind districts. The 5th division, with headquarters at Mhow , consisted of three brigades, located at Nasirabad , Jabalpur and Jhansi , and included
3504-575: The population of the Bombay Presidency was rural and engaged in agriculture. The staple crops were Sorghum ( jowar ), and Pearl millet ( bajra ) in the Deccan and Khandesh. Rice was the chief product of the Konkan. Wheat, generally grown in the northern part of the Presidency, but specially in Sind and Gujarat, was exported to Europe in large quantities from Karachi, and on a smaller scale from Bombay. Barley
3577-415: The population was 19,916,438 Hindu , 4,567,295 Muslim, 535,950 Jain , 78,552 Parsi and Irani Zoroastrians, and approximately 200,000 Christians. A significant number of Bene Israeli and Paradesi Jews were also present, most of them emigrated in 1948 after the Partition of Palestine and the establishment of the Jewish homeland ( British mandate of Palestine ) in Israel. In Sindh , Islam had been
3650-439: The predominant religion after the Caliphate of Sunni Arab origins conquered it the 8th century. In Gujarat the predominant religion remained Hinduism, although the Sultanate of Guzerat has left its influence and imprints in northern parts of the province. The Deccan region is the home of Marathis , who constituted 30% of the population. The Konkan region was home to various Konkani Christian minorities and communities since
3723-458: The presidency were directly under British rule, while the internal administration of the native or princely states was in the hands of local rulers. The presidency, however, managed the defence of princely states and British relations with them through political agencies . The Bombay Presidency along with the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency were the three major centres of British power in South Asia . The first English settlement in
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#17327729202643796-405: The presidency, of which by far the greater number were engaged in the preparation and manufacture of cotton. The industry is centred in Bombay, which contains nearly two-thirds of the mills. During the decade 1891–1901 the mill industry passed through a period of depression due to widespread plague and famine, but on the whole there was a marked expansion of the trade as well as a great improvement in
3869-431: The previous Mhow, Deesa, Nagpur , Narmada and Bundelkhand districts, with the Bombay district north of the Tapti . The 6th division, with headquarters at Pune, consisted of three brigades, located at Bombay, Ahmednagar and Aden. It comprised the previous Poona district, Bombay district south of the Tapti, Belgaum district north of the Tungabhadra , and Dharwar and Aurangabad districts. The overwhelming majority of
3942-411: The province were Sindhi in Sindh, Gujarati in northern division, Marathi in Konkan and the central division, Gujarati and Marathi in Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency , and Marathi and Canarese in the southern division. There were also Bhil (120,000) and Gipsy (30,000) dialects. The Presidency was divided into four Commisserates and twenty-four districts with Bombay city as
4015-611: The re-organisation in 1861, many of the Bombay Native Infantry regiments were reformed to rifle regiments adopting green cloth uniforms with red facings. These were: These were: 4 European Troops These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: Commanders-in-Chief included: Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Army Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Command The following data has been retrieved from The Quarterly Indian Army List for 1 January 1901. This date
4088-418: The rebellions in Gujarat , among the Bhils , and in the southern Maratha country were local and isolated. Under Sir Bartle Frere agricultural prosperity reached its highest point, as a result of the American Civil War and the consequent enormous demand for Indian cotton in Europe. The money thus poured into the country produced an epidemic of speculation known as the Share Mania (1864–1865), which ended in
4161-400: The south by Madras Presidency and the Kingdom of Mysore ; and on the west by the Arabian Sea . Within these limits were the Portuguese settlements of Goa , Daman and Diu , and the native state of Baroda which has direct relations with the government of India; while politically Bombay included the territory of Aden, in present-day Yemen . The total area, including Sind but excluding Aden,
4234-406: The superior Hinganghat variety. Miscellaneous crops: sugarcane , requiring a rich soil and a perennial water-supply, and only grown in favoured localities, chile peppers , potatoes, turmeric and tobacco. The chief industries of Bombay Presidency involved the milling of cotton. In the late 19th century steam mills sprang up in Bombay, Ahmedabad and Khandesh . In 1905 there were 432 factories in
4307-401: The total number of educational institutions was 10,194 with 593,431 pupils. There were ten art colleges, of which two were managed by government, three by native states, and five were under private management. It was in the year 1913 that the first college of commerce in Asia, Sydenham College , was established. Sind Medical School, medical school in Hyderabad, Sind was established in 1881 and
4380-489: The trend of film making that established and further progressed, resulting in formation of the film industry and new film production companies as well as studios . Outside the Presidency, numerous small states princely states such as those of Kathiawar and Mahikantha came under British suzerainty in a system of subsidiary alliances between 1807 and 1820. The native states eventually comprised some 353 separate units, administered internally by their own princes, with
4453-401: Was 188,745 sq mi (488,850 km ), of which 122,984 sq mi (318,530 km ) were under British and 65,761 under native rule. The total population was 25,468,209 in 1901, of which 18,515,587 were resident in British territory and 6,908,648 in native states. The Bombay Presidency had a large and diverse population. The census of 1901 gave a total of 25,468,209. By religion
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#17327729202644526-401: Was affiliated with the University of Bombay. According to the census of 1901, out of a population of 25.5 million nearly 24 million were illiterate. The film production era is said to have commenced in Bombay from 1913 when the first film, Raja Harishchandra by Dadasaheb Phalke made in 1912, was first shown publicly on 3 May 1913 at Mumbai's Coronation Cinema , effectively marking
4599-430: Was also supplemented by regular British Army Regiments and in 1842 one cavalry and four infantry regiments were deployed on the "Bombay Establishment". The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was almost entirely confined to the Bengal Army . Of the thirty-two Bombay infantry regiments in existence at the time only two mutinied. After some initial uncertainty as to the loyalty of the remainder, it was deemed possible to send most of
4672-518: Was an administrative subdivision (province) of India, with its capital in the city that came up over the seven islands of Bombay . The first mainland territory was acquired in the Konkan region with the Treaty of Bassein . Poona was the summer capital . The Bombay province has its beginnings in the city of Bombay that was leased in fee tail to the East India Company , via the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668 by King Charles II of England , who had in turn acquired Bombay on 11 May 1661, through
4745-401: Was as follows: The Bombay native infantry establishment continued to expand until it reached 26 regiments in 1845. Three Bombay Light Cavalry regiments were raised after 1817, plus a few troops of irregular horse. One brigade of Bombay Horse Artillery comprising both British and Indian personnel had been established by 1845, plus three battalions of foot artillery. The Bombay Presidency's Army
4818-411: Was chosen for being in a suitable time period at the end of the Bombay Army. 4 Squadron Commanders 5 Squadron Officers Adjudant Medical Officer 3 Risaldars 5 Ressaidars (including 1 Wardi-Major) 8 Jamadars 32 Daffadars Farrier-Major, 40 Naiks 8 Trumpeters 4 Subalterns Bombay Presidency The Bombay Presidency or Bombay Province , also called Bombay and Sind (1843–1936),
4891-433: Was joined by Jamnadas Mehta of the Lokashahi Swarajya Paksha ( Democratic Swarajya Party ), Sir Siddappa T. Kambli of the Non-Brahmin Party and Hoosenally Rahimtoola of the Muslim League. The Cooper ministry did not last long and a Congress ministry under B. G. Kher was sworn in. Council of Ministers in Kher's Cabinet: In 1939, all of the Congress ministries in the British Indian provinces resigned and Bombay
4964-437: Was made in large quantities in the government works at Kharaghoda and Udu in Ahmedabad , and was exported by rail to Gujarat and central India . There was one brewery at Dapuri near Pune . The Province was well supplied with railways, all of which, with one exception, concentrated at Bombay City . The exception is the North-Western line, which enters Sind from the Punjab and terminated at Karachi. The other chief lines are
5037-504: Was made the headquarters of all the East India Company 's possessions in India. However, in 1753 the governor of Bombay became subordinate to that of Calcutta . During the 18th century, the Maratha Empire expanded rapidly, claiming Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the disintegrating Mughal Empire . In western Gujarat , including Kathiawar and Kutch , the loosening of Mughal control allowed numerous local rulers to create virtually independent states. The first conflict between
5110-438: Was placed under the Governor's rule . After the end of World War II , the Indian National Congress re-entered politics and won the 1946 election under the leadership of Kher who was again elected as Chief Minister. The Bombay Presidency became Bombay State when India was granted independence on 15 August 1947 and Kher continued as the Chief Minister of the state, serving until 1952. In 1947, Bombay Province became part of
5183-512: Was principally grown in the northern parts of the presidency. Finger millet ( Nachani ) and kodra furnished food to the Kolis , Bhils, Waralis, and other hill tribes. Of the pulses the most important are the chickpea or Bengal gram ( Cicer arietinum ), pigeon pea or tur ( Cajanus cajan ), catjang or kulti ( Vigna unguiculata cylindrica ), and urad bean ( Vigna mungo ). Principal oilseeds were sesame or til ( Sesamum indicum ), mustard , castor bean , safflower and linseed . Of fibres
5256-503: Was reorganized into four regiments, each of two battalions. The Bombay Foot Artillery, which traced its history back nearly 50 years prior to this date, was brought up to six companies in strength in 1797. The Bombay Army was heavily involved in the First Maratha War and the defeat of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799. Prior to the cessation of Company rule in 1861, the Bombay Army played a substantial role in campaigns against
5329-441: Was to rule as far as possible on native lines, avoiding all changes for which the population was not yet ripe; but the grosser abuses of the old regime were stopped, the country was pacified, the laws were codified, and courts and schools were established. The period that followed is notable mainly for the enlargement of the Presidency through the lapse of certain native states, by the addition of Aden (1839) and Sindh (1843), and
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