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48-685: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals , also known as the Convention on Migratory Species ( CMS ) or the Bonn Convention , is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species throughout their ranges. The agreement was signed under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme and is concerned with conservation of wildlife and habitats on

96-409: A fraction of tagged individuals were recovered. More convenient, therefore, are electronic devices such as radio-tracking collars that can be followed by radio, whether handheld, in a vehicle or aircraft, or by satellite. GPS animal tracking enables accurate positions to be broadcast at regular intervals, but the devices are inevitably heavier and more expensive than those without GPS. An alternative

144-831: A global scale. Signed in 1979 in Bonn , West Germany , the convention entered into force in 1983. As of September 2020, there are 131 Member States to the convention. The depositary is the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany. The CMS is the only global, and United Nations-based, intergovernmental organization established exclusively for the conservation and management of terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species. The CMS, and its daughter agreements, determine policy and provide further guidance on specific issues through their strategic plans, action plans, resolutions, decisions and guidelines. Fundamental Principles of

192-474: A greater scale (in both space and time) than its normal daily activities; seasonal to-and-fro movement of a population between two areas; and movement leading to the redistribution of individuals within a population. Migration can be either obligate , meaning individuals must migrate, or facultative, meaning individuals can "choose" to migrate or not. Within a migratory species or even within a single population, often not all individuals migrate. Complete migration

240-568: A variety of causes. As such, there is no simple accepted definition of migration. One of the most commonly used definitions, proposed by the zoologist J. S. Kennedy is Migratory behavior is persistent and straightened-out movement effected by the animal's own locomotory exertions or by its active embarkation on a vehicle. It depends on some temporary inhibition of station-keeping responses, but promotes their eventual disinhibition and recurrence. Migration encompasses four related concepts: persistent straight movement; relocation of an individual on

288-429: Is advantageous in birds that, during the winter, remain close to the equator, and also allows the monitoring of the auditory and spatial memory of the bird's brain to remember an optimal site of migration. These birds also have timing mechanisms that provide them with the distance to their destination. Tidal migration is the use of tides by organisms to move periodically from one habitat to another. This type of migration

336-610: Is hosted by the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi . The current executive secretary of the convention is Amy Fraenkel. Article 6(3) requires parties which are range states for migratory species listed in Appendix I or II to inform the CoP through the secretariat, at least six months prior to each ordinary meeting of the conference, on measures that they are taking to implement the convention for these species. To varying degrees

384-439: Is often used in order to find food or mates. Tides can carry organisms horizontally and vertically for as little as a few nanometres to even thousands of kilometres. The most common form of tidal migration is to and from the intertidal zone during daily tidal cycles. These zones are often populated by many different species and are rich in nutrients. Organisms like crabs, nematodes, and small fish move in and out of these areas as

432-464: Is the Argos Doppler tag, also called a 'Platform Transmitter Terminal' (PTT), which sends regularly to the polar-orbiting Argos satellites; using Doppler shift , the animal's location can be estimated, relatively roughly compared to GPS, but at a lower cost and weight. A technology suitable for small birds which cannot carry the heavier devices is the geolocator which logs the light level as

480-460: Is the movement of various species from one habitat to another during the year. Resource availability changes depending on seasonal fluctuations, which influence migration patterns. Some species such as Pacific salmon migrate to reproduce; every year, they swim upstream to mate and then return to the ocean. Temperature is a driving factor of migration that is dependent on the time of year. Many species, especially birds, migrate to warmer locations during

528-679: Is to provide advice on scientific matters to CMS bodies, as well as CMS states parties. The council makes recommendations to the COP issues such as research on migratory species, specific conservation and management measures, the inclusion of migratory species in the Appendices and designation of species for Concerted or Cooperative Actions under the convention. The functions of the Scientific Council are enumerated in Article VIII of

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576-441: Is when all individuals migrate, partial migration is when some individuals migrate while others do not, and differential migration is when the difference between migratory and non-migratory individuals is based on discernible characteristics like age or sex. Irregular (non-cyclical) migrations such as irruptions can occur under pressure of famine, overpopulation of a locality, or some more obscure influence. Seasonal migration

624-480: The Antarctic and back again each year, a distance of at least 19,000 km (12,000 mi), giving it two summers every year. Bird migration is controlled primarily by day length, signalled by hormonal changes in the bird's body. On migration, birds navigate using multiple senses. Many birds use a sun compass, requiring them to compensate for the sun's changing position with time of day. Navigation involves

672-805: The Institute for Federal Real Estate and used rent-free by the United Nations. The 2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 23) was held on 6–17 November 2017 there and in World Conference Center Bonn (WCCB) , near the UNFCCC secretariat, for the Republic of Fiji . The following United Nations entities are based, or have offices, at the campus in Bonn: The following all have their secretariat offices based at

720-804: The Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks seven species of shark, the IOSEA Marine Turtle MOU six species of marine turtle and the Raptors MoU 76 species of birds of prey. Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed on Appendix I of the convention, with relevant provisions outlined in Article III, paragraphs 4 and 5. Parties that are range states to Appendix I species are obliged to afford them strict protection. CMS parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring

768-527: The Serengeti 'great migration' , an annual circular pattern of movement with some 1.7 million wildebeest and hundreds of thousands of other large game animals, including gazelles and zebra . More than 20 such species engage, or used to engage, in mass migrations. Of these migrations, those of the springbok , black wildebeest , blesbok , scimitar-horned oryx , and kulan have ceased. Long-distance migrations occur in some bats – notably

816-547: The Bonn Convention has been incorporated into domestic law by the parties. Animal migration Animal migration is the relatively long-distance movement of individual animals , usually on a seasonal basis. It is the most common form of migration in ecology. It is found in all major animal groups, including birds , mammals , fish , reptiles , amphibians, insects , and crustaceans . The cause of migration may be local climate, local availability of food,

864-564: The North Atlantic ocean. The capelin, for example, spawn around the southern and western coasts of Iceland; their larvae drift clockwise around Iceland, while the fish swim northwards towards Jan Mayen island to feed and return to Iceland parallel with Greenland's east coast. In the ' sardine run ', billions of Southern African pilchard Sardinops sagax spawn in the cold waters of the Agulhas Bank and move northward along

912-621: The Parties of the CMS acts as its principal decision-making body. It is composed of all states parties to the convention, as well as any observers that wish to participate in the proceedings of the conference. COPs are held at least every three years. The functions of the COP are enumerated in Article VII of the convention. At conferences, the states parties review the implementation of this convention, as well as approve all financial regulations of

960-561: The Scientific Council was created via Resolution 11.4. This representative selection of the membership of the Scientific Council is called the Sessional Committee. It is composed of nine COP-appointed councillors, as well as fifteen party-appointed councillors (three from Africa; three from Asia; three from Europe; three from Oceania; three from South and Central America and the Caribbean). The Sessional Committee works during

1008-517: The ability to detect magnetic fields . Most fish species are relatively limited in their movements, remaining in a single geographical area and making short migrations to overwinter, to spawn , or to feed. A few hundred species migrate long distances, in some cases of thousands of kilometres. About 120 species of fish, including several species of salmon , migrate between saltwater and freshwater (they are 'diadromous'). Forage fish such as herring and capelin migrate around substantial parts of

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1056-466: The basis for establishing instruments – regional or global – under CMS. For this reason, the convention encourages the range states to conclude global or regional agreements. The CMS acts as a framework convention and encourages its states parties to conclude global or regional agreements. Article V of the convention lays out what agreements agreed to under its auspices should include. These agreements are usually legally binding treaties that aim to "restore

1104-511: The bird flies, for analysis on recapture. There is scope for further development of systems able to track small animals globally. Radio-tracking tags can be fitted to insects, including dragonflies and bees . Before animal migration was understood, various folklore and erroneous explanations were formulated to account for the disappearance or sudden arrival of birds in an area. In Ancient Greece , Aristotle proposed that robins turned into redstarts when summer arrived. The barnacle goose

1152-687: The convention are set out in Article 2. The parties acknowledge the importance of migratory species being conserved and of range states agreeing to take action to this end "whenever possible and appropriate", "paying special attention to migratory species the conservation status of which is unfavourable and taking individually or in cooperation appropriate and necessary steps to conserve such species and their habitat." Further in Article 2(2) The parties "acknowledge" [but do not commit in stronger language, cf Art 2(3) "shall"] "the need to take action to avoid any migratory species becoming endangered". Article 2(3) of

1200-610: The convention states that the parties: (a) Should promote, cooperate in and support research relating to migratory species; (b) Shall endeavour to provide immediate protection for migratory species included in Appendix I; and (c) Shall endeavour to conclude AGREEMENTS covering the conservation and management of migratory species included in Appendix II. The following are all parties to the convention, as of 1 January 2021: Sovereign states Other states/entities Signed, but not ratified The following, while not parties to

1248-589: The convention, are party to one or more of the agreements and/or have signed one or more of the MOUs: Sovereign states Other states/entities The CMS Family covers a great diversity of migratory species. The appendices of CMS include many mammals, including land mammals, marine mammals and bats; birds; fish; reptiles and one insect. Among the instruments, AEWA covers 254 species of birds that are ecologically dependent on wetlands for at least part of their annual cycle. EUROBATS covers 52 species of bat,

1296-549: The convention. The Standing Committee is responsible for carrying out interim activities on behalf of the Conference of the Parties in between its meetings. The Committee meets at least once a year. It also usually meets immediately before and after any COPs. The functions of the Standing Committee were established by Resolution 1.1 of COP 1 in 1985. However, in 2008 at COP 9, the makeup of the Standing Committee

1344-403: The convention. However, it was not established until 1985 under Resolution 1.4 of COP 1. Each state party is entitled to appoint one qualified expert as a member of the Scientific Council, as well as one alternate scientific councillor. Additionally, the COP may also appoint to the council other experts to cover fields of particular interest to the convention. In 2014, at COP 11, a new sub-body of

1392-588: The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria , flew westwards across the Atlantic Ocean for 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi) during October 1988, using air currents in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone . In some migratory butterflies , such as the monarch butterfly and the painted lady , no individual completes the whole migration. Instead, the butterflies mate and reproduce on the journey, and successive generations continue

1440-468: The east coast of South Africa between May and July. Some winged insects such as locusts and certain butterflies and dragonflies with strong flight migrate long distances. Among the dragonflies, species of Libellula and Sympetrum are known for mass migration, while Pantala flavescens , known as the globe skimmer or wandering glider dragonfly, makes the longest ocean crossing of any insect: between India and Africa. Exceptionally, swarms of

1488-533: The intersessional period between two consecutive meetings of the COP, and is responsible for the implementation of the mandate assigned to the Scientific Council by the COP. All work done by the Sessional Committee is considered work of the Scientific Council. THE CMS secretariat acts as the convention's coordinating body. The CMS Secretariat is provided and administered by the United Nations Environment Programme. The functions of

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1536-455: The mass migration of the Mexican free-tailed bat between Oregon and southern Mexico. Migration is important in cetaceans , including whales, dolphins and porpoises; some species travel long distances between their feeding and their breeding areas. Humans are mammals, but human migration , as commonly defined, is when individuals often permanently change where they live, which does not fit

1584-483: The migration. Some mammals undertake exceptional migrations; reindeer have one of the longest terrestrial migrations on the planet, reaching as much as 4,868 kilometres (3,025 mi) per year in North America. However, over the course of a year, grey wolves move the most. One grey wolf covered a total cumulative annual distance of 7,247 kilometres (4,503 mi). Mass migration occurs in mammals such as

1632-435: The migratory species concerned to a favorable conservation status or to maintain it in such a status." To date seven agreements have been signed, they are as follow: In addition, several memoranda of understanding (MOU) have also been concluded under the auspices of CMS. While not full agreements, these MOU still aim to conserve various migratory species. To date, 19 MOU have been signed. They are as follows: The Conference of

1680-509: The open sea. Juvenile green sea turtles make use of Earth's magnetic field to navigate. Some crustaceans migrate, such as the largely-terrestrial Christmas Island red crab , which moves en masse each year by the millions. Like other crabs, they breathe using gills, which must remain wet, so they avoid direct sunlight, digging burrows to shelter from the sun. They mate on land near their burrows. The females incubate their eggs in their abdominal brood pouches for two weeks. Then they return to

1728-436: The patterns described here. An exception is some traditional migratory patterns such as transhumance , in which herders and their animals move seasonally between mountains and valleys, and the seasonal movements of nomads . Among the reptiles, adult sea turtles migrate long distances to breed, as do some amphibians. Hatchling sea turtles, too, emerge from underground nests, crawl down to the water, and swim offshore to reach

1776-471: The places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. Besides establishing obligations for each state joining the convention, CMS promotes concerted action among the range states of many of these species. Migratory species that need or would significantly benefit from international co-operation are listed in Appendix II of the convention. These species, either individually or by taxonomic group, are

1824-536: The river of their birth when they have reached a few inches in size. Some traditional forms of human migration fit this pattern. Migrations can be studied using traditional identification tags such as bird rings , or tracked directly with electronic tracking devices. Before animal migration was understood, folklore explanations were formulated for the appearance and disappearance of some species, such as that barnacle geese grew from goose barnacles . Migration can take very different forms in different species, and has

1872-424: The sea to release their eggs at high tide in the moon's last quarter. The larvae spend a few weeks at sea and then return to land. Scientists gather observations of animal migration by tracking their movements. Animals were traditionally tracked with identification tags such as bird rings for later recovery. However, no information was obtained about the actual route followed between release and recovery, and only

1920-473: The season of the year or for mating. To be counted as a true migration, and not just a local dispersal or irruption, the movement of the animals should be an annual or seasonal occurrence, or a major habitat change as part of their life. An annual event could include Northern Hemisphere birds migrating south for the winter, or wildebeest migrating annually for seasonal grazing. A major habitat change could include young Atlantic salmon or sea lamprey leaving

1968-567: The secretariat are laid out in Article IX of the convention. They include: arranging for and servicing meetings of the COP, Scientific Council and Standing Committee, maintaining liaison between the states parties, disseminating information that furthers the objectives and implementation CMS, preparing COP reports, promote the conclusion of CMS Agreements, among other functions. The secretariat has been based in Bonn, Germany, since its creation, but

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2016-473: The tidal movements. Tidal migration is often facilitated by ocean currents . While most migratory movements occur on an annual cycle, some daily movements are also described as migration. Many aquatic animals make a diel vertical migration , travelling a few hundred metres up and down the water column, while some jellyfish make daily horizontal migrations of a few hundred metres. Different kinds of animals migrate in different ways. Approximately 1,800 of

2064-403: The tides rise and fall, typically about every twelve hours. The cycle movements are associated with foraging of marine and bird species. Typically, during low tide, smaller or younger species will emerge to forage because they can survive in the shallower water and have less chance of being preyed upon. During high tide, larger species can be found due to the deeper water and nutrient upwelling from

2112-399: The winter to escape poor environmental conditions. Circadian migration is where birds utilise circadian rhythm (CR) to regulate migration in both fall and spring. In circadian migration, clocks of both circadian (daily) and circannual (annual) patterns are used to determine the birds' orientation in both time and space as they migrate from one destination to the next. This type of migration

2160-543: The world's 10,000 bird species migrate long distances each year in response to the seasons. Many of these migrations are north-south, with species feeding and breeding in high northern latitudes in the summer and moving some hundreds of kilometres south for the winter. Some species extend this strategy to migrate annually between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The Arctic tern has the longest migration journey of any bird: it flies from its Arctic breeding grounds to

2208-471: Was explained in European Medieval bestiaries and manuscripts as either growing like fruit on trees, or developing from goose barnacles on pieces of driftwood. Another example is the swallow , which was once thought, even by naturalists such as Gilbert White , to hibernate either underwater, buried in muddy riverbanks, or in hollow trees. UN Campus, Bonn The UN Campus is owned by

2256-416: Was overhauled. Under Resolution 9.15 the composition of the committee, as well as its functions we updated. Its updated functions include: The committee is composed of 15 members who are elected to serve three-year terms, or from the end of one COP until the end of the next. Alternate members are also selected. Under Resolution 9.15, the composition is as follows: The main objective of the Scientific Council

2304-645: Was relocated to the United Nations Campus in Bonn in 1998. Additionally, since 2009, the secretariat also maintains an out-post office in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . The Abu Dhabi office oversees implementation of the MOU on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia, and the MOU on the Conservation and Management of Dugongs and their Habitats throughout their range. The office

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