A boot is a type of footwear . Most boots mainly cover the foot and the ankle , while some also cover some part of the lower calf. Some boots extend up the leg , sometimes as far as the knee or even the hip . Most boots have a heel that is clearly distinguishable from the rest of the sole , even if the two are made of one piece. Traditionally made of leather or rubber , modern boots are made from a variety of materials.
45-639: A bootleg is the upper part (or shaft) of a boot . Bootleg , bootlegging or bootlegger(s) may also refer to: Boot Boots are worn both for their functionality and for reasons of style and fashion . Functional concerns include: protection of the foot and leg from water, mud, pestilence ( infectious disease , insect bites and stings , snake bites ), extreme temperatures, sharp or blunt hazards (e.g. work boots may provide steel toes ), physical abrasion , corrosive agents , or damaging radiation ; ankle support and traction for strenuous activities such as hiking ; and durability in harsh conditions (e.g.
90-633: A combination of glycoproteins that either bind directly to, or prevent the binding of microbes to, the skin and seem to form part of the innate immune system . In 2001, researchers at Eberhard-Karls University in Tübingen, Germany , isolated a large protein called dermcidin from skin. This protein, which could be cleaved into other antimicrobial peptides , was shown to be effective at killing some species of bacteria and fungi that affect humans, including Escherichia coli , Enterococcus faecalis , Staphylococcus aureus , and Candida albicans . It
135-476: A comeback into mainstream fashion, with, as of 8 August 2022, there being over 379.7 million views on the hashtag #CowboyBoots on TikTok. Cowboy boots were seen on many in the fields of festivals such as Coachella , and being worn by many mainstream celebrities such as Dua Lipa , Emily Ratajkowski and Bella Hadid . Variations of the classic cowboy boot were also being sold in many high-street stores such as Mango , ASOS and Urban Outfitters , and were seen on
180-516: A decrease in core temperature through evaporative cooling at the skin surface. As high energy molecules evaporate from the skin, releasing energy absorbed from the body, the skin and superficial vessels decrease in temperature. Cooled venous blood then returns to the body's core and counteracts rising core temperatures. There are two situations in which the nerves will stimulate the sweat glands, causing perspiration: during physical heat and during emotional stress. In general, emotionally induced sweating
225-429: A more rugged alternative to dress shoes , dress boots may be worn (though these can be more formal than shoes). Fashionable boots for women may exhibit all the variations seen in other fashion footwear : tapered or spike heels , platform soles , pointed toes, zipper closures and the like. The popularity of boots as fashion footwear ebbs and flows. Singer Nancy Sinatra popularized the fad of women wearing boots in
270-549: A small amount (0.2–1%) of solute . When a person moves from a cold climate to a hot climate, adaptive changes occur in the sweating mechanisms of the person. This process is referred to as acclimatization : the maximum rate of sweating increases and its solute composition decreases. The volume of water lost in sweat daily is highly variable, ranging from 100 to 8,000 millilitres per day (0.041 to 3.259 imp fl oz/ks). The solute loss can be as much as 350 mmol/d (or 90 mmol/d acclimatised) of sodium under
315-726: A variety of chemical exposure, to protect workers from construction site hazards and to protect feet from extreme cold (e.g., with insulated or inflatable boots for use in Antarctica). Most work boots are "lace ups" made from leather. Formerly they were usually shod with hobnails and heel- and toe-plates, but now can usually be seen with a thick rubber sole, and often with steel toecaps. While gumboots are often used in workplaces, such as underground mines, studies have shown that workers prefer "lace up" boots mainly due to their support and better fit. Boots are mostly worn with socks to prevent chafes and blisters , to absorb sweat , to improve
360-405: Is a non-specific symptom or sign, which means that it has many possible causes. Some causes of diaphoresis include physical exertion, menopause , fever, ingestion of toxins or irritants, and high environmental temperature. Strong emotions (anger, fear, anxiety) and recall of past trauma can also trigger sweating. This is sometimes referred to as flop sweat. The vast majority of sweat glands in
405-497: Is a classic symptom of a pheochromocytoma , a rare tumor of the adrenal gland . Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. some insecticides ) also cause contraction of sweat gland smooth muscle leading to diaphoresis. Mercury is well known for its use as a diaphoretic, and was widely used in the 19th and early 20th century by physicians to "purge" the body of an illness. However, due to the high toxicity of mercury, secondary symptoms would manifest, which were erroneously attributed to
450-613: Is accompanied by unexplained weight loss , fever / chills , or by palpitations , shortness of breath , unconsciousness , fatigue , dizziness , muscle pain , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , and chest discomfort, it suggests serious illness. Diaphoresis is also seen in an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), from the increased firing of the sympathetic nervous system , and is frequent in serotonin syndrome , which can result in serious sickness or even death. Diaphoresis can also be caused by many types of infections, often accompanied by high fever and/or chills which can trigger
495-443: Is achieved by the water-rich secretion of the eccrine glands. Maximum sweat rates of an adult can be up to 2–4 litres (0.53–1.06 US gal) per hour or 10–14 litres (2.6–3.7 US gal) per day, but is less in children prior to puberty. Evaporation of sweat from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to evaporative cooling . Hence, in hot weather, or when the individual's muscles heat up due to exertion, more sweat
SECTION 10
#1732779728122540-535: Is another common area for hyperhidrosis to be an issue. Sweating uncontrollably is not always expected and may be embarrassing to people with the condition. It can cause both physiological and emotional problems in patients. It is generally inherited. It is not life-threatening, but it is threatening to a person's quality of life. Treatments for hyperhidrosis include antiperspirants , iontophoresis, and surgical removal of sweat glands. In severe cases, botulinum toxin injections or surgical cutting of nerves that stimulate
585-428: Is created by apocrine glands and contains a wetting agent, the protein latherin which transfers from the skin to the surface of their coats. Sweat contributes to body odor when it is metabolized by bacteria on the skin . Medications that are used for other treatments and diet also affect odor. Some medical conditions, such as kidney failure and diabetic ketoacidosis , can also affect sweat odor. Diaphoresis
630-433: Is likely to increase because the body must exert more energy to function and there is more body mass to cool down. On the other hand, a fit person will start sweating earlier and more readily. As someone becomes fit, the body becomes more efficient at regulating the body's temperature and sweat glands adapt along with the body's other systems. Human sweat is not pure water ; though it contains no protein, it always contains
675-408: Is produced. Animals with few sweat glands, such as dogs , accomplish similar temperature regulation results by panting, which evaporates water from the moist lining of the oral cavity and pharynx . Although sweating is found in a wide variety of mammals, relatively few (apart from humans, horses , some primates and some bovidae ) produce sweat in order to cool down. In horses, such cooling sweat
720-484: Is restricted to palms , soles , armpits , and sometimes the forehead , while physical heat-induced sweating occurs throughout the body. People have an average of two to four million sweat glands, but how much sweat is released by each gland is determined by many factors, including sex, genetics, environmental conditions, age and fitness level. Two of the major contributors to sweat rate are an individual's fitness level and weight. If an individual weighs more, sweat rate
765-554: The blazon might not specify it as such. They are sometimes adorned with spurs, which may or may not have another tincture (colour) than the boot and the background field. Boots were also used in coats of arms of shoemakers ' guilds and in shop signs outside their shops. Sweat Perspiration , also known as sweat , is the fluid secreted by sweat glands in the skin of mammals . Two types of sweat glands can be found in humans: eccrine glands and apocrine glands . The eccrine sweat glands are distributed over much of
810-541: The 1700s, distinctive, thigh-high boots worn by Hessian soldiers fighting in the American Revolutionary War influenced the development of the iconic heeled cowboy boots worn by cattlemen in the American west . Boots which are designed for walking through snow, shallow water and mud may be made of a single closely stitched design (using leather, rubber, canvas, or similar material) to prevent
855-509: The 1800s in the plains and desert of the midwest and far Western United States, however they were inspired by the vaquero-style boot bought from Spain to the Americas in the 1600s. Cowboy boots are traditionally tall and hide the calf, which is meant to help keep the foot firmly in the stirrup to keep it firmly anchored. Furthermore, they have angled heels, which help to anchor the foot into the stirrup to prevent it from slipping. The stitching on
900-854: The ankle, primarily due to the absence of a distinct heel. Early boots consisted of separate leggings , soles, and uppers worn together to provide greater ankle protection than shoes or sandals . Around 1000 BC, these components were more permanently joined to form a single unit that covered the feet and lower leg, often up to the knee. A type of soft leather ankle boots were worn by nomads in eastern Asia and carried to China to India and Russia around AD 1200 to 1500 by Mongol invaders. The Inuit and Aleut natives of Alaska developed traditional winter boots of caribou skin or sealskin featuring decorative touches of seal intestine, dog hair and suchlike. 17th century European boots were influenced by military styles, featuring thick soles and turnover tops that were originally designed to protect horse mounted soldiers. In
945-400: The body and are responsible for secreting the watery, brackish sweat most often triggered by excessive body temperature. Apocrine sweat glands are restricted to the armpits and a few other areas of the body and produce an odorless, oily, opaque secretion which then gains its characteristic odor from bacterial decomposition. In humans , sweating is primarily a means of thermoregulation , which
SECTION 20
#1732779728122990-553: The body are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons typically secrete norepinephrine and are named sympathetic adrenergic neurons; however, the sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands secrete acetylcholine and hence are termed sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and some blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Diaphoresis may be associated with some abnormal conditions, such as hyperthyroidism and shock. If it
1035-628: The body through sweating with correspondingly lower concentrations. Some exogenous organic compounds make their way into sweat as exemplified by an unidentified odiferous "maple syrup" scented compound in several of the species in the mushroom genus Lactarius . In humans, sweat is hypoosmotic relative to plasma (i.e. less concentrated ). Sweat is found at moderately acidic to neutral pH levels, typically between 4.5 and 7.0. Sweat contains many glycoproteins . Sweat may serve an antimicrobial function, like that of earwax or other secretory fluids (e.g., tears, saliva, and milk). It does this through
1080-400: The duct (see Fig. 9 of the reference). Many other trace elements are also excreted in sweat, again an indication of their concentration is (although measurements can vary fifteenfold) zinc ( 0.4 milligrams/litre ), copper ( 0.3–0.8 mg/L ), iron ( 1 mg/L ), chromium ( 0.1 mg/L ), nickel ( 0.05 mg/L ), and lead ( 0.05 mg/L ). Probably many other less-abundant trace minerals leave
1125-442: The eccrine sweat gland provides details on what solutes partition into sweat, their mechanisms of partitioning, and their fluidic transport to the skin surface. Dissolved in the water are trace amounts of minerals , lactic acid , and urea . Although the mineral content varies, some measured concentrations are: sodium ( 0.9 gram/litre ), potassium ( 0.2 g/L ), calcium ( 0.015 g/L ), and magnesium ( 0.0013 g/L ). Relative to
1170-700: The entry of water, snow, mud or dirt through gaps between the laces and tongue found in other types of shoes. Waterproof gumboots are made in different lengths of uppers. In extreme cases, thigh-boots called waders , worn by anglers , extend to the hip. Such boots may also be insulated for warmth. With the exception of gum boots , boots sold in general retail stores may be considered "water resistant", as they are not usually fully waterproof, compared to advanced material boots, such as Gore-Tex , used regularly by fishers or hikers. Speciality boots have been made to protect steelworkers' feet and calves if they accidentally step in puddles of molten metal, to protect workers from
1215-435: The environment". Some of the underlying medical conditions and infections that cause these severe night sweats can be life-threatening and should promptly be investigated by a medical practitioner. Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the preoptic and anterior regions of the brain's hypothalamus , where thermosensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of
1260-422: The excessive sweating ( endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy ) may be an option. Night sweats, also known as nocturnal hyperhidrosis, is the occurrence of excessive sweating during sleep. The person may or may not also perspire excessively while awake. One of the most common causes of night sweats in women over 40 is the hormonal changes related to menopause and perimenopause. This is a very common occurrence during
1305-516: The foot's grip inside the boot, or to insulate the foot from the cold. Before socks became widely available, footwraps were worn instead. Specialty boots have been designed for many different types of sports , particularly riding , skiing , snowboarding , ice-skating , and sporting in wet/damp conditions. Bovver boots , Doc Martens boots and army boots were adopted by skinheads and punks as part of their typical dress and have migrated to more mainstream fashion, including women's wear. As
1350-420: The former disease that was being treated with mercurials. Infantile acrodynia (childhood mercury poisoning) is characterized by excessive perspiration. A clinician should immediately consider acrodynia in an afebrile child who is sweating profusely. Some people can develop a sweat allergy . The allergy is not due to the sweat itself but instead to an allergy-producing protein secreted by bacteria found on
1395-456: The hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin . High skin temperature reduces the hypothalamic set point for sweating and increases the gain of the hypothalamic feedback system in response to variations in core temperature . Overall, however, the sweating response to a rise in hypothalamic ('core') temperature is much larger than the response to the same increase in average skin temperature. Sweating causes
Bootleg - Misplaced Pages Continue
1440-452: The late 1960s with her song " These Boots Are Made for Walkin' ". They were popular in the 1960s and 1970s (particularly knee-high boots), but diminished in popularity towards the end of the 20th century. In the 2010s, they experienced a resurgence in popularity, especially designs with a long bootleg. Boot bolos, boot bracelets, boot straps, boot chains, and boot harnesses are used to decorate boots. Sandal boots also exist. Boots have become
1485-427: The lathering that often occurs on the coats of sweating horses, especially when rubbed. In hot conditions, horses during three hours of moderate-intensity exercise can lose 30 to 35 litres (6.6 to 7.7 imp gal; 7.9 to 9.2 US gal) of water and 100 grams (3.5 oz) of sodium, 198 grams (7.0 oz) of chloride and 45 grams (1.6 oz) of potassium. Sweat is mostly water . A microfluidic model of
1530-423: The leather exterior of the boots also serve a utilitarian purpose, to prevent the shaft of the boot from folding over. The boots become popular in post-Civil War America, when the country saw a switch from military boots to cowboy boots. Hollywood also saw a further rise in popularity of the boots due to the increase of mid-Western cowboy films on the big screen. In the summer of 2022, cowboy boots were seen making
1575-547: The menopausal transition years. While night sweats might be relatively harmless, it can also be a sign of a serious underlying disease. It is important to distinguish night sweats due to medical causes from those that occur simply because the sleep environment is too warm, either because the bedroom is unusually hot or because there are too many covers on the bed. Night sweats caused by a medical condition or infection can be described as "severe hot flashes occurring at night that can drench sleepwear and sheets, which are not related to
1620-403: The most abundant minerals and metabolites in sweat. There is interest in its use in wearable technology . Sweat can be sampled and sensed non-invasively and continuously using electronic tattoos, bands, or patches. However, sweat as a diagnostic fluid presents numerous challenges as well, such as very small sample volumes and filtration (dilution) of larger-sized hydrophilic analytes. Currently
1665-445: The most extreme conditions. During average intensity exercise, sweat losses can average up to 2 litres (0.44 imp gal; 0.53 US gal) of water/hour. In a cool climate and in the absence of exercise , sodium loss can be very low (less than 5 mmol/d). Sodium concentration in sweat is 30–65 mmol/L, depending on the degree of acclimatisation. Horses have a thick, waterproofed, hairy coat that would normally block
1710-487: The object of sexual attraction for some people and they have become a standard accessory in the BDSM scene (where leather, latex and PVC boots are favoured) and a fashion accessory in music videos. Knee- or thigh-high leather boots are worn by some strippers and pornography models and actresses. Boots have even become a sexual fetish for devotees known as boot fetishists and foot fetishists . Cowboy boots originated in
1755-453: The plasma and extracellular fluid, the concentration of Na ions is much lower in sweat (~40 mM in sweat versus ~150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid). Initially, within eccrine glands sweat has a high concentration of Na ions. In the sweat ducts, the Na ions are re-absorbed into tissue by epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) that are located on the apical membrane of epithelial cells that form
1800-449: The rapid translocation of sweat water from the skin to the surface of the hair required for evaporative cooling. To solve this, horses have evolved a detergent-like protein, latherin , that they release at high concentrations in their sweat. Their perspiration unlike humans is created by apocrine glands. This protein, by wetting the horses' coat hairs facilitate water flow for cooling evaporation. The presence of this protein can be seen in
1845-903: The result of hyperthermia . Most infections can cause some degree of diaphoresis and it is a very common symptom in some serious infections such as malaria and tuberculosis . In addition, pneumothorax can cause diaphoresis with splinting of the chest wall. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and other malignant diseases (e.g. leukemias) can also cause diaphoresis. Diabetics relying on insulin shots or oral medications may have low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia ), which can also cause diaphoresis. Drugs (including caffeine , morphine , alcohol , antidepressants and certain antipsychotics) may be causes, as well as withdrawal from alcohol , benzodiazepines , nonbenzodiazepines or narcotic painkiller dependencies. Sympathetic nervous system stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines have also been associated with diaphoresis. Diaphoresis due to ectopic catecholamine
Bootleg - Misplaced Pages Continue
1890-413: The runways for high fashion brands such as Miu Miu and Bottega . Boots have been used by riders for millennia, and were used by knights. As a consequence, albeit not common, boots came to be used as charges in heraldry . Because of the origin of heraldry as insignia used by mounted warriors like the medieval knights, when boots are used in heraldry, they are often displayed as riding boots, even if
1935-405: The skin. Tannic-acid has been found to suppress the allergic response along with showering. Millions of people are affected by hyperhidrosis , but more than half never receive treatment due to embarrassment, lack of awareness, or lack of concern. While it most commonly affects the armpits , feet, and hands, it is possible for someone to experience this condition over their whole body. The face
1980-464: The underside of combat boots may be reinforced with hobnails ). In some cases, the wearing of boots may be required by laws or regulations, such as the regulations in some jurisdictions requiring workers on construction sites to wear steel-toed safety boots. Some uniforms include boots as the regulated footwear. Boots are recommended as well for motorcycle riders. High-top athletic shoes are generally not considered boots, even though they do cover
2025-414: Was active at high salt concentrations and in the acidity range of human sweat, where it was present at concentrations of 1–10 mg/ml. Artificial skin capable of sweating similar to natural sweat rates and with the surface texture and wetting properties of regular skin has been developed for research purposes. Artificial perspiration is also available for in-vitro testing, and contains 19 amino acids and
#121878