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92-634: The company that was to become Booz Allen was founded in 1914, in Evanston, Illinois , when Northwestern University graduate Edwin G. Booz founded the Business Research Service. The service was based on Booz's theory that companies would be more successful if they could call on someone outside their own organizations for expert, impartial advice. Booz's service attracted a number of clients, such as Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company , Chicago's Union Stockyards and Transit Company , and

184-528: A Securities and Exchange Commission investigation is ongoing as of 2023. Evanston, Illinois Evanston ( / ˈ ɛ v ən s t ən / EV -ən-stən ) is a city in Cook County, Illinois , United States, situated on the North Shore along Lake Michigan . A suburb of Chicago , Evanston is 12 miles (19 km) north of Downtown Chicago , bordered by Chicago to the south, Skokie to

276-761: A behind-the-scenes interview. The story's author, William Goldman , was born in Chicago and grew up in Highland Park a little more than ten miles north of Evanston. Evanston's growth occurred largely because of its accessibility from Chicago by rail. The Northwestern founders did not finalize their commitment to siting the university there until they were assured the Chicago & Milwaukee Railway line would run there. C&M trains began stopping in Evanston in 1855. Evanston later experienced rapid growth as one of

368-408: A city to be named Evanston after John Evans , one of their leaders. In 1857, the request was granted. The township of Evanston was split off from Ridgeville Township; at approximately the same time, that portion of Ridgeville south of Devon Avenue was organized as Lake View Township . Evanston was formally incorporated as a town on December 29, 1863, but declined in 1869 to become a city despite

460-430: A company that tracked campaign donations, Booz Allen gave a total of just over $ 87,000 to U.S. lawmakers from 2007 to June 2013. According to CNBC, these contributions resulted in a steady stream of government contracts, which puts Booz Allen in privileged position. Due to the company's important government services, “the government is unlikely to let the company go out of business. It's too connected to fail”. Furthermore,

552-557: A competition could be held. On July 11, 2011 the group Anonymous , as part of its Operation AntiSec , hacked into Booz Allen servers, extracting e-mails and non-salted passwords from the U.S. military. This information and a complete dump of the database were placed in a file shared on The Pirate Bay . Despite Anonymous' claims that 90,000 emails were released, the Associated Press counted only 67,000 unique emails, of which only 53,000 were military addresses. The remainder of

644-464: A female householder with no husband present, and 45.61% were non-families. 34.79% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.46% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.22 and the average family size was 2.40. The city's age distribution consisted of 19.9% under the age of 18, 16.0% from 18 to 24, 25% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

736-417: A memo at the end of their investigation, which called into question the ethics and legality of a government contractor (in this case Booz Allen) acting as auditors of a government program, when that contractor is heavily involved with those same agencies on other contracts. The basic statement was that a conflict of interest may exist. Beyond that, the implication was also made that Booz Allen may be complicit in

828-453: A node labeled finish . By itself, the network diagram pictured above does not give much more information than a Gantt chart; however, it can be expanded to display more information. The most common information shown is: In order to determine this information it is assumed that the activities and normal duration times are given. The first step is to determine the ES and EF. The ES is defined as

920-452: A popular filming location. Evanston as of December 2008 is listed as a filming location for 65 different films, notably those of John Hughes . Much of the 1984 film Sixteen Candles was filmed in and around Evanston, the 1988 film She's Having a Baby , as was the 1989 film Uncle Buck , the 1993 film Dennis the Menace , and the 1997 film Home Alone 3 . A number of scenes from

1012-606: A program (electronic surveillance of SWIFT) that may be deemed illegal by the European Commission. A June 28, 2007 article in The Washington Post related how a United States Department of Homeland Security contract with Booz Allen increased from $ 2 million to more than $ 70 million through two no-bid contracts, one occurring after the DHS's legal office had advised DHS not to continue the contract until after

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1104-431: A project, especially the time needed to complete each task, and to identify the minimum time needed to complete the total project. It incorporates uncertainty by making it possible to schedule a project while not knowing precisely the details and durations of all the activities. It is more event-oriented than start- and completion-oriented, and is used more for projects where time is the major constraint rather than cost. It

1196-520: A real-life project will never execute exactly as it was planned due to uncertainty. This can be due to ambiguity resulting from subjective estimates that are prone to human errors or can be the result of variability arising from unexpected events or risks. The main reason that PERT may provide inaccurate information about the project completion time is due to this schedule uncertainty. This inaccuracy may be large enough to render such estimates as not helpful. One possible method to maximize solution robustness

1288-405: A review. A Government Accountability Office (GAO) report on the contract characterized it as not well-planned and lacking any measure for assuring valuable work to be completed. According to the article: In a rush to meet congressional mandates to establish the information analysis and infrastructure protection offices, agency officials routinely waived rules designed to protect taxpayer money. As

1380-426: A strong working relationship with Tisdahl; in 2015, the two announced that Northwestern would begin to donate $ 1 million annually to benefit city services and programs. Former: Evanston • Hyde Park • Jefferson • Lake • Lake View • North Chicago • Rogers Park • South Chicago • West Chicago Program evaluation and review technique The program evaluation and review technique ( PERT )

1472-525: A total area of 7.80 square miles (20.20 km ), of which 7.78 square miles (20.15 km ) (or 99.72%) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km ) (or 0.28%) is water. In October 2006, the city voted to sign the United States Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement, and a number of citizen task forces convened to develop a plan to reduce the city's carbon footprint . The Evanston Climate Action Plan ("ECAP"), accepted by

1564-553: Is a statistical tool used in project management , which was designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project . PERT was originally developed by Charles E. Clark for the United States Navy in 1958; it is commonly used in conjunction with the Critical Path Method (CPM), which was also introduced in 1958. PERT is a method of analyzing the tasks involved in completing

1656-641: Is applied to very large-scale, one-time, complex, non-routine infrastructure projects, as well as R&D projects. PERT offers a management tool, which relies "on arrow and node diagrams of activities and events : arrows represent the activities or work necessary to reach the events or nodes that indicate each completed phase of the total project." PERT and CPM are complementary tools, because "CPM employs one time estimation and one cost estimation for each activity; PERT may utilize three time estimates (optimistic, expected, and pessimistic) and no costs for each activity. Although these are distinct differences,

1748-586: Is defined as the minimum LS of all successor activities, unless the activity is the last activity, for which the LF equals the EF. The LS is the LF minus the task duration (LS = LF − duration). The next step is to determine the critical path and if any activities have slack . The critical path is the path that takes the longest to complete. To determine the path times, add the task durations for all available paths. Activities that have slack can be delayed without changing

1840-432: Is heavily shaped by the influence of Chicago, externally, and Northwestern, internally. The city and the university share a historically complex long-standing relationship. Prior to the 1830s, the area now occupied by Evanston was mainly uninhabited, consisting largely of wetlands and swampy forest. However, Potawatomi Native Americans used trails along higher lying ridges that ran in a general north–south direction through

1932-457: Is listed with b and c as predecessor activities, so node e is drawn with arrows coming from both b and c , signifying that e cannot begin until both b and c have been completed. Activity f has d as a predecessor activity, so an arrow is drawn connecting the activities. Likewise, an arrow is drawn from e to g . Since there are no activities that come after f or g , it is recommended (but again not required) to connect them to

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2024-433: Is now adf and the critical time is 22 work days. On the other hand, if activity c can be reduced to one work day, the path time for aceg is reduced to 15.34 work days, which is slightly less than the time of the new critical path, beg (15.67 work days). Assuming these scenarios do not happen, the slack for each activity can now be determined. Therefore, activity b can be delayed almost 4 work days without delaying

2116-409: Is possible to "mark" nodes that have been visited, then clear the "marks" upon completion of the process, a far simpler mechanism involves computing the total of all activity durations. If an EF of more than the total is found, the computation should be terminated. It is worth saving the identities of the most recently visited dozen or so nodes to help identify the problem link. During project execution

2208-401: Is recommended (but not required) to start with a node named start . This "activity" has a duration of zero (0). Then you draw each activity that does not have a predecessor activity ( a and b in this example) and connect them with an arrow from start to each node. Next, since both c and d list a as a predecessor activity, their nodes are drawn with arrows coming from a . Activity e

2300-594: Is the issue of Northwestern University's status as a tax-exempt institution. In the founding charter of Northwestern University, signed in 1851, the state granted the school an exemption from paying property taxes, and unlike other well-off private universities with statutory exemptions, it provides its own police services, but not firefighter/paramedic services. It pays water, sewer, communications, real property transfer taxes, and building permit fees, but not property taxes. Northwestern does not make Payments in Lieu of Taxes for

2392-822: Is within the boundaries of Evanston Township High School District 202. The school district has a single high school, Evanston Township High School , with an enrollment of just over 4,000, covering grades 9 through 12. Evanston-Skokie Community Consolidated School District 65 , covering all of Evanston and a small part of Skokie, provides primary education from pre- kindergarten through grade 8. The district has ten elementary schools (kindergarten through fifth grade), three middle schools (grades 6 through 8), two magnet schools (K through 8), two special schools or centers, and an early childhood school. Private schools located in Evanston, Illinois include: In 2006, National-Louis University closed its former main site, which had 6.5 acres (2.6 ha) of land, with about 33% in Evanston;

2484-816: The Armed Forces . Edwin G. Booz died in 1951. The company received its first international contract two years later, in 1953, to help reorganize land-ownership records for the newly established Philippines government. The partnership was dissolved in 1962 and the company was registered as a private corporation. In 1998, Booz Allen Hamilton developed a strategy for the IRS to reshuffle its 100,000 employees into units focused on particular taxpayer categories. Bloomberg named it "the world's most profitable spy organization". According to an Information Week piece from 2002, Booz Allen had "more than one thousand former intelligence officers on its staff". According to its own website,

2576-584: The Canadian Pacific Railway . During the following three decades, the company went through a number of name changes and business models, eventually settling on Booz, Fry, Allen & Hamilton , named after their partnership in 1936. Before George A. Fry's departure in 1942, the company's name was changed again to Booz Allen Hamilton. In general, the post-World War II era saw a shift in the company's client pool, with many contracts coming from governmental institutions and different branches of

2668-686: The Dnieprovsky District of the City of Kyiv , Ukraine in 1988, and sister cities with Belize City, Belize in 1992. Evanston has a council-manager system of government and is divided into nine wards, each of which is represented by an Alderman, or member of the Evanston City Council. Evanston was heavily Republican in voter identification from the time of the Civil War up to the 1960s. Richard Nixon carried it in

2760-594: The Edens Expressway ( I-94 ), and McCormick Boulevard, although the first two of those do not extend to Evanston itself and require driving through Rogers Park (via Sheridan Road or Ridge Avenue) and Skokie, respectively. The main routes from the north are the Edens, Green Bay Road, and Sheridan Road. Active modes of transportation include miles of sidewalks and bicycle lanes. Two hospitals are located within Evanston's city limits: A perennial debate in Evanston

2852-609: The Linden station in Wilmette . Metra 's Union Pacific North Line also serves Evanston, with stations at Main Street , Davis Street and Central Street , the first two being adjacent to Purple Line stations. The CTA's Yellow Line also runs through the city, though it does not stop there. Evanston is served by six CTA bus routes as well as four Pace bus routes. Automobile routes from Chicago to Evanston include Lake Shore Drive ,

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2944-596: The S.C. Johnson & Son founder, and Booz Allen's Conrad Jones published How to Organize for New Products which discussed theories on product life-cycle management . In 1958, Gordon Pehrson, deputy director of U.S. Navy Special Projects Office, and Bill Pocock of Booz Allen Hamilton developed the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) . In 1982, Booz Allen's Keith Oliver coined the term " supply chain management ". In 2013, Booz Allen's Mark Herman, Stephanie Rivera, Steven Mills, and Michael Kim published

3036-601: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union . Evanston is the birthplace of Tinkertoys , and is one of the locations claiming to have originated the ice cream sundae . Evanston was the home of the Clayton Mark and Company, which for many years supplied the most jobs. Evanston was a dry community from 1858 until 1972, when the City Council voted to allow restaurants and hotels to serve liquor on their premises. In 1984,

3128-455: The poverty line , including 7.5% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over. 12.3% of Evanston's 9,259 businesses were Black-owned in 2012, and 24% of the city's 2,041 employer firms were women-owned in 2017. As of 2015, according to the State of Illinois Dept Commerce and Economic Opportunity and Individual Employers , the top employers in the city are: Once the home of one of

3220-433: The 1830s and 1840s, although the territory had no defined boundaries. The area remained only sparsely settled, supporting some farming and lumber activity on some of the higher ground, as well as a number of taverns or "hotels" along the ridge roads. Grosse Pointe itself steadily eroded into the lake during this period. In 1850, a township called Ridgeville was organized, extending from Graceland Cemetery in Chicago to

3312-478: The 1968 presidential election. The city began trending Democratic in the 1960s, though it never elected a Democratic mayor until 1993. In the 2012 presidential election, Democratic incumbent Barack Obama won 85% of Evanston's vote, compared to 13% for Republican challenger Mitt Romney . In the 2016 Democratic primary, Hillary Clinton received 54% of the votes of Evanston Democrats to Bernie Sanders ' 45%. During that year's general election, Clinton won 87% of

3404-595: The 1986 Garry Marshall film Nothing in Common were filmed on the Northwestern University campus and Evanston's lakeshore. Although not filmed there, the 2004 film Mean Girls is set in the Chicago suburbs, and makes several references to the area. The movie's screenwriter and co-star, Tina Fey , had worked at the Evanston YMCA when starting her comedy career. In the 2003 film Cheaper by

3496-601: The City Council in November 2008, suggested over 200 strategies to make Evanston more sustainable, principally by reducing carbon emissions associated with transportation, buildings, energy sources, waste, and food production. In June 2011, the United States Conference of Mayors awarded Evanston first place in the small city category of the Mayors' Climate Protection Awards, based largely on the city's use of

3588-608: The Council voted to allow retail liquor outlets within the city limits. In March 2021, Evanston became the first city in the United States to pay reparations to African American residents (or their descendants) who were victims of unfair housing practices. The city council of the city voted 8 to 1 to approve the reparations which consisted of a $ 25,000 payment to African American households that can be used as down payments on their homes, house payments or for home repairs. This

3680-598: The Defense Systems Engineering & Support division of ARINC, adding approximately 1,000 new employees to its roster. In 2014, Booz Allen acquired Epidemico. In 2015, Booz Allen acquired the software development division of the Charleston, S.C. technology firm SPARC. In 2017, Booz Allen acquired eGov Holdings. In 2018, the SEC awarded both Booz Allen and Attain a $ 2.5 billion contract to modernize how

3772-530: The Dozen , the family moves to Evanston. Additionally, 1993 film Rookie of the Year , starring Gary Busey and Thomas Ian Nicholas , was partially shot at Haven Middle School . The 2015 ABC Family reality series Becoming Us was filmed in Evanston. In The Princess Bride , according to IMDb , the screenplay says that the boy and his grandfather live in Evanston. This was also stated by Mandy Patinkin in

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3864-615: The ECAP, which the city asserts has reduced emissions by 24,000 metric tons per year. On September 15, 2011, Wal-Mart presented Mayor Tisdahl with a $ 15,000 award in recognition of the honor, which the mayor donated to Citizens' Greener Evanston. As of the 2020 census there were 78,110 people, 27,918 households, and 15,184 families residing in the city. The population density was 10,012.82 inhabitants per square mile (3,865.97/km ). There were 34,462 housing units at an average density of 4,417.64 per square mile (1,705.66/km ). The racial makeup of

3956-741: The Field Guide to Data Science. A second edition was published in 2015. In 2017, Booz Allen's Josh Sullivan and Angela Zutavern published The Mathematical Corporation. In 2006, at the request of the Article 29 Working Party (an advisory group to the European Commission ), the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Privacy International (PI) investigated the U.S. government's SWIFT surveillance program , and Booz Allen's role therein. The ACLU and PI filed

4048-506: The Illinois legislature passing a bill for that purpose. Evanston expanded after the Civil War with the annexation of the village of North Evanston. Finally, in early 1892, following the annexation of the village of South Evanston, voters elected to organize as a city. The 1892 boundaries are largely those that exist today. In the late summer of 1912, the beaches in Evanston were infested with thousands of rats . The rats had burrowed into

4140-788: The Kingdom. On the military side, Booz Allen is employing dozens of retired American military personnel to train and advise the Royal Saudi Navy and provide logistics for the Saudi Army , but denies its expertise is used by Saudi Arabia in its war against Yemen . Additionally, it also entered an agreement with the Saudi government that involves the protection and cyber-security of government ministries, with experts arguing that these defensive maneuvers could easily be used to target dissidents. David Sirota of Salon said that politicians in

4232-696: The Navy, entitled Program Evaluation Research Task, Summary Report, Phase 1. and Phase 2. both primarily written by Charles F. Clark. In a 1959 article in The American Statistician , Willard Fazar , Head of the Program Evaluation Branch, Special Projects Office, U.S. Navy, gave a detailed description of the main concepts of PERT. He explained: Through an electronic computer, the PERT technique processes data representing

4324-478: The Republican Party as well as individual politicians, including Barack Obama and John McCain . Sirota concluded that "many of the politicians now publicly defending the surveillance state and slamming whistleblowers like Snowden have taken huge sums of money from these two firms", referring to Booz Allen and Carlyle, and that the political parties are "bankrolled by these firms". According to Maplight,

4416-455: The SEC purchases IT services. In February 2020, the company became the SEC's major provider of cybersecurity services by securing a 10-year contract worth $ 113 million. The company was awarded $ 4.4 billion in U.S. Federal obligations in fiscal year 2020. Booz Allen Hamilton has faced criticism and coverage for its close ties with leaders of both major American political parties and their donations to them, as well as its longtime alliances with

4508-596: The US government. The whistleblower initially alerted colleagues of the overbilling, but says that she was told that the Department of Defense was "too stupid" or "not smart enough" to catch Booz Allen and recover the money. She subsequently filed a qui tam lawsuit under the False Claims Act against Booz Allen. A related federal criminal investigation into the company was closed without charges in 2021, while

4600-425: The United States who received financing from Booz Allen and "other firms with a similar multinational business model" have vested interests in "denigrating the democratic protest movements that challenge Mideast surveillance states that make those donors big money, too." In 2023, Booz Allen agreed to a $ 377 million settlement over allegations that it had fraudulently billed the US government from 2011 to 2021, one of

4692-407: The addresses came from educational institutions and defense contractors. Anonymous also said that it accessed four gigabytes of Booz Allen source code and deleted those four gigabytes. According to a statement by the group, "We infiltrated a server on their network that basically had no security measures in place." Anonymous accused Booz Allen of working with HBGary Federal by creating a project for

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4784-478: The area, and had at least some semi-permanent settlements along the trails. French explorers referred to the general area as "Grosse Pointe" after a point of land jutting into Lake Michigan about 13 miles (21 km) north of the mouth of the Chicago River . After the first non-Native Americans settled in the area in 1836, the names "Grosse Point Territory" and "Gross Point voting district" were used through

4876-414: The city was 59.06% White , 16.06% African American , 9.92% Asian , 0.67% Native American , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 4.46% from other races , and 9.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 11.24% of the population. There were 27,918 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.44% were married couples living together, 8.71% had

4968-446: The company employs more than 10,000 personnel who have cleared TS/SCI background checks. In 2008, the commercial arm of Booz Allen split off to form Booz & Company. In 2013, Booz & Company was acquired by PwC and renamed as Strategy& . Since then, Booz Allen has re-entered commercial markets. In 2010, Booz Allen went public with an initial public offering of 14,000,000 shares at $ 17 per share. In 2012, Booz Allen purchased

5060-700: The effort" said that "They are teaching everything. Data mining, Web surveillance, all sorts of digital intelligence collection." In 2013 Sanger and Perlroth said that the company "profits handsomely from its worldwide expansion". Booz Allen has particularly come under scrutiny for its ties to the government of Saudi Arabia and the support it provides to the Saudi armed forces. Alongside competitors McKinsey & Company and Boston Consulting Group , Booz Allen are seen as important factors in Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman ’s drive to consolidate power in

5152-605: The element which triggered these concerns, or the manner in which Snowden satisfied the concerns, were not known. On July 10, 2013, the United States Air Force stated that it cleared Booz Allen of wrongdoing regarding the Snowden case. In 2013, David Sirota of Salon said that Booz Allen and parent company The Carlyle Group make significant political contributions to the Democratic Party and

5244-627: The first Marshall Field's and Sears stores in suburbia, Evanston has several shopping areas: The Evanston Public Library was established in 1873, and has a satellite branch at the Robert Crown Community Center. Heather Norborg is the Interim Library Director. The North and South Branches of the Evanston Library were closed in 2021. The City of Evanston became sister cities with

5336-568: The first streetcar suburbs . The North Shore Line , the interurban railroad that gave the area its nickname , ran through Evanston and continued to Waukegan and Milwaukee . The city is still connected to Chicago by rail transit. The CTA 's Purple Line , part of the Chicago 'L' system, runs through Evanston. From its terminal at Howard in Chicago, the line heads north to the South Boulevard , Main , Dempster , Davis , Foster , Noyes , and Central stations, before terminating at

5428-723: The first appearance of street lights were lined and turned on. Today, the city is home to Northwestern University, Music Institute of Chicago , and other educational institutions, as well as headquarters of Alpha Phi International women's fraternity , Rotary International , the National Merit Scholarship Corporation , the National Lekotek Center, the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, the Sigma Chi fraternity and

5520-450: The first item of analysis in carrying out basic PERT/CPM." In a PERT diagram, the main building block is the event , with connections to its known predecessor events and successor events. Besides events, PERT also tracks activities and sub-activities: PERT defines four types of time required to accomplish an activity: PERT supplies a number of tools for management with determination of concepts, such as: The first step for scheduling

5612-563: The incident "embarrassing" but unlikely to cause enduring commercial damage. Booz Allen stated that it would work with authorities and clients to investigate the leak. Charles Riley of CNN / Money said that Booz Allen was "scrambling to distance itself from Snowden". According to Reuters, a source "with detailed knowledge on the matter" stated that Booz Allen's hiring screeners detected possible discrepancies in Snowden's résumé regarding his education, since some details "did not check out precisely" but decided to hire him anyway; Reuters stated that

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5704-785: The influence Booz Allen carries in Washington isn't restricted to donations, but to a large network of lobbyists and political insiders. According to government watchdog OpenSecrets, “4 out of 6 Booz Allen Hamilton lobbyists in 2015-2016 have previously held government jobs”. Booz Allen helped the Government of the United Arab Emirates create an equivalent of the National Security Agency for that country. According to David E. Sanger and Nicole Perlroth of The New York Times , "one Arab official familiar with

5796-631: The introduction of PERT, the American librarian Maribeth Brennan compiled a selected bibliography with about 150 publications on PERT and CPM, all published between 1958 and 1968. For the subdivision of work units in PERT another tool was developed: the Work Breakdown Structure . The Work Breakdown Structure provides "a framework for complete networking, the Work Breakdown Structure was formally introduced as

5888-465: The largest procurement fraud settlements in history, without admitting civil liability. The settlement was the result of an investigation sparked by a whistleblower and former Booz Allen employee, who noticed that the firm was overbilling the US government in 2016. The whistleblower said that Booz Allen lowballed the cost of work done with foreign governments and corporations, then lumped the costs it incurred together with US government contracts to bill to

5980-408: The major, finite accomplishments (events) essential to achieve end-objectives; the inter-dependence of those events; and estimates of time and range of time necessary to complete each activity between two successive events. Such time expectations include estimates of "most likely time", "optimistic time", and "pessimistic time" for each activity. The technique is a management control tool that sizes up

6072-543: The majority of the land was in Wilmette. Founded in 1855, Evanston is home to Northwestern University . Located along Lake Michigan, Northwestern's campus spans 240 acres with an estimated 250 buildings. Since 1908, Kellogg School of Management as well as Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary (1853) have institutions, of which both share the campus with Northwestern. Evanston's variety of housing and commercial districts, combined with easy access to Chicago, make it

6164-521: The manipulation of social media. Anonymous also accused Booz Allen of participating in intelligence-gathering and surveillance programs of the U.S. federal government and, as stated by Kukil Bora of the International Business Times , "possible illegal activities". Booz Allen confirmed the intrusion on 13 July, but contradicted Anonymous' claims in saying that the attack never got past their own systems, meaning that information from

6256-449: The maximum EF of all predecessor activities, unless the activity in question is the first activity, for which the ES is zero (0). The EF is the ES plus the task duration (EF = ES + duration). Barring any unforeseen events , the project should take 19.51 work days to complete. The next step is to determine the late start (LS) and late finish (LF) of each activity. This will eventually show if there are activities that have slack . The LF

6348-683: The militaries and surveillance entities of nations abroad. In June 2012, Booz Allen expanded its operations in North Africa and the Middle East, with initial plans to add operations in Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates. It planned to later add operations to Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, during a time when those countries, as stated by Jill R. Aitoro of the Washington Business Journal , were "recover[ing] from

6440-579: The military should be secure. In August of that year, during a conference call with analysts, Ralph Shrader, the chairman and CEO, stated that "the cost of remediation and other activities directly associated with the attack" were not expected to have a "material effect on our financial results". In June 2013, Edward Snowden —at the time a Booz Allen employee contracted to projects of the National Security Agency (NSA)—publicly disclosed details of classified mass surveillance and data collection programs, including PRISM . The alleged leaks are said to rank among

6532-455: The most significant breaches in the history of the NSA and led to considerable concern worldwide. Booz Allen condemned Snowden's leak of the existence of PRISM as "shocking" and "a grave violation of the code of conduct and core values of our firm". The company fired Snowden in absentia shortly after and stated he had been an employee for less than three months at the time. Market analysts considered

6624-436: The normal, non-rushed time. Many times, the time required to execute the task can be reduced for an additional cost or a reduction in the quality. In the following example there are seven tasks, labeled A through G . Some tasks can be done concurrently ( A and B ) while others cannot be done until their predecessor task is complete ( C cannot begin until A is complete). Additionally, each task has three time estimates:

6716-420: The north shore up to Lake Forest, the committee was ready to purchase farmland to the west of the city when Orrington Lunt insisted on one final visit to the present location. They chose a bluffed and wooded site along the lake as Northwestern's home, purchasing several hundred acres of land from John Foster, a Chicago farm owner. In 1854, the founders of Northwestern submitted to the county judge their plans for

6808-413: The opening of the 1968 Games. This project model was the first of its kind, a revival for the scientific management of Frederick Taylor and later refined by Henry Ford ( Fordism ). DuPont 's CPM was invented at roughly the same time as PERT. Initially PERT stood for Program Evaluation Research Task, but by 1959 was renamed. It had been made public in 1958 in two publications of the U.S. Department of

6900-560: The optimistic time estimate ( o ), the most likely or normal time estimate ( m ), and the pessimistic time estimate ( p ). The expected time ( te ) is computed using the formula ( o + 4 m + p ) ÷ 6. Once this step is complete, one can draw a Gantt chart or a network diagram. A network diagram can be created by hand or by using diagram software. There are two types of network diagrams, activity on arrow ( AOA ) and activity on node ( AON ). Activity on node diagrams are generally easier to create and interpret. To create an AON diagram, it

6992-459: The outlook for meeting objectives on time; highlights danger signals requiring management decisions; reveals and defines both methodicalness and slack in the flow plan or the network of sequential activities that must be performed to meet objectives; compares current expectations with scheduled completion dates and computes the probability for meeting scheduled dates; and simulates the effects of options for decision— before decision. Ten years after

7084-562: The overall time of the project. Slack is computed in one of two ways, slack = LF − EF or slack = LS − ES. Activities that are on the critical path have a slack of zero (0). The critical path is aceg and the critical time is 19.51 work days. It is important to note that there can be more than one critical path (in a project more complex than this example) or that the critical path can change. For example, let's say that activities d and f take their pessimistic (b) times to complete instead of their expected (T E ) times. The critical path

7176-418: The project is to determine the tasks that the project requires and the order in which they must be completed. The order may be easy to record for some tasks (e.g., when building a house, the land must be graded before the foundation can be laid) while difficult for others (there are two areas that need to be graded, but there are only enough bulldozers to do one). Additionally, the time estimates usually reflect

7268-554: The project progressed, the department became so dependent on Booz Allen that it lost the flexibility for a time to seek out other contractors or hire federal employees who might do the job for less. Elaine Duke , the department's chief procurement officer, acknowledged the problems with the Booz Allen contract, but said those matters have been resolved. She defended a decision to issue a second no-bid contract in 2005 as necessary to keep an essential intelligence operation running until

7360-407: The project. Likewise, activity d or activity f can be delayed 4.68 work days without delaying the project (alternatively, d and f can be delayed 2.34 work days each). Depending upon the capabilities of the data input phase of the critical path algorithm, it may be possible to create a loop, such as A -> B -> C -> A. This can cause simple algorithms to loop indefinitely. Although it

7452-477: The quantity of dead fish that was cast to shore by the waves. The weather also played a role since the close proximity to the beaches allowed the rats to swim out in the water during the hot summer. During the 1960s, Northwestern University changed the city's shoreline by adding a 74-acre (30 ha) lakefill . In 1939, Evanston hosted the first NCAA basketball championship final at Northwestern University's Patten Gymnasium . In August 1954, Evanston hosted

7544-451: The real estate it removes from property tax rolls. Its backers, like former Evanston mayor and Northwestern alumna Lorraine H. Morton, contend that the benefits of having an elite research institution justify Northwestern's tax status. These supporters highlight the fact that Northwestern University is the largest employer in Evanston, and that its students and faculty constitute a large consumer base for Evanston businesses. This controversy

7636-586: The second assembly of the World Council of Churches , still the only WCC assembly to have been held in the United States. President Dwight Eisenhower welcomed the delegates, and Dag Hammarskjöld , secretary-general of the United Nations , delivered an important address entitled "An instrument of faith". Evanston first received power in April 1893. Many people lined the streets on Emerson St. where

7728-424: The sides of the lake banks, dug holes in the sand, and hid under piers. Most of the rats were extremely large and savage, attacking people who disturbed them. Local bathers struggled to navigate the shores, constantly stepping into the hidden rat holes. John Morgan, the manager of an extermination company tasked with removing the vermin, stated that it was not uncommon for rats to live around the lake's shore because of

7820-551: The southern edge of the Ouilmette Reservation , along what is now Central Street , and from Lake Michigan to Western Avenue in Chicago. The 1850 census shows a few hundred settlers in this township, and a post office with the name of Ridgeville was established at one of the taverns. However, no municipality yet existed. In 1851, a group of Methodist business leaders founded Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute . Unable to find available land on

7912-489: The term PERT is applied increasingly to all critical path scheduling." PERT was developed primarily to simplify the planning and scheduling of large and complex projects. It was developed for the U.S. Navy Special Projects Office to support the U.S. Navy's Polaris nuclear submarine project. It found applications throughout industry. An early example is the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble which used PERT from 1965 until

8004-465: The turmoil associated with the Arab Spring ". The Booz Allen employee base, when it was a part of Booz & Company, had long-term relationships with many North African and Middle Eastern countries; Booz Allen had split from Booz & Company. Business Government Other fields Booz Allen has been credited with developing several business concepts. In 1957, Sam Johnson, great grandson of

8096-413: The vote in Evanston, while Republican Donald Trump received just 7%. Evanston's turnout for presidential elections has grown steadily since 2004, with 80% of registered voters voting in the 2016 general election. In the 2020 presidential election, Democrat Joe Biden received 90% of the vote, while Republican Donald Trump received only 7%. Most of Evanston (and a small part of the village of Skokie)

8188-409: The west, Wilmette to the north, and Lake Michigan to the east. Evanston had a population of 78,110 as of 2020 . Founded by Methodist business leaders in 1857, the city was incorporated in 1863. Evanston is home to Northwestern University , founded in 1851 before the city's incorporation, one of the world's leading research universities . Today known for its ethnically diverse population, Evanston

8280-410: Was 36.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 82,335, and the median income for a family was $ 130,494. Males had a median income of $ 56,582 versus $ 42,589 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 53,685. About 4.6% of families and 11.7% of the population were below

8372-495: Was revived in 2003 when the university purchased an eight-story office building downtown, removing it from the tax rolls. An advisory referendum put on the April elections ballot, dubbed by supporters as a "Fair Share Initiative", received a majority, but was not passed into ordinance by the City Council. During the tenure of Elizabeth Tisdahl as mayor, relationships between the university and Evanston improved. Upon arriving at Northwestern in 2009 president Morton O. Schapiro forged

8464-420: Was the initial payment, with plans to distribute $ 10 million in reparations payments to Black residents over the next decade. In August 2021, Evanston became one of the first cities to approve a pilot project providing a guaranteed income to select residents, drawing upon a combination of public funds and a partnership with Northwestern University. According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Evanston has

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