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23-665: The Bor massacre was a massacre of an estimated 2,000 civilians in Bor on November 15, 1991 during the Second Sudanese Civil War . The massacre was carried out mostly by Nuer fighters from SPLA-Nasir , led by Riek Machar , and the militant group known as the Nuer White Army , shortly after Machar split off from the SPLA led by John Garang . Amnesty International said at least 2,000 Dinka were killed, though

46-535: A light-coloured ash as a protection against biting insects , other sources contend the name was merely intended to draw a distinction between the Nuer militia and the Sudan Armed Forces , with the irregular "white" forces opposing the regular "black" forces, so called because white has a positive connotation and black a negative one. During the Second Sudanese Civil War , White Army fighters mainly from

69-730: A government station there under the Turkiyah Government . In the early years of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , Bor was a "wooding station" for steamers travelling along the White Nile (Bahr al Jabal River). In 1905, Bor was established as the headquarters of the Bor District . Bor became an administrative centre under the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956) for the Dinka Bor people . Bor is the epicenter of

92-413: A single payam . These new counties were Bor South County ( Kolnyang payam ), Bor East County ( Anyidi Payam ), Bor Central county ( Makuach Payam ), Bor West County ( Baidit Payam ), and Bor North County ( Jalle Payam ). Bor is the second most developed city, in central South Sudan, approximately 190 kilometres (120 mi), by road, north of Juba , the capital and largest city in the country. The town

115-427: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This massacre -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bor, South Sudan Bor is located on the eastern bank of White Nile River, a site where an ivory trading depot was established in the 1860s. It grew into a regional hub of the ivory trade during the late nineteenth century. In 1874, Charles George Gordon established

138-484: Is estimated by the United Nations agency's Statistics to be 727,583. The economy depends on agricultural products, fishing, livestock and foreign investments in different sectors. Bor has the highest number of livestock (cattle, goats and sheep) in the country. Bor is the second largest economy in the country, with Juba being the first as it is the centre of businesses and government. Prior to 2013 civil war, Bor

161-499: Is located on the east bank of the White Nile. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical wet and dry ( Aw ). “The effects of climate change in South Sudan have led to unusually intense rains: flood waters have forced people from their homes, leaving them without sufficient food and water,” says Caroline Sekyewa, IRC country director in South Sudan. Apr 10, 2023 The 2024 population of Bor

184-552: Is of historical importance to the people of South Sudan. It was in Malek , a small settlement about 19 kilometres (12 mi) south of Bor, that one of the first modern Christian missions in present-day South Sudan was established by Archibald Shaw in 1906. Bor became the first area to host a Church Missionary Society station in 1906. Malek was turned into a missionary stronghold in the Upper Nile Region . Shaw opened

207-425: The 2013 South Sudanese coup d'état attempt , Bor was contested in several weeks of combat between the national army and rebels led by Riek Machar due to its influential status on national affairs. A portion of the Nuer White Army joined the fighting as well. In 2016, Bor was designated as the seat of Bor Municipality. The same order sub-divided the former Bor County into five smaller counties, each containing

230-683: The Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 between the government of Sudan and the SPLM/A, which formed the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan , the Nuer White Army lost its remaining coherence. By February 2006, Nuer elders interviewed by Small Arms Survey workers acknowledged they had little or no control over the armed youths and said the incidence of cattle theft and other miscreant behavior on

253-646: The Small Arms Survey , it arose from the 1991 schism within the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) for the dual purpose of defending Nuer cattle herds from neighbouring groups and fighting in the Second Sudanese Civil War between the SPLM/A and the Sudanese government. While sometimes reported that the White Army was so named due to the Nuer practice of smearing one's skin with

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276-598: The Lou Nuer subtribe backed the breakaway SPLM/A faction known as SPLA-Nasir , in attacks on the Dinka . They were partly responsible for the Bor massacre , in which at least 2000 people were killed in 1991. However, the fighters never formed long-term alliances with other factions in the war, acting for short-term benefit only. Among their most regular enemies were the Murle people , a rival tribe competing for land and cattle in

299-518: The Nuer White Army had re-formed and had issued a threat on Christmas Day 2011 to "wipe out the entire Murle tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee long-term security of Nuer's cattle". The statement also declared the White Army's intention to fight the SPLA and the United Nations , which has a peacekeeping mission in the country. The declaration marked an escalation in

322-780: The Second Sudanese Civil War. 105 Battalion led by Alier Nhialmangardit staged a revolt against the oppressive Khartoum government in Malual-Chaat a garrison in Town of Bor, in May 1983, leading to the birth of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement and Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLM/SPLA). Bor was also the scene of the 1991 Bor massacre, where thousands of civilians were killed by Riek Machar's army of loyal tribesmen. Eventually South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011 following 22 years of liberation struggle. Bor

345-567: The country, is located in Bor. The university is named after John Garang de Mabior a former leader of Sudan People Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA). Garang was a guerrilla leader fighting in Southern Sudan against Khartoum governments for what he termed as “New Sudan” under the SPLA/M umbrella. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005 was signed under his leadership, an event which paved way for

368-522: The fighters gave up their attempts at resistance, according to the Small Arms Survey . The news service IRIN reported that more than 1,000 Lou Nuer men and boys in Akobo County who had been part of the White Army voluntarily surrendered their weapons to authorities in July 2006. In late December 2011, several months after South Sudan gained its independence, The Upper Nile Times reported that

391-656: The first primary school in Malek. This school produced the first indigenous Anglican bishop to be consecrated in Dinkaland, Rt. Rev. Daniel Deng Atong , followed the Nikonora Achiek Deng Ariir. Daniel Deng Atong became the first to be baptized in Bor. Bor was an epicenter of the start of the Second Sudanese Civil War . In Malual-Chaat barrack, statues of liberators and destroyed weapons are conserved and exhibited at historical heritage site. Following

414-563: The independence of South Sudan in July 2011 when Southern Sudan voted for separation from the North during the referendum. Bor is also the seat of Bor Diocese in the Episcopal Church of Sudan . Bor is also served by Bor Airport , in addition to river traffic on the White Nile and three major roads that lead out of town. ARC collaborated with the government to build a multi-million dollar highway from Juba to Bor, Making Bor

437-438: The only city connected to national capital with a paved road. It is believed to be the longest dual carriage highway in the central and Eastern Africa. South Sudan Nuer White Army The Nuer White Army , sometimes decapitalised as the "white army" , is a semi-official name for an ethnic Nuer militant organization in central and eastern Greater Upper Nile in modern-day South Sudan formed around 1991. According to

460-406: The real number may have been higher. In the years which followed, an estimated 25,000 more died from famine as their cattle were either stolen or shot and the fighting had displaced them from the land they had once cultivated. At the time, Riek Machar described the incident as "propaganda" and "myth". In 2012, he publicly apologized for his part in the massacre. This South Sudan -related article

483-423: The states of Jonglei and Upper Nile . During the war, though the term "White Army" could refer collectively to Nuer youth militants, there was rarely any functioning central authority for the disparate fighters, and a number of White Army factions based around different cattle camps operated autonomously or semi-autonomously of one another. The ranks of leadership had a reportedly high rate of turnover. After

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506-470: The youths' part was increasing. Riek Machar, the White Army's erstwhile wartime ally, announced the White Army would be disbanded amidst an SPLM/A disarmament campaign in the region. However, it was not until a major defeat in May 2006 near Motot , in Jonglei's Uror County , in which 113 White Army fighters were reportedly killed for the loss of a single Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) soldier, that

529-403: Was the fastest growing city in the country. Kenyan Commercial Bank (KCB) still maintains its branch. Bor city has one the best primary and secondary schools in the country. Both in primary and secondary national examinations, students and schools from Bor rank among the highest nationally. The John Garang Memorial University of Science and Technology, one of the leading public universities in

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