Misplaced Pages

#721278

72-519: Borgo Val di Taro is an important centre for cattle husbandry in Emilia and it is one of the zones where Parmigiano-Reggiano is produced. The area is well known for its Boletus edulis (porcini) mushrooms, and several boletes that grow there have IGP (English: PGI) status. James Gandolfini Sr., father of Italian-American actor James Gandolfini Jr., was born in Borgo Val di Taro. Not far from

144-613: A Moroccan traveler who came to Bengal in the middle of the 14th century, praised the cotton cloth made in Sonargaon in his book The Rihla . Chinese writers who came to Bengal in the fifteenth century praised cotton cloth. The muslin industry flourished in Bengal between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. The main muslin production centers in Bengal during this period were Dhaka and its surrounding areas, Shantipur, Malda and Hooghly. The 16th-century English traveller Ralph Fitch lauded

216-459: A fine and transparent variety of fine muslin from Dacca. The fabric's characteristics are summed up in its name. Muslin has several kinds of variations. Many of the below are mentioned in Ain-i-Akbari (16th-century detailed document) Mull is another kind of muslin. It is a soft, thin, and semitransparent material. The name is derived from Hindi "mal" which means "soft". Swiss mull

288-458: A fruitcake traditionally eaten at Halloween in Ireland. Beekeepers use muslin to filter melted beeswax to clean it of particles and debris. Muslin is often the cloth of choice for theatre sets. It is used to mask the background of sets and to establish the mood or feel of different scenes. It receives paint well and, if treated properly, can be made translucent. It also holds dyes well. It

360-613: A limited area in northern Italy. Special seals identify the product as authentic, with the identification number of the dairy, the production month and year, a code identifying the individual wheel and stamps regarding the length of aging. Parmesan cheese made outside of the European Union is a family of hard grating cheeses made from cow's milk and inspired by the original Italian cheese. They are generally pale yellow in color and usually used grated on dishes such as pasta , Caesar salad , and pizza . Some American generic Parmesan

432-492: A loan. October 27 is designated "Parmigiano Reggiano Day" by The Consortium of Parmigiano Reggiano. This day celebrating the " king of cheeses " originated in response to the two earthquakes hitting the area of origin in May 2012. The devastation was profound, displacing tens of thousands of residents, collapsing factories, and damaging historical churches, bell towers, and other landmarks. Years of cheese production were lost during

504-503: A misreading of a report by William Bolts from 1772. Many of the threatened weavers fled East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) and settled in the eastern districts of West Bengal, these districts were famous for the cotton products of Bengal. The quality, fineness and production volume of Bengali muslin declined as a result of these policies, continuing when India transitioned from Company rule to British Crown control . To revive Bengal muslin, two muslin production centers were set up by

576-767: A scheme called Bangladesh Golden Heritage Muslin Yarn Manufacturing Technology and Muslin Cloth Restoration was undertaken to restore and develop the muslin production system in Bangladesh. Under this project, samples of muslin from different countries including India, Britain were inspected and data collected. Old maps of the Meghna River were examined and combined with modern satellite imagery to identify possible locations – where phuti carpus plants could still be found. From there,

648-525: A single piece of cloth could be easily moved through the ring. Very fine cotton cloth was made in Mosul in the 12th century and later. Arab traders carried it to Europe as a commodity, and enchanted Europeans called it muslin; since then the very fine and beautiful cotton cloth came to be known as muslin. In 1298 AD, Marco Polo described in his book The Travels that muslin is made in Mosul, Iraq. Ibn Battuta ,

720-529: A thread count of 300, which is nowhere near the quality of real Dhaka muslin ; But much better quality than what the weavers of many generations past have woven. The Bangladesh Handloom Board (BHB) is implementing the first phase of the project titled Bangladesh's Golden Heritage Muslin Yarn Manufacturing Technology and Muslin Cloth Reviving , and the Revival work was completed in 2020. Dhakai Muslin

792-485: Is twinned with: Parmigiano-Reggiano Parmesan ( Italian : Parmigiano Reggiano , Italian: [parmiˈdʒaːno redˈdʒaːno] ) is an Italian hard , granular cheese produced from cow's milk and aged at least 12 months or, outside the European Union and Lisbon Agreement countries, a locally produced imitation. Parmigiano Reggiano is named after two of the areas which produce it,

SECTION 10

#1732798776722

864-584: Is a major North American producer of grated Parmesan and has been selling it since 1945. A number of Wisconsin cheesemakers , some founded by Italian immigrants, produce Parmesan in whole wheels. A number of non-European parmesan producers have taken strong objection to the attempts of the European Union to globally control the trademark of the Parmesan name, claiming that it is more about control of trade than control of quality. Several American manufacturers have been investigated for allegedly going beyond

936-463: Is a type of which is finished with stiffening agents. Because muslin is an inexpensive, unbleached cotton fabric available in different weights, it is often used as a backing or lining for quilts, and therefore can often be found in wide widths in the quilting sections of fabric stores. When sewing clothing, a dressmaker may test the fit of a garment by using muslin fabric to make a test-model before cutting pieces from more expensive fabric to make

1008-493: Is allowed as a starter, together with calf rennet. The only additive allowed is salt , which the cheese absorbs while being submerged for 20 days in brine tanks saturated to near-total salinity with Mediterranean sea salt. The product is aged a minimum of one year and an average of two years; an expert from the Consorzio typically conducts a sound test with a hammer to determine if a wheel has finished maturing. The cheese

1080-571: Is an Italian cheese similar to Parmigiano Reggiano, but is produced mainly in Lombardy , where Padano refers to the Po Valley ( Pianura Padana ); the cows producing the milk may be fed silage as well as grass; the milk may contain slightly less fat, milk from several different days may be used, and must be aged a minimum of 9 months. Reggianito is an Argentine cheese similar to Parmigiano Reggiano. Developed by Italian Argentine cheesemakers,

1152-536: Is known as a certified name (which is not the same as a brand name ). In 2008, an EU court determined that the name Parmesan in Europe only refers to Parmigiano Reggiano and cannot be used for imitation Parmesan. Thus, in the European Union , Parmigiano Reggiano is a protected designation of origin (PDO); legally, the name refers exclusively to the Parmigiano Reggiano PDO cheese manufactured in

1224-558: Is legally protected in the European Union and, in Italy, exclusive control is exercised over the cheese's production and sale by The Consortium of Parmigiano Reggiano, which was created by a governmental decree. Each wheel must meet strict criteria early in the aging process, when the cheese is still soft and creamy, to merit the official seal and be placed in storage for aging. Because it is widely imitated, Parmigiano Reggiano has become an increasingly regulated product, and in 1955 it became what

1296-412: Is made from unpasteurised cow's milk . The whole milk of the morning milking is mixed with the naturally skimmed milk of the previous evening's milking, resulting in a part skim mixture. This mixture is pumped into copper-lined vats, which heat evenly and contribute copper ions to the mix. Starter whey (containing a mixture of certain thermophilic lactic acid bacteria ) is added, and the temperature

1368-404: Is often shaved or grated over other dishes such as salads . Slivers and chunks of the hardest parts of the crust (also called the rind) are sometimes simmered in soups, broths, and sauces to add flavor. They can also be broiled and eaten as a snack, if they have no wax on them, or infused in olive oil or used in a steamer basket while steaming vegetables. According to legend, Parmigiano Reggiano

1440-445: Is often used to create nighttime scenes because when dyed, it often gets a wavy look with the color varying slightly, such that it resembles a night sky. Muslin shrinks after it is painted or sprayed with water, which is desirable in some common techniques such as soft-covered flats . In video production, muslin is used as a cheap greenscreen or bluescreen , either pre-colored or painted with latex paint (diluted with water). Muslin

1512-453: Is produced daily, and it can show a natural variability. True Parmigiano Reggiano cheese has a sharp, complex fruity/nutty taste with a strong savory flavor and a slightly gritty texture. Inferior versions can impart a bitter taste. A typical Parmigiano Reggiano wheel is about 18–24 cm (7–9 in) high, 40–45 cm (16–18 in) in diameter , and weighs 38 kg (84 lb). All producers of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese belong to

SECTION 20

#1732798776722

1584-663: Is raised to 33–35 °C (91–95 °F). Calf rennet is added, and the mixture is left to curdle for 10–12 minutes. The curd is then broken up mechanically into small pieces (around the size of rice grains). The temperature is then raised to 55 °C (131 °F) with careful control by the cheese-maker. The curd is left to settle for 45–60 minutes. The compacted curd is collected in a piece of muslin before being divided in two and placed in molds. There are 1,100 litres (290 US gal) of milk per vat, producing two cheeses each. The curd making up each wheel at this point weighs around 45 kilograms (99 lb). The remaining whey in

1656-445: Is sold already grated and has been aged for less than 12 months. Within the European Union , the term Parmesan may only be used, by law, to refer to Parmigiano Reggiano itself, which must be made in a restricted geographic area, using stringently defined methods. In many areas outside Europe the name Parmesan has become genericised and may denote any of a number of hard Italian-style grating cheeses. These cheeses, chiefly from

1728-399: Is still widely used. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Mughal Bengal emerged as the foremost muslin exporter in the world, with Dhaka as capital of the worldwide muslin trade. In the latter half of the 18th century, muslin weaving ceased in Bengal due to cheap fabrics from England and oppression by the colonialists. In India in the latter half of the 20th century and in Bangladesh in

1800-523: Is that the gauze reinforces the artery and helps prevent rupture. It is often used for aneurysms that, due to their size or shape, cannot be microsurgically clipped or coiled. Many travelers and merchants of the 13th and 14th centuries praised Bengal muslin, and claimed it as the best muslin. From the Mughal rulers to the European colonial rulers, Bengal's muslins were recognized for their superiority, with

1872-593: Is the most common backdrop material used by photographers for formal portrait backgrounds. These backdrops are usually painted, most often with an abstract mottled pattern. In the early days of silent film -making, and until the late 1910s, movie studios did not have the elaborate lights needed to illuminate indoor sets, so most interior scenes were sets built outdoors with large pieces of muslin hanging overhead to diffuse sunlight. Surgeons use muslin gauze in cerebrovascular neurosurgery to wrap around aneurysms or intracranial vessels at risk for bleeding. The thought

1944-542: The Consorzio del Formaggio Parmigiano Reggiano ( lit.   ' Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese Consortium ' ), which was founded in 1928. Besides setting and enforcing the standards for the PDO , the Consorzio also sponsors marketing activities. As of 2017 , about 3.6 million wheels (approx. 137,000 metric tons ) of Parmesan are produced every year; they use about 18% of all the milk produced in Italy. Most workers in

2016-523: The comune (municipality) of Lodi , in Lombardy, not Parma. Though Casanova knew his table and claimed in his memoir to have been compiling a (never completed) dictionary of cheeses, his comment has been taken to refer mistakenly to a grana cheese similar to Parmigiano, Grana Padano , which is produced in the Lodi area. Parmigiano Reggiano has been the target of organized crime in Italy , particularly

2088-460: The Indian subcontinent , but became unable to compete with the local muslin industry. The Company administration initiated several policies in an attempt to suppress the muslin industry, and muslin production subsequently experienced a period of decline. It has been alleged that in some instances Indian weavers were rounded up and their thumbs chopped off, although this has been refuted by historians as

2160-627: The Italian provinces of Parma and Reggio Emilia ( Parmigiano is the Italian adjective for the city and province of Parma and Reggiano is the adjective for the province of Reggio Emilia); it is also produced in the part of Bologna west of the River Reno and in Modena (all of the above being located in the Emilia-Romagna region), as well as in the part of Mantua ( Lombardy ) on

2232-448: The 4% cellulose limit (allowed as an anticaking agent for grated cheese, 21 CFR 133.146). In one case, FDA findings found "no Parmesan cheese was used to manufacture" a Pennsylvania manufacturer's grated cheese labeled "Parmesan", apparently made from a mixture of other cheeses and cellulose. The manufacturer pleaded guilty and received a sentence of three years' probation, a $ 5,000 fine and 200 hours of community service. Grana Padano

Borgo Val di Taro - Misplaced Pages Continue

2304-467: The English language around the 12th century. (Today, toile simply refers to any sheer fabric, which may be made, for example, from linen or cotton.) The modern German term for a test- or fitting garment is Nesselmodell . Muslin can be used as a filter : Muslin is the material for the traditional cloth wrapped around a Christmas pudding . It is the fabric wrapped around the items in barmbrack ,

2376-570: The Indian subcontinent; Bengal was the main manufacturing region and the main centers were Sonargaon (near Dhaka), Shantipur and Murshidabad . Muslin was also produced in Malda and Hooghly . The muslin produced at Sonargaon and its surrounding areas was of excellent quality, which is popularly known as Dhaka Muslin . The muslin produced in Shantipur came to be known as Shantipuri Muslin , which

2448-599: The Italian dairy industry ( bergamini ) belong to the Italian General Confederation of Labour . As older dairy workers retire, younger Italians have tended to work in factories or offices. Immigrants have filled that role. In 2015, 60 percent of the workers in the Parmesan industry were immigrants from India , almost all Sikhs . Parmigiano Reggiano is commonly grated over pasta dishes, stirred into soups and risottos , and eaten on its own. It

2520-715: The Khadi and Rural Industries Commission, one at Basowa in Birbhum district of West Bengal , and the other at Panduru in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh . Under the patronage of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , Kalicharan Sharma took the lead in reviving the lost fame of muslin in Basowa, Birbhum district of West Bengal, with the help of some spinners. He soon found the dry climate of Birbhum quite unsuitable for spinning muslin yarn. Later he shifted his work center to

2592-525: The Mafia or Camorra , which ambush delivery trucks on the Autostrada A1 , in northern Italy , between Milan and Bologna , hijacking shipments. The cheese is ultimately sold in southern Italy . Between November 2013 and January 2015, an organised crime gang stole 2039 wheels of Parmigiano Reggiano from warehouses in northern and central Italy. Some banks will accept Parmesan cheese as collateral for

2664-590: The Parmigiano Reggiano name, the plant's number, and month and year of production is put around the cheese and the metal form is buckled tight again. The imprints take hold on the rind of the cheese in about a day and the wheel is then put into a brine bath to absorb salt for 20–25 days. After brining, the wheels are then transferred to the aging rooms in the plant for 12 months. Each cheese is placed on wooden shelves that can be 24 cheeses high by 90 cheeses long or 2,160 total wheels per aisle. Each cheese and

2736-449: The US and Argentina, are often commercialised under names intended to evoke the original, such as Parmesan, Parmigiana, Parmesana, Parmabon, Real Parma, Parmezan, or Parmezano. After the European ruling that "parmesan" could not be used as a generic name, Kraft renamed its grated cheese "Pamesello" in Europe. Parmesan cheese is defined differently in various jurisdictions outside of Europe. In

2808-659: The United States, the Code of Federal Regulations includes a Standard of Identity for "Parmesan and Reggiano cheese". This defines both aspects of the production process and of the final result. In particular, Parmesan must be made of cow's milk, cured for 10 months or more, contain no more than 32% water, and have no less than 32% milkfat in its solids. Similarly, the Canadian regulation only defines moisture and fat levels, with no restriction on aging time. Kraft Foods

2880-553: The aperture of a lady's finger-ring. Gaius Petronius Arbiter (1st century AD Roman courtier and author of the Satyricon ) described the transparent nature of the muslin cloth as below: Thy bride might as well clothe herself with a garment of the wind as stand forth publicly naked under her clouds of muslin. Certain delicate muslins were given poetic names such as Baft Hawa ("woven air"), Shabnam ("evening dew"), and āb-i-ravān ("flowing water"). The latter name refers to

2952-471: The best that ever was drunk, and never a drop of water therein'. During the Great Fire of London of 1666, Samuel Pepys buried his "Parmazan cheese, as well as his wine and some other things" to preserve them. In the memoirs of Giacomo Casanova , he remarked that the name Parmesan was a misnomer common throughout an "ungrateful" Europe in his time (mid-18th century), as the cheese was produced in

Borgo Val di Taro - Misplaced Pages Continue

3024-448: The cheese is made in smaller wheels and aged for less time, but is otherwise broadly similar. Muslin Muslin ( / ˈ m ʌ z l ɪ n / ) is a cotton fabric of plain weave . It is made in a wide range of weights from delicate sheers to coarse sheeting. It is commonly believed that it gets its name from the city of Mosul, Iraq . Muslin was produced in different regions of

3096-444: The disaster, about $ 50 million worth. In order to assist the cheese producers, Modena native chef Massimo Bottura created the recipe riso cacio e pepe . He invited the world to cook this new dish along with him launching "Parmigiano Reggiano Day"—October 27. Parmigiano Reggiano has many aroma -active compounds, including various aldehydes and butyrates . Butyric acid and isovaleric acid together are sometimes used to imitate

3168-434: The dominant aromas. Parmigiano Reggiano is also particularly high in glutamate , containing as much as 1.2 g of glutamate per 100 g of cheese. The high concentration of glutamate explains the strong umami taste of Parmigiano Reggiano. Parmigiano Reggiano cheese typically contains cheese crystals , semi-solid to gritty crystalline spots that at least partially consist of the amino acid tyrosine . The name

3240-657: The establishment of Murshidabad as the capital of Bengal, Cossimbazar —a small town on the banks of the Bhagirathi south of Murshidabad city, now included in the Baharampur municipality—became the center of a silk and cotton textile trade. The branch of the Bhagirathi that joined the Jalangi was called Cossimbazar river, and the triangular land surrounded by the Padma, Bhagirathi and Jalangi was called Cossimbazar Island. It

3312-464: The final product, thereby avoiding potential costly mistakes. In the United States, these test-models are themselves sometimes referred to as "muslins," the process is called "making a muslin," and "muslin" has become the generic term for any test- or fitting garment, regardless of the fabric it is made from. In Britain and Australia, the term for a test- or fitting garment used to be Toile . The word "toile," from an Old French word for "cloth," entered

3384-653: The foremost muslin exporter in the world, with Mughal Dhaka as capital of the worldwide muslin trade. It became highly popular in 18th-century France and eventually spread across much of the Western world. Dhaka muslin was first showcased in the UK at The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in 1851. During the period of Company rule , the East India Company imported British-produced cloth into

3456-581: The genetic sequences of the recovered cotton plants were made and compared with the original ones. After testing, a carpus plant was identified, which was 70 percent identical to the Futi carpus. An island in the Meghna, 30 km north of Dhaka , was selected for the production of this corpus, where some seeds were sown experimentally in 2015, and the first cotton was harvested that year. But at that time there were no skilled spinners in Bangladesh to produce fine yarn, on

3528-573: The list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO under the title Traditional art of Jamdani Weaving . The dictionary Hobson Jobson published by two Englishmen named S.C. Burnell and Henry Yule mentions that the word muslin comes from ' Mosul '—a famous trading center and city in Iraq. Mosul produced a very fine cloth, which became known as muslin in Europe. The earliest specimen of Indian fine cotton cloth (like muslin)

3600-474: The muslin he saw in Sonargaon . He visited India in 1583, described Sonargaon, "as a town ...... where there is the best and finest cloth made in all India". During the reign of Emperor Jahangir , Islam Khan Chishti shifted the capital from Rajmahal to Dhaka in 1610 AD, Dhaka gained prominence as the center of trade and commerce of Bengal. During this period the muslin produced in Dhaka achieved excellence, and

3672-638: The muslin produced here became world famous as Dhakai muslin . Mughal Emperor Akbar's courtier, Abul Fazal , praised the fine cotton fabric produced in Sonargaon (near Dhaka). Abul Fazl wrote "the Sarkar of Sonargaon produces a species of muslin very fine and in great quantity". European traders began arriving in the Bengali capital of Dhaka in the early seventeenth century, and these traders procured cotton cloth and muslin from Bengal for export to Europe. After

SECTION 50

#1732798776722

3744-408: The muslins produced at Sonargaon being the best. In 2013, the traditional art of Jamdani weaving in Bangladesh was included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . In 2020, Dhakai muslin was given Geographical indication status as a product of Bangladesh. In 2024, Banglar Muslin (or Bengal Muslin) was granted Geographical Indication status as

3816-530: The neighboring district of Murshidabad , and chose Chowk Islampur as the site of this weaving industry. Chowk Islampur, situated on the banks of the Bairab River, a tributary of the Padma , is an ancient village famous for spinning and weaving since the days of the East India Company . After India's independence, the village had already gained a reputation for high-quality silk weaving. A muslin training center

3888-406: The other hand Indian spinners were able to produce 200-300-400-500 count fine yarn from cotton. As a result, in joint venture with Indian spinners, a hybrid yarn of 200 and 300 count was produced by combining common and futi corpus cotton. At least 50 tools were needed to make cloth from yarn, which had to be reinvented, as they disappeared with muslin. Ultimately a weaver is able to weave a saree with

3960-511: The processes were manual, manufacturing involved many artisans for yarn spinning and weaving activities, but the leading role lay with the material and weaving . Muslins were originally made of cotton only. These were very thin, transparent, delicate and feather light breathable fabrics . There could be 1000–1800 yarns in warp and weigh 110 g (3.8 oz) for 0.91 m × 9.14 m (1 yd × 10 yd). Some varieties of muslin were so thin that they could even pass through

4032-407: The rind with the Consorzio 's logo. Those that do not pass the test used to have their rinds marked with lines or crosses all the way around to inform consumers that they are not getting top-quality Parmigiano Reggiano; more recent practices simply have these lesser rinds stripped of all markings. Traditionally cows are fed only on grass or hay , producing grass-fed milk. Only natural whey culture

4104-445: The second decade of the 21st century, initiatives were taken to revive muslin weaving, and the industry was able to be revived. Dhakai Muslin was recognized as a Geographical Indication (GI) product of Bangladesh in 2020 and Banglar Muslin (Bengal Muslin) was recognized as a Geographical Indication (GI) product of the Indian state of West Bengal in 2024. In 2013, Jamdani (a type of muslin) weaving art of Bangladesh included in

4176-409: The shelf underneath it is then cleaned every seven days, and the cheese is turned. At 12 months, the Consorzio del Formaggio Parmigiano Reggiano ( lit.   ' Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese Consortium ' ) inspects every wheel. The cheese is tested by a master grader who taps each wheel to identify undesirable cracks and voids within the wheel. Wheels that pass the test are then heat-branded on

4248-565: The south bank of the River Po . The names Parmigiano Reggiano and Parmesan are protected designations of origin (PDO) for cheeses produced in these provinces under Italian and European law. Outside the EU, the name Parmesan is legally used for similar cheeses , with only the full Italian name unambiguously referring to PDO Parmigiano Reggiano. It has been called the " king of cheeses " and "practically perfect food". Parmigiano Reggiano

4320-523: The text, European merchants procured fine cotton fabrics from the Gange port of Bengal. In this text, broad and smooth cotton cloth is referred to as Monachi and the finest cotton cloth is called Gangetic . A kingdom called 'Ruhma' is found in the Sulaiman al-Tajir written by the 9th century Arab merchant Sulaiman, where fine cotton fabrics was produced. There were cotton fabrics so fine and delicate that

4392-1012: The town is the small church of S. Antonio del Viennese, a 13th-century structure in brick. The city hall ( palazzo comunale ), in the Lombard Gothic style, is a work of the 14th century. Tourism and gastronomic tours are important factors of the modern economy. The town is a member of the Cittaslow (slow city) movement. Banca, Barca, Barzana di Sotto, Baselica, Belforte, Bissaio, Boceto, Bozzi, Brattesini, Brunelli, Ca' Valesi, Cafaraccia, Capitelli, Caprendino, Case Maroni, Case Scodellino, Case Vighen, Casembola, Casoni, Cavanna, Cianica, Corriago, Costadasi, Frasso, Galla, Ghiare, Giacopazzi, Grifola, Il Mulino, Il Poggio, Laghina, Lavacchielli, Le Spiagge, Magrano, Meda, Monticelli, Ostia Parmense, Poggio, Pontolo, Porcigatone, Pozzo, Roccamurata, Rovinaglia , San Martino, San Pietro, San Vincenzo, Testanello, Tiedoli, Tombone, Valdena , Valleto Borgo Val di Taro

SECTION 60

#1732798776722

4464-428: The vat was traditionally used to feed the pigs from which prosciutto di Parma was produced. The barns for these animals were usually just a few metres away from the cheese production rooms. The cheese is put into a stainless steel, round form that is pulled tight with a spring-powered buckle so the cheese retains its wheel shape. After a day or two, the buckle is released and a plastic belt imprinted numerous times with

4536-506: Was a major trading center for muslin and silk and a trading post ( kuthi ) of various European merchants. In 1670 AD, Streynsham Master mention that muslin was produced at Malda, Shantipur, Hooghly etc. Advaitacharya Goswami's Shantipur Parichaẏa , Volume II mentions that the East India Company purchased £150,000 worth of muslin annually in the early 19th century. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Mughal Bengal emerged as

4608-460: Was able to expand the production of muslin in different parts of West Bengal. Muslin products produced in West Bengal include handkerchiefs, dhoti , bed sheets and men's and women's clothing. According to 2015 data, the products were priced between ₹400 and ₹25,000, while some premium sarees in this category were priced between ₹70,000 and ₹150,000. In the second decade of the 21st century,

4680-477: Was able to reduce the cost of production and increase the wages of spinners. The use of this ambar Charkha proved to be effective and promising for the regeneration of muslin. To concentrate on muslin spinning, the Khadi Society constructed a separate spacious two-storied building at Berhampore in 1966. The Government of West Bengal launched "Project Muslin" in 2013 with Khadi. The aim in this initiative

4752-516: Was created in the course of the Middle Ages in the comune (municipality) of Bibbiano , in the province of Reggio Emilia . Its production soon spread to the Parma and Modena areas. Historical documents show that in the 13th and 14th centuries, Parmigiano was already very similar to that produced today, which suggests its origins can be traced to far earlier. Some evidence suggests that the name

4824-594: Was found in Egypt as a mummy shroud around 2000 BC. The first commercial mention of Indian cotton is found in The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (63 AD). The book mentions the export of fine cotton textiles from different parts of India to Europe. The eastern (Bengal) and north-western regions of India produced large quantities of fine cotton cloth, but Bengal cotton cloth was superior in quality. According to

4896-605: Was recognized as a GI (Geographical Indication) product on 28 December 2020. The Government of Bangladesh declared official revival of fine Dhaka Muslin in April 2022. In 2022, the Dhakai Muslin House was built on the banks of Shitalakshya river at Rupganj under Tarab municipality of Narayanganj district. The second phase of the project named ‘Dhaka Muslin Commercialization’ begins in 2023. Since all

4968-413: Was recognized by the East India Company . Muslin was made in Dhaka (Sonargaon) from very fine yarn, which is made from cotton called Phuti karpas ; while in Malda, Radhanagar and Burdwan, muslin was made from fine yarn made from nurma or kaur cotton. A minimum of 300-count yarn was used for the muslin, making the muslin as transparent as glass. There were about 28 varieties of muslin, of which jamdani

5040-437: Was started at Chowk Islampur in 1955 under the supervision of Kalicharan Sharma. At first experiments were started on spinning yarn with traditional Kishan Charkha , but it was not possible to make more than 250 counts on this traditional Charkha. Kalicharan Sharma did further experiments and research and developed a highly sensitive six spindle Ambar Charkha (spinning wheel) capable of spinning 500 count yarn. This new Charkha

5112-451: Was to revive the muslin fabric and support the weavers. Through this project, weavers from Murshidabad, Nadia, Maldah, Burdwan, Birbhum, Hooghly and Jhargram districts who are capable of weaving muslin cloth were identified. All these weavers are provided training and technical assistance to produce high quality muslin. Weavers are capable of producing 500 counts of muslin; Some weavers have been able to weave 700 count muslin. Project Muslin

5184-472: Was used for Parmesan cheese in Italy and France in the 17th-19th century. It was praised as early as 1348 in the writings of Boccaccio ; in the Decameron , he invents a 'mountain, all of grated Parmesan cheese', on which 'dwell folk that do nought else but make macaroni and ravioli , and boil them in capon's broth, and then throw them down to be scrambled for; and hard by flows a rivulet of Vernaccia ,

#721278