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82-724: The Borena Zone was created shortly after the adoption of the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia and the creation of the Oromia Region. In September 2003, the upland woredas were separated from Borena to create the Guji Zone. Since then many of the remaining woredas have been reorganized to create new ones. This Zone was selected by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2004 as one of several areas for voluntary resettlement for farmers from overpopulated areas; no specific woredas were identified in this program. Borena became

164-640: A Council of Ministers headed by a prime minister . The constitution expressly provides for a set of basic human rights ; Article 13 specifies that these rights and freedoms will be interpreted according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and other international instruments adopted by Ethiopia. The document further guarantees that all Ethiopian languages will enjoy equal state recognition, although Amharic

246-511: A 71% decrease in maternal mortality over the last two and a half decades. Maternal health status could be assessed with many indicators of which Modern contraceptive use, skilled delivery and maternal mortality are some of the majors. Modern contraceptive use by currently married Ethiopian women has increased over 15 years prior to the 2016 DHS. Jumping from 6% in 2000 to 27% and 35% in 2011 and 2016 respectively. The skilled delivery has increased from 10% in 2011 to 27.7% in 2016. The total fertility

328-501: A May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 4% of the inhabitants of Borena have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 27.5 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers (compared to the national average of 30 kilometers), the average rural household has 0.5 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 1.14 for the Oromia Region) and the equivalent of 0.6 heads of livestock. 14.4% of

410-402: A health insurance agency was established to give some financial risk protection against health care expenditures. The agency mainly works in implementing two forms of health insurance schemes: social health insurance (SHI) for the population in the formal sector of the economy and CBHI for the population engaged in the informal sector. CBHI was launched in 2011 at 13 selected rural districts. It

492-592: A household, and 174,474 housing units. The three largest ethnic groups reported were the Oromo (88.78%), the Gedeo (4.42%) and the Burji (3.17%); all other ethnic groups made up 3.63% of the population. Oromo was spoken as a first language by 90.94%, Gedeo was spoken by 4.06% and Konso by 2.72%; the remaining 2.28% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were Protestant , with 47.25% of

574-457: A key method of reducing the prevalence of malaria in Ethiopia is by improving the quality of housing and living conditions. They found an effective disease countermeasure to be the use of anti-malarial spray, as households that had been sprayed had lower rates of infection. This research also concluded that while the poorest households are more likely to face these poor conditions, they are also

656-498: A minority of Ethiopians are born in hospitals, while most are born in rural households. Those who are expected to give birth at home have elderly women serve as midwives who assist with the delivery. Maternal and child health program is a priority agenda of the government of Ethiopia and this has been clearly indicated on the currently being implemented strategic plan of the Ministry of Health. Though Maternal and child health program

738-725: A parliamentarian form of government”. Some want presidential form of government." Article 5: "all Ethiopian languages shall enjoy equal state recognition. 2. Amharic shall be the working language of the Federal Government”. Some want this to be changed and say “Amharic is the official language of Ethiopia." Article 49: "the special interest of the State of Oromia in Addis Ababa ." Health in Ethiopia Health in Ethiopia has improved markedly since

820-450: A peak of 421/100,000 in 2000. Furthermore, TB related mortality rate has been declining steadily over the last decade from 89/100,000 in 1990 to 26/100,000 in 2015 (70% reduction from 1990 level). In 2011, the first population based national survey shows a prevalence rate of 108/100,000 population smear positive TB among adults, and 277/100,000 population bacteriologically confirmed TB cases. The prevalence of TB for all groups in Ethiopia

902-464: A population of over 120 million people. As of the end of 2003, the United Nations (UN) reported that 4.4% of adults were infected with human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS); other estimates of the rate of infection ranged from a low of 7% to a high of 18%. Whatever the actual rate, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS contributed to falling life expectancy since

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984-574: Is female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting (FGC), a procedure that involves partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. The practice was made illegal in Ethiopia in 2004. FGM is a pre-marital custom mainly endemic to Northeast Africa and parts of the Near East that has its ultimate origins in Ancient Egypt . Encouraged by women in

1066-524: Is also practised in the country, and about 76% of Ethiopia's male population is reportedly circumcised. The National Mental Health Strategy, published in 2012, introduced the development of policy designed to improve mental health care in Ethiopia. This strategy mandated that mental health be integrated into the primary health care system. However, the success of the National Mental Health Strategy has been limited. For example,

1148-605: Is an effective tactic for mitigating malaria in regions of concern. This study has revealed the importance and effectiveness of malaria prevention in Ethiopia, and thus has led to health workers promoting the use of these long lasting insecticidal nets in areas where use is still limited and disease prevalence is highest. A research study done by the Ethiopian Public Health Institute revealed flaws with Ethiopia's laboratories and their workers as it pertains to malaria diagnosis. The study found 26.7% of

1230-441: Is an example of how a low-income country can still improve access to health services with creativity and dedication. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Ethiopia is fulfilling 83.3% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income. When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Ethiopia achieves 94.5% of what is expected based on its current income. In regards to

1312-548: Is declining but the changes are not that significant. The pregnancy related mortality has also dropped over the last three surveys and this could be attributed to the improvement on skilled delivery and family planning. The maternal mortality (if it could be used interchangeably with pregnancy related disease (with all the limitations)) is more than double the SDG target set for maternal mortality reduction (70/100,000 live birth) Nowadays children are getting vaccinated better compared to

1394-475: Is heavily reliant on magical and supernatural beliefs that have little or no relation to the actual disease itself. Many physical ailments are believed to be caused by the spiritual realm which is the reason healers are most likely to integrate spiritual and magical healing techniques. Traditional medicinal practice is strongly related to the rich cultural beliefs of Ethiopia, which explains the emphasis of its use. In Ethiopian culture there are two main theories of

1476-517: Is significant epidemiological change. Having the problem of the communicable disease as the major burden, the country is suffering from triple burden of equally significant non-communicable disease burden and emerging Injury problems. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2016 shows that 52% of the mortality and 46% of total disease burden (as measured by disability-adjusted life years ) were attributable to NCDs and injuries in Ethiopia. The 2015/16 National STEPS Survey on NCDs and risk factors showed

1558-544: Is specified as the working language of the federal government. Ethiopia has a tradition of highly personal and strongly centralized government, a pattern the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (the former ruling government coalition) had followed despite constitutional limits on federal power. The first general election held after the adoption of the constitution was the 2000 election . There were three earlier written constitutions of Ethiopia ,

1640-487: Is still one of the target area which needs much organized, systematic and focused effort, clear progress has been witnessed over years as per the Demographic health survey report of the country. The 2016 DHS [2] shows these steady changes. Other recent studies show notable variation across the country as well as progress at both the national and subnational level. Ethiopia has seen a 67% decrease in child mortality and

1722-414: Is the leading cause of intentional injury accounting for 24.4% all injury followed by firearm 5% and self-harm injuries of 2.1%. In Ethiopia, the burden of road traffic accident is disproportionally high compared to the rest of the world having road traffic burden and case fatality rate of 946 and 80 per 10000 vehicles respectively. One common cultural practice, irrespective of religion or economic status,

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1804-491: Is very high (41% & 16% respectively), and average daily salt intake of the population is 8.3 g which is much higher than the WHO recommended intake of less than 5 grams per day. Tuberculosis has been identified as one of the major public health problems in Ethiopia for the past five decades. The effort to control tuberculosis began in the early 60s with the establishment of TB centers and sanatoria in three major urban areas in

1886-750: The Plasmodium falciparum parasite, though the Plasmodium vivax parasite is also present. Insecticide resistance among vectors and antimalarial drug resistance have been documented in the country. The Carter Center conducted research in Ethiopia in the mid-2000s where they analyzed how malaria affects the Ethiopian population among various factors. The factors considered included living situations and housing conditions, as well as Ethiopian age and gender demographics. This study found that one's socio-economic position directly correlates to their chance of contracting malaria. Researchers concluded that

1968-563: The Health Extension Program (HEP) [1]. The HEP is designed to deliver health promotion, immunization and other disease prevention measures along with a limited number of high-impact curative interventions. A new measure of expected human capital calculated for 195 countries from 1990 to 2016 and defined for each birth cohort as the expected years lived from age 20 to 64 years and adjusted for educational attainment, learning or education quality, and functional health status

2050-598: The Millennium Development Goals ) between 1990 and 2012. Although this is a dramatic decrease, birth-related complications such as obstetric fistula affect many of the nation's women. Birth rates , infant mortality rates , and death rates are lower in cities than in rural areas due to better access to education, medicines, and hospitals. In Ethiopia, injury is significantly increasing partly due to urbanisation & motorisation and mainly due to poor safety measures such as road safety. Despite

2132-539: The Ministry of Health and local health providers, they should be working to better educate, supply and monitor these labs and their workers in order to prevent further obstacles in malaria mitigation in Ethiopia. Although much of Ethiopia remains at risk of malaria, routine surveillance data from the last decade have noted declines in malaria outpatient morbidity and inpatient mortality trends. Prompt access to malaria case management, including laboratory-based diagnosis in remote rural areas, has improved dramatically over

2214-438: The 106 Ethiopian laboratories assessed lacked adequate supplies needed for proper diagnosis. Researchers attributed this to multiple factors, such as insufficient lab funding and supporting third parties not providing supplies in a timely manner. The study also noted a lack of job competency in the microscopists who look for malaria in blood cells in these labs. The Ethiopian Public Health Institute found that, in conjunction with

2296-776: The Article come from Article 39, which stated that States should be divided into geographical lines (river, lakes etc) or economic class (pastoralists, farmers etc) rather than ethnolinguistic implications. Some Ethiopian government officials confused the argument; for example Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed conflated the term "boundary" and "border". Article 40(3): "land is a common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means of exchange". Article 45: "the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia shall have

2378-494: The Ethiopian government and the private company JCI Ethiopia for the exploration of gold, base and associated minerals in Borena. The exclusive exploration rights would cover the next three years while the company’s estimated spending during this period will be 10 million dollars. 5°00′N 38°15′E  /  5.000°N 38.250°E  / 5.000; 38.250 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia The Constitution of

2460-533: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ( Amharic : የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ ሕገ መንግሥት , romanized :  Ye-Ītyōṗṗyā Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk Ḥige Menigišit ), also known as the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia , is the supreme law of Ethiopia . The constitution came into force on 21 August 1995 after it was drawn up by the Constituent Assembly that was elected in June 1994. It

2542-521: The Health Extension Program by using a special implementation platform called Women Development Army. Ethiopia experiences a triple burden of disease mainly attributed to communicable infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies, NCD and traffic accident. Shortage and high turnover of human resource and inadequacy of essential drugs and supplies have also contributed to the burden. However, there has been encouraging improvements in

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2624-641: The UN and the World Bank , Ethiopia in 2005 suffered from a structural food deficit such that even in the most productive years, at least 5 million Ethiopians require food relief. The fact that the country achieved MDG 4, reducing the child mortality and the decline of HIV mortality has helped life expectancy to increase to 65.2 years in 2015 from 46.6 years in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate and infant mortality rate dropped from 203 and 122 in 1990 to 61.3 and 41.4 in 2015. The ministry of health has achieved this through

2706-475: The United Nations, are launching campaigns and are working aggressively to improve Ethiopia's health conditions and promote health awareness on AIDS and other communicable diseases. Though its prevalence in Ethiopia is relatively low compared to other African nations, malaria remains the leading cause of outpatient morbidity and is among the leading causes of inpatient morbidity. Nearly 60 percent of

2788-405: The alarmingly increasing of the public burden, the attention given to the problem is very minimal. Unintended injury is the commonest injury accounting for 60% of all injury. Road traffic injury is the leading cause of unintentional injury (39% of all injury) followed by fall (16%), machine injury (5.9%), burn (5.3%), animal bite (1.3%) and poising (1%). Trauma from interpersonal violence or homicide

2870-460: The burden of depression is estimated to have increased 34.2% from 2007 to 2017. Furthermore, the prevalence of stigmatizing attitudes, inadequate leadership and co-ordination of efforts, as well as a lack of mental health awareness in the general population, all remain as obstacles to successful mental health care. The low availability of health care professionals with modern medical training, together with lack of funds for medical services, leads to

2952-439: The cause of disease. The first is attributed to God or other supernatural forces, while the other is attributed to external factors such as unclean drinking water and unsanitary food. Most genetic diseases or deaths are viewed as the will of God. Miscarriages are thought to be the result of demonic spirits. It was not until Christian missionaries traveled to Ethiopia bringing new religious beliefs and education that modern medicine

3034-472: The community, it is primarily intended to deter promiscuity and to offer protection from assault. Ethiopia has a high prevalence of FGM, but prevalence is lower among young girls. Ethiopia's 2005 Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) noted that the national prevalence rate is 74% among women ages 15–49. The practice is almost universal in the regions of Dire Dawa , Somali , and Afar . In the Oromo and Harari regions, more than 80% of girls and women undergo

3116-469: The constitution, democratic rights, separation of state and religion, and accountability of the government. It provides for a federal government of nine ethnically based regions governed by a parliament divided into the House of Peoples' Representatives and the House of Federation . It provides for a parliamentary system, with a mostly ceremonial president as head of state, and executive power vested in

3198-402: The country as of 2016, the average Ethiopian living to be 62.2 years old, according to a UNDP report. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates diabetes prevalence among adults at 3.39% in Ethiopia. A study in Addis Ababa has reported diabetes prevalence rates of 6.5% and in a recent survey from Gondar the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among adults aged 35 years and above

3280-572: The country. The Central Office (CO) of the National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTCP) was established in 1976. From the very beginning the CO had serious problems in securing sufficient budget and skilled human resource. In 1992, a well-organized TB program incorporating standardized directly observed short course treatment (DOTS) was implemented in a few pilot areas of the country. An organized leprosy control program

3362-424: The coverage and utilization of the health service over the periods of implementation of Health Sector Development Plan, the health chapter of the national poverty reduction strategy, which aims to increase immunization coverage and decrease under-five mortality at large. The health service currently reaches about 72% of the population and The Federal Ministry of Health aims to reach 85% of the population by 2009 through

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3444-481: The distribution of medicine and doctors in Ethiopia. Tobacco use is the major single known risk factor for non-communicable diseases from the four listed main risk factors (diet, physical activity, and harmful use of alcohol). NCDs are the leading cause of premature death and disability in Ethiopia accounts for about 42% of deaths, of which 27% are premature deaths before 70 years of age. NCDs are estimated to account for 39% of all deaths in Ethiopia, while 71% in

3526-424: The early 1990s. According to the Ministry of Health Ethiopia , one-third of current young adult deaths are AIDS-related. Malnutrition is widespread, especially among children, as is food insecurity . Because of growing population pressure on agricultural and pastoral land, soil degradation , and severe droughts that have occurred each decade since the 1970s, per capita food production is declining. According to

3608-510: The early 2000s, with government leadership playing a key role in mobilizing resources and ensuring that they are used effectively. A central feature of the sector is the priority given to the Health Extension Programme , which delivers cost-effective basic services that enhance equity and provide care to millions of women, men and children. The development and delivery of the Health Extension Program, and its lasting success,

3690-663: The effort is maintained the 2030 target of decreasing the under-five mortality to 25 could be met by the end of the target. The "WHO estimates that a majority of maternal fatalities and disabilities could be prevented if deliveries were to take place at well-equipped health centres, with adequately trained staff". In early 2005, the WHO reported that Ethiopia had 119 hospitals (12 in Addis Ababa) and 412 health centres. Infant mortality rates are relatively high, as 41 infants die per 1,000 live births. Ethiopia succeeded in reducing its under-five mortality rate by two-thirds (one of

3772-444: The false practice can be attributed to commercialization of medicine and the high demand for healing. Both men and women are known to practice medicine from their homes. It is most commonly the men that dispense herbal medicine similar to an out of home pharmacy. Ethiopian healers are more commonly known as traditional medical practitioners. Before the onset of Christian missionaries and medical revolution sciences, traditional medicine

3854-410: The grassroot kebele level to national level, involving many experts for advice while drafting. It also organized symposiums and forums of which the main draft provisions were discussed and debated Ethiopians. One of interesting feature of the discussion was the discussion conducted by article by article. After the discussion, participants voted for or against to each provision of the constitution, compiled

3936-526: The highest burden in Sub-Saharan Africa followed by second highest burden of ascariasis , leprosy and visceral leishmaniasis and the third highest burden of hookworm . Other infections like schistosomiasis , trichuriasis , rabies and lymphatic filariasis are also common problems in Ethiopia. Due to major life stay change and urbanisation, in the recent two decades in Ethiopia there

4018-494: The introduction of Multiple Drug Therapy (MDT) in 1983. This has encouraged Ethiopia to consider integration of the vertical leprosy control program with in the general health services. The two programs were merged to being the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control program (NTLCP), and coordinated under the technical leadership of the CO from 1994. The most recent WHO global report classifies Ethiopia as one of

4100-456: The key directives that need to be implemented include: According to the WHO, community based health insurance (CBHI) is a non-profit health insurance scheme that targets the low-income portion of the population. As implied in the name, it is community based where funds(premiums) are usually pooled at a flat rate from members of the community on voluntary basis. In Ethiopia, where health care is largely financed by donors and out-of-pocket payments,

4182-540: The last decade together with surveillance systems that capture malaria morbidity and mortality. Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are group of chronic parasitic tropical diseases of the bottom billion peoples living under US$ 2/day. Ethiopia is the third following Nigeria and Democratic Congo, having the greatest burden of NTDs as public health problem. In Ethiopia most of the NTDs listed by WHO are present; having trachoma , podoconiosis and cutaneous leishmaniasis being

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4264-514: The last five years. The incidence estimate for all forms of TB in 2015 is 192/100,000 population. TB mortality rate has also been declining steadily since 1990 and reached 26/100,000 population in 2015. The decline in prevalence rate for all forms of TB has declined from 426/100,100 in 1990 to 200/100,000 population in 2014 (53% reduction). Similarly, the TB incidence rate has dropped from 369 in 1990 to 192/100,000 population in 2015 (48% reduction), after

4346-459: The members of Federation to use their respective flags and emblems, which was opposed by pro-unitary groups. Few individuals opened debates through media about the flag and emblems of Ethiopia and gave guidance for the government. Article 47 of the constitution lists the members states of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and enshrines the right of Nations, Nationalities and Peoples to establish their own States. Opponents objected about

4428-497: The middle and red at the bottom, and shall have a national emblem at the center". Accordingly, the Flag and Emblem Proclamation No. 16/1996, Proclamation No. 48/1996 (Amendment) and Flag Proclamation No. 654/2009 enacted. Opponent of Article 3 defined different logo of the flag and subsequent laws by rejecting it. The Ethiopian government also failed to enforce its own constitutional laws in this regard. Article 3(3) authorized over

4510-562: The new home for a total of 9145 heads of households and 45,725 total family members. Drought conditions in Borana in 2006 have increased tensions between the Borana and Guji clans from 22 May, and spiraled into violence a week later. Clan elders were able to restore peace, but only after 10 days of fighting in which between 100 and 150 people were killed and left thousands displaced. Borena National Park covers much of Borena Zone. The park

4592-403: The ones less likely to take steps towards malaria prevention, thus continuing transmission of the disease. The Carter Center chose three specific areas in Ethiopia to assess the impact of the use of insecticide treated mosquito nets on malaria prevalence. During the course of the study, malaria prevalence fell to 0.4% from a starting 4.1%. This study concluded sleeping under these mosquito nets

4674-468: The past two decades. The fact that Ethiopia is on the verge of eradicating polio could be a good evidence for that. The percentage of age 12 – 23 months who are fully vaccinated increased by 15% from 24% in 2011 to 39% in 2016. Childhood mortality has declined substantially since 2000. However, the change in neonatal mortality is not significant compared to post neonatal and child mortality. Reducing child mortality ( MDG 3) has been achieved previously and if

4756-402: The population having reported they practiced that belief, while 35.01% of the population practiced traditional beliefs, 9.62% were Muslim and 5.45% professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity . The 1994 national census reported a total population for this Zone of 1,398,543 in 275,072 households, of whom 711,344 were men and 687,199 women; 127,469 or 9.11% of its population were urban dwellers at

4838-452: The population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and a Regional average of 24%. Concerning education , 53% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 9% in secondary schools. Concerning health , 35% of the zone is exposed to malaria , and none to Tsetse fly . The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 410. The CSA reported that 13,533 tons of coffee were produced in this zone in

4920-412: The population lives in areas at risk of malaria, generally at elevations below 2,000 meters above sea level. Recently, many densely populated highland areas, including the city of Addis Ababa, were classified as malaria-free. Because peak transmission coincides with the planting and harvesting season, malaria places a heavy economic burden on the country. Sixty percent of malaria infections are due to

5002-478: The population. Oromiffa was spoken as a first language by 77.08%, 12.59% Gedeo , 5.05% spoke Amharic , and 3.22% spoke Somali ; the remaining 2.06% spoke all other primary languages reported. The plurality of the inhabitants were Protestant , with 32.17% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 27.01% held traditional beliefs, 14.21% were Muslim , 11.28% professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , and 1.15% were Catholic . According to

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5084-643: The preceding one being the 1987 Constitution . The 1995 constitution has been subjected to constitutional crisis with involvement of few cliques to run their own agenda. Some critics claim that the constitution was drafted by the TPLF / EPRDF coalition in closed door and enacted overnight. The Constitutional Commission of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE) had worked with Regional Affairs Coordination Department for two years (1993 and 1994). The constitution organized public discussion from

5166-675: The pregnancy period increased risk for complication pregnancy, increased risk for tuberculosis, eye diseases and problem of immune system. The use of tobacco has been complex condition, which influenced by a range of individual, affect social interaction, economic factors, our perceptions and causes for behavioral changes of smokers, including the contamination of weather condition. From the Table above, Tobacco relatively used in rural 4.3% than urban 3.9% for both sexes current smokers. The percentage of male's current smokers among 45-59 age group 10.4%, 1% Female's and both sexes’ current smokers are 6.5% and

5248-494: The preponderancy of less reliable traditional healers that use home-based therapies to heal common ailments. High rates of unemployment leave many Ethiopian citizens unable to support their families. In Ethiopia an increasing number of "false healers" using home-based medicines have grown with the rising population. The differences between real and false healers are almost impossible to distinguish. However, only about ten percent of practicing healers are true Ethiopian healers. Much of

5330-424: The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes is 15.6% and 3.2% respectively among the adult population. More than 95% of adults have more than one risk factor for NCDs among the selected 5 major risk factors identified in the survey, namely current daily smoking, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, physical inactivity and raised blood pressure. The prevalence of alcohol and Khat consumption

5412-492: The procedure. FGC is least prevalent in the regions of Tigray and Gambela, where 29% and 27% of girls and women, respectively, are affected. According to a 2010 study performed by the Population Reference Bureau, Ethiopia has a prevalence rate of 81% among women ages 35 to 39 and 62% among women ages 15–19. A 2014 UNICEF report found that only 24% of girls under 14 had undergone FGM. Male circumcision

5494-406: The results at kebele , district , zone , region or national level. It deals with the rights of the nations, nationalities, and peoples of Ethiopia, including the provision that "Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has an unconditional right to self-determination, including the right to secession". Article 3(1) says "The Ethiopian flag shall consist of green at the top, yellow in

5576-448: The right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves only 90.6% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. Ethiopia falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 64.8% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available. Ethiopia is the second most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa, with

5658-530: The time. (This total also includes an estimate for the inhabitants of 10 rural kebeles and parts of two urban ones, which were not counted; they were estimated to have 31,670 inhabitants, of whom 16,465 were men and 15,205 were women.) The four largest ethnic groups reported in Borena were the Oromo (76.56%), the Gedeo (12.87%), the Amhara (3.28%), and the Somali (3.21%); all other ethnic groups made up 4.08% of

5740-444: The top 30 high burden countries for TB, TB/HIV and MDR-TB. The TB prevalence estimates in Ethiopia shows a steady decline since 1995 with an average rate of 4% per year, which is accentuated in the last five years (annual decline of 5.4%). Likewise, the estimates for TB incidence reached a peak value of 431/100,000 population in 1997, and has been declining at an average rate of 3.9% per year since 1998, with annual decline of 6% within

5822-610: The use of tobacco among this age group shows increasing when compared to others age group in 2015. The overall tobacco use among adults age (15+) were 4.2% in 2015 and declined to 4% in 2016. Smoking prevalence of males were high according to both residences and among all age group when compared to females. Ethiopia ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2014 and detailed directives have been developed by Ethiopian Food Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority. Some of

5904-491: The world. Recently, the burden of these diseases is rising rapidly among populations in the low-income countries. The effect of using tobacco, like cardiovascular diseases (heart attack and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and lung diseases. The proportional mortality of cardiovascular diseases and stroke is about 16%, 2% of chronic respiratory diseases, 7% cancers, 2% diabetes and 12% other non-communicable diseases from 39% total mortality. Although, smoking during

5986-636: The year ending in 2005, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represents 11.8% of the Region's output and 6.0% of Ethiopia's total output. Borena is home to three of the major mines of Ethiopia : the gold mine at Kebri Mangest , and the Lega Dembi gold and the Kenticha tantalum mines near Shakiso . An agreement was signed in early December 1997 between

6068-424: Was 240/100,000 populations in the same year. This finding indicates that the actual TB prevalence and incidence rates in Ethiopia are lower than the WHO estimates. Additionally, the survey showed a higher prevalence rates for smear positive and bacteriologically confirmed TB in pastoralist communities. However, pertaining to its methodology, the survey did not produce further disaggregated sub-national estimates. Only

6150-700: Was 5.1% for urban and 2.1% for rural dwellers. Hypertension is also increasing at frightening rates with prevalence rates of 19 to 30% reported in Addis Ababa, 28% in Gondar and 13% in Jimma . HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia stood at 1.1% in 2014, a dramatic decrease from 4.5% 15 years ago. The most affected are poor communities and women, due to lack of health education, empowerment, awareness and lack of social well-being. The government of Ethiopia and many international organizations like World Health Organization (WHO), and

6232-526: Was adopted by the Transitional Government of Ethiopia on 8 December 1994 and came into force following the general election held in May–June 1995 . The constitution consists of 106 articles in 11 chapters. Articles I-VII contains general provisions on matters of nomenclature of state, territorial jurisdiction, and the Ethiopian flag; Articles VIII-XII describe sovereignty, the supremacy of

6314-517: Was created in 2017 from the former Borena Controlled Hunting Area. Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this Zone has a total population of 962,489, of whom 487,024 are men and 475,465 women; with an area of 45,434.97 square kilometers, Borena has a population density of 21.18. A total of 182,258 households were counted in this Zone, which results in an average of 5.28 persons to

6396-565: Was established within the Ministry of Health in 1956, with a detailed policy in 1969. In the following decades, leprosy control was strongly supported by the All African Leprosy and Rehabilitation Training Institute (ALERT) and the German Leprosy Relief Association (GLRA). This vertical program was well funded and has scored notable achievements in reducing the prevalence of leprosy, especially after

6478-415: Was infused into Ethiopian medicine. Today there are three medical schools in Ethiopia that began training students in 1965 two of which are linked to Addis Ababa University . There is only one psychiatric treatment facility in the whole country because Ethiopian culture is resistant to psychiatric treatment. Although there have been huge leaps and bounds in medical technology there is still a large problem in

6560-464: Was later expanded starting from 2015 and got incorporated in the second health sector transformation plan (HSTP-II). Currently there are over 800 Woredas where CBHI is launched, covering the majority area of the country. Experts have observed that CBHI can only play a limited role in achieving universal health coverage for various reasons. Some of the identified barriers in the implementation of CBHI in sub-Saharan Africa include lack of awareness about

6642-518: Was published by The Lancet in September 2018. Ethiopia had the lowest level of expected human capital among the 20 largest countries with less than 5 health, education, and learning-adjusted expected years lived between age 20 and 64 years. This put it in 175th place, an improvement over its position in 1990 when it was 189th. Life expectancy is better in cities compared to rural areas, but there have been significant improvements witnessed throughout

6724-450: Was the only form of treatment available. Traditional healers extract healing ingredients from wild plants, animals and rare minerals. AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and dysentery are the leading causes of disease-related death. Largely because of the costs, traditional medicine continues to be the most common form of medicine practiced. Many Ethiopians are unemployed which makes it difficult to pay for most medicinal treatments. Ethiopian medicine

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