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68-478: The language is more generally spoken than written, despite the existence of several Bornholmsk–Danish dictionaries and a regular Bornholmsk article in the local newspaper. Even words that are never used in Standard Danish are spelled according to the standard orthography. The dialect is endangered, as the inhabitants of Bornholm have been shifting to standard Danish over the past century. "Bevar Bornholmsk"

136-399: A "clitic". As a result, this term ends up being applied to a highly heterogeneous class of elements, presenting different combinations of word-like and affix-like properties. Although the term "clitic" can be used descriptively to refer to any element whose grammatical status is somewhere in between a typical word and a typical affix, linguists have proposed various definitions of "clitic" as

204-527: A clitic-affix distinction. An affix syntactically and phonologically attaches to a base morpheme of a limited part of speech , such as a verb, to form a new word. A clitic syntactically functions above the word level, on the phrase or clause level, and attaches only phonetically to the first, last, or only word in the phrase or clause, whichever part of speech the word belongs to. The results of applying these criteria sometimes reveal that elements that have traditionally been called "clitics" actually have

272-442: A historical process of grammaticalization :      lexical item → clitic → affix According to this model from Judith Klavans , an autonomous lexical item in a particular context loses the properties of a fully independent word over time and acquires the properties of a morphological affix (prefix, suffix, infix, etc.). At any intermediate stage of this evolutionary process, the element in question can be described as

340-513: A kind of insult (using derogatory nicknames like reservesvensker , "auxiliary Swede"). From a linguistic point of view, the Scandinavian languages form a continuum , and the dialects of Skåne , Blekinge , Halland and Bornholm are a natural bridge between "sjællandsk" (the dialects of Zealand ) and "götamål" (the dialects of Götaland ). One may define "Danish" and Swedish" in two different ways: According to both criteria, Bornholmsk

408-470: A long vowel or a long consonant (like in Swedish, but unlike Standard Danish, where there are no long consonants). Bornholmsk does not have the stød characteristic of most varieties of Danish, but on the other hand, it does not have the musical accent characteristic of Swedish and Norwegian either. In the list, there is special emphasis on the developments that set Bornholmsk apart from Standard Danish. For

476-451: A nearby word. They derive meaning only from that "host". Special clitics are morphemes that are bound to the word upon which they depend: they exist as a part of their host. That form, which is unaccented, represents a variant of a free form that carries stress. Both variants carry similar meaning and phonological makeup, but the special clitic is bound to a host word and is unaccented. Some clitics can be understood as elements undergoing

544-462: A number of tests to differentiate between the two categories. Some tests, specifically, are based upon the understanding that when comparing the two, clitics resemble affixes, while words resemble syntactic phrases. Clitics and words resemble different categories, in the sense that they share certain properties. Six such tests are described below. These are not the only ways to differentiate between words and clitics. Clitics do not always appear next to

612-475: A separate language on par with the official minority languages , though this has been rejected by Swedish authorities. Swedish linguists generally view Scanian as just one of many local or regional Swedish (or Scandinavian) dialects, some of which differ considerably from Standard Swedish but don't meet the criteria of a separate language. Scanian was originally classified as a separate language in ISO 639-3 , but

680-454: A sequence of clitics docked to the stem. A mesoclitic is a type of clitic that occurs between the stem of a verb and its affixes. Mesoclisis is rare outside of formal standard Portuguese, where it is predominantly found. In Portuguese, mesoclitic constructions are typically formed with the infinitive form of the verb, a clitic pronoun, and a lexicalized tense affix. For example, in the sentence conquistar- se -á ("it will be conquered"),

748-477: A similar way, also to express "this" / "that" and "these" / "those". For example: In Romance languages , some have treated the object personal pronoun forms as clitics, though they only attach to the verb they are the object of and so are affixes by the definition used here. There is no general agreement on the issue. For the Spanish object pronouns , for example: Portuguese allows object suffixes before

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816-422: A technical term. One common approach is to treat clitics as words that are prosodically deficient: that, like affixes, they cannot appear without a host, and can only form an accentual unit in combination with their host. The term postlexical clitic is sometimes used for this sense of the term. Given this basic definition, further criteria are needed to establish a dividing line between clitics and affixes. There

884-441: A translation of Mary's lament at the cross. The other fragment (catalogued as SKB *A 115) is a bifolium with just over a hundred metrical lines of knittelvers , a translation from Latin of the apocryphal gospel Evangelium Nicodemi about Christ's descent into hell and resurrection. In modern Scandinavian linguistic research, the assertion that Old Scanian was a Swedish dialect before the Swedish acquisition of most of old Skåneland

952-458: A verb, as in dar- no - lo -á ("he/she/it will give it to us") and dar- ta -ei ( ta = te + a , "I will give it/her to you"). This phenomenon is possible due to the historical evolution of the Portuguese synthetic future tense, which comes from the fusion of the infinitive form of the verb and the finite forms of the auxiliary verb haver (from Latin habēre ). This origin explains why

1020-2308: A ˈfoːdiɲ pʰɔ ˈbɛːɡəʁəð - haɲ mɔtʰːə ˈentʰə ˈdʁekʰːa pʰɔ ˈde dɛːʁ haɲ vaː jo ... ˈuˌʁɛːˀn ... ˈja haɲ va ˈuˌʁeːn ˈja - sɔ ˈnɑːʁ haɲ ˈkʰɔm tʰe ˈswɑːnikʰa iɲ ˈɡɔŋɡ ɔ skʰolːe ˈhanla - ˈsɔ - ɔ ˈdɛɲ ˈɡɔŋɡiɲ ˈfitɕ di jo ˈdʑɛʁn ˈaltʰi en ˈsnapʰs nɔʁ di kʰɔm ˈiɲ tʰe ˈtɕøˌmaːɲ ɔ skʰulːe ˈhanla ˈjoː - sɔ ˈkʰɔm jo ˈdɛɲ dɛːʁ - ˈsɔn - ˈʁakʰːaʁiɲ ˈɑw ja - ɔ sɔ - ˈva di ʃɛːɲtʰe jo bɑːʁa i de ˈsamːa ˈɡlɑːzəð tʰe ˈaʎːəsamːəna ˈjoː - ɔ sɔ - haːɲ fitɕ jo en ˈsyːpʰ ɔ dɔ skʰolːə dɛɲ ˈnɛsta ˈhɑː - ˈdɛfɔ sɑ haɲ ˈsɔː ˈjɑ skʰal vɛl fɔ ˈdɛːwliɲ ˈitɕe ˈdʁekʰːa idɔ ˈde ˈɡlɑːzeð sɔm ˈhaɲ ha ˈdʁɔkʰːəð iˈdɔː Ligstenen ... det er sådan en stor, flad sten, den er tre gange så stor som bordet her, vel. Og den ligger ved vejen som kommer ovre fra Klinteby og går over imod Kodal til. Og der gik jo altså sagnet i gamle dage - for Klintebyboerne, de hørte med til Ibsker sogn og Ibsker Kirke, så når de døde, de skulle blive båret til Ibsker, så bar de den på sådan en bærer. Og så hvilede de dér på - på Ligstenen. Og så havde de jo mad i kurven, brændevinsflasker med, selvfølgelig. De skulle jo have sig en slurk at styrke sig på. Og så vandrede de videre, for de måtte jo ikke sætte kisten på jorden. Man kunne jo tro at de underjordiske holdt til på de steder... Ja - det gjorde de, de gamle troede på det der, som - ja det gjorde de. Og det – rakkeren, han boede jo altid derude. Det var jo ham som flåede de selvdøde kreaturer og slagtede heste og sådan noget - han måtte jo ikke bo på indmarken, han skulle bo på lyngen. Han havde sådan en gammel lynghytte derude. Far, han kunne huske det, sagde han - vidste hvor han havde boet. Og - så når han gik til alters, så måtte han ikke drikke - for den gangen drak de jo af samme bæger, alle sammen, men han skulle drikke af foden på bægeret - han måtte ikke drikke på det der, han var jo ... uren ... ja, han var uren, ja. da han kom til Svaneke en gang og skulle handle - så - og dengang fik de jo gerne altid en snaps når de kom ind til købmanden og skulle handle. Så kom der jo den der - sådan rakker og ja - og så - hvad, de skænkede jo bare i det samme glas til alle sammen. Og så - han fik jo en slurk, og så skulle den næste have. Derfor sagde han så: "Jeg skal fandme ikke drikke af det glas som han har drukket af." The corpse stone ... it

1088-578: Is (or was until recently) very strict, whereas elsewhere various exceptions occur. These include phrases containing conjunctions (e. g. Ivan i Ana "Ivan and Ana"), nouns with a genitival attribute (e. g. vrh brda "the top of the hill"), proper names and titles and the like (e. g. (gospođa) Ivana Marić "(Mrs) Ivana Marić", grad Zagreb "the city (of) Zagreb"), and in many local varieties clitics are hardly ever inserted into any phrases (e. g. moj najbolji prijatelj "my best friend", sutra ujutro "tomorrow morning"). In cases like these, clitics normally follow

1156-551: Is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase. In this sense, it is syntactically independent but phonologically dependent—always attached to a host. A clitic is pronounced like an affix , but plays a syntactic role at the phrase level. In other words, clitics have the form of affixes, but the distribution of function words . Clitics can belong to any grammatical category, although they are commonly pronouns , determiners , or adpositions . Note that orthography

1224-460: Is an organization whose purpose is to preserve Bornholmsk. Its main organization is KulturBornholm, the editor of books with CDs with the text in Bornholmsk. The small island has only about 40,000 inhabitants, yet the language is divided into five main dialects, not counting standard Danish. As an example, "eye" would be spelled iva in some regions, but elsewhere it would be øja , which

1292-446: Is in contrast to the alveolar articulations and retroflex assimilations in most Swedish dialects north of Småland . The realizations of the highly variable and uniquely Swedish fricative / ɧ / also tend to be more velar and less labialized than in other dialects. The phonemes of Scanian correspond to those of Standard Swedish and most other Swedish dialects, but long vowels have developed into diphthongs that are unique to

1360-457: Is indeed a Danish dialect (whereas modern Scanian would be Swedish according to the second one, although this was not so until 1680 when Swedish first became the language of the authorities and church in Scania). Bornholmsk has indeed many phonetical features in common with Swedish (most of them archaisms, though, which are irrelevant for the classification of the dialect). Yet, in most cases where

1428-503: Is like a large, flat stone, three times this table, I gather. And it lies on the road that comes from Klinteby and goes to Kodal. Well, there was this legend in old days – you know, the people of Klinteby used to belong to the parish of Ibsker and the church of Ibsker, so when the dead were going to be carried to Ibsker, they would carry it on such a carrier. And they would rest there on the Corpse Stone. And then they would have food in

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1496-399: Is masculine and -a is feminine. Colloquial and dialectal Swedish has them as well: jag har sett'n/sett'na "I have seen him/her". Until the 20th century, Bornholmsk inflected the verbs in number, e.g. jâ bińńer "I bind" ~ vi bińńa "we bind", jâ bânt "I bound" ~ vi bonne "we bound". Spoken Danish gave up this inflection in the 18th century already, even though it was still practiced in

1564-423: Is no natural, clear-cut boundary between the two categories (since from a diachronic point of view , a given form can move gradually from one to the other by morphologization). However, by identifying clusters of observable properties that are associated with core examples of clitics on the one hand, and core examples of affixes on the other, one can pick out a battery of tests that provide an empirical foundation for

1632-546: Is not always a good guide for distinguishing clitics from affixes: clitics may be written as separate words, but sometimes they are joined to the word they depend on (like the Latin clitic -que , meaning "and") or separated by special characters such as hyphens or apostrophes (like the English clitic ' s in "it's" for "it has" or "it is"). Clitics fall into various categories depending on their position in relation to

1700-491: Is now seldom argued by linguistic scholars, although the comparative and historical research efforts continue. One of the artifacts sometimes referred to as support for the view of Scanian as separate from both the Swedish and Danish language is a letter from the 16th century, where the Danish Bible translators were advised not to employ Scanian translators since their language was not "proper Danish". As pointed out by

1768-529: Is quite close to the Danish word øje and Scanian "öja-öjen". The northern part of the island would have more influence by Swedish than the rest of the island, due to the relatively large number of Swedish immigrants on those shores closest to Sweden. The differences are actually large enough so that the north-Bornholm dialect is called Allinge-svensk ("Allinge-Swedish") in Danish – Âlinga-svænsk in Bornholmsk. However, most Swedish immigrants hailed from

1836-518: Is the old ending of the masculine nominative still extant in German ( -er ), Icelandic ( -ur ) and Faroese ( -ur ), but lost in the other Scandinavian dialects (except for certain old phrases like Danish en ungersvend , originally en unger svend , "a young fellow"). In Bornholmsk, it is used in all cases (since the dialect has not retained the Old Danish case flexion). Masculine nouns normally have

1904-513: The reflexive pronoun forms si and se , li (yes–no question), unstressed present and aorist tense forms of biti ("to be"; sam, si, je, smo, ste, su ; and bih, bi, bi, bismo, biste, bi , for the respective tense), unstressed personal pronouns in genitive ( me, te, ga, je, nas, vas, ih ), dative ( mi, ti, mu, joj, nam, vam, im ) and accusative ( me, te, ga (nj), je (ju), nas, vas, ih ), and unstressed present tense of htjeti ("want/will"; ću, ćeš, će, ćemo, ćete, će ) These clitics follow

1972-474: The 18th century, especially when it comes to vocabulary and grammar. In spite of the shift, Scanian dialects have maintained a non-Swedish prosody, as well as details of grammar and vocabulary that in some aspects differ from Standard Swedish . The prosody, pronunciation of vowels and consonants in such qualities as length, stress and intonation has more in common with Danish, German and Dutch (and occasionally English) than with Swedish. However, as pointed out by

2040-485: The Norwegian scholar Lars S. Vikør, professor, Nordic and Linguistics Studies, University of Oslo , in the 2001 book Language and Nationalism , the "animosity between the two countries [Sweden and Denmark], and the relative closeness of their standard languages (dialectal differences within each of the two countries were greater than [between] the two standards), made it imperative to stress the difference between them in

2108-540: The Scanian provinces and spoke dialects that derived from East Danish. Like in the case of the closely related Scanian dialect spoken in Southern Sweden, the question whether the dialect is Danish or Swedish cannot be separated from the political and ideological burden attached to language as an ethnic marker. Therefore, Danes from other parts of the country may accuse people from Bornholm of speaking Swedish as

Bornholm dialect - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-555: The Scanian-Swedish-Danish dictionary project, commissioned by the Scanian Academy. This project is led by Helmer Lång and involves a group of scholars from different fields, including Birger Bergh, linguistics, Inger Elkjær and Inge Lise Pedersen, researcher of Danish dialects. Several Scanian dictionaries have been published over the years, including one by Sten Bertil Vide, who wrote his doctoral thesis on

2244-399: The basket – bottles of snaps. of course- After all, they would need a sip to strengthen themselves. And then, they would carry on, for they weren't supposed to set the coffin on the ground. You'd think, the people of the underground would live in such places... Yes, they did, the old ones believed in that stuff, yes, they did. And it – the horse butcher, he always lived there, you know. He

2312-429: The clitic can appear between the verb stem and its tense marker, as the future tense was originally a separate word. One distinction drawn by some scholars divides the broad term "clitics" into two categories, simple clitics and special clitics. This distinction is, however, disputed. Simple clitics are free morphemes: can stand alone in a phrase or sentence. They are unaccented and thus phonologically dependent upon

2380-404: The conditional and future suffixes of the verbs: Colloquial Portuguese allows ser to be conjugated as a verbal clitic adverbial adjunct to emphasize the importance of the phrase compared to its context, or with the meaning of "really" or "in truth": Note that this clitic form is only for the verb ser and is restricted to only third-person singular conjugations. It is not used as a verb in

2448-529: The contracted versions of auxiliary verbs, as in I'm and we've . Some also regard the possessive marker , as in The Queen of England's crown as an enclitic, rather than a (phrasal) genitival inflection. Some consider the infinitive marker to and the English articles a, an, the to be proclitics. The negative marker -n't as in couldn't etc. is typically considered a clitic that developed from

2516-411: The first half of the 14th century, and no standard spoken language had developed in either Sweden or Denmark before 1500, although some scholars argue that there may have been tendencies towards a more formal "courteous" language among the aristocracy. Scanian appeared in writing before 1200, at a time when Swedish and Danish had yet to be codified, and the long struggle between Sweden and Denmark over

2584-554: The first stressed word in the sentence or clause in most cases, which may have been inherited from Proto-Indo-European (see Wackernagel's Law ), even though many of the modern clitics became cliticised much more recently in the language (e.g. auxiliary verbs or the accusative forms of pronouns). In subordinate clauses and questions, they follow the connector and/or the question word respectively. Examples (clitics – sam "I am", biste "you would (pl.)", mi "to me", vam "to you (pl.)", ih "them"): In certain rural dialects this rule

2652-407: The foot of the cup – he wasn't supposed to drink on it, he was, you know ... unclean... yes, he was unclean, he was. So once he came to Svaneke and went shopping – you know, they would always take a little snaps when they visited the grocer at that time. So, this, this butcher came and, then, what happened? They poured in the same glass for everybody, you know. And he had a sip, and then the next

2720-787: The formal semantic analytic tools that have been developed mainly for English and German sufficiently fine-grained to account for the differences among the Scandinavian languages?" Research that provides a cross-border overview of the spectrum of modern dialects in the Nordic region has recently been initiated through the Scandinavian Dialect Syntax Project, based at the University of Tromsø, in Norway, in which nine Scandinavian research groups collaborate for

2788-578: The fragments are now thought to "represent as such a newly claimed territory for the history of the Danish language". Like the Scanian Law, one of the fragments, a six-leaf fragment (catalogued as SKB A 120), is written in the runic alphabet. The place of writing, according to Frederiksen, has been tentatively identified as the Cistercian monastery at Herrevad Abbey in Scania. The fragment contains

Bornholm dialect - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-444: The general vocabulary in modern Scanian does not differ considerably from Standard Swedish, a few specifically Scanian words still exist which are known in all of Scania, occurring frequently among a majority of the speakers. These are some examples: Enclitic In morphology and syntax , a clitic ( / ˈ k l ɪ t ɪ k / KLIT -ik , backformed from Greek ἐγκλιτικός enklitikós "leaning" or "enclitic" )

2924-549: The grammar of the sentence but introduces prepositional phrases and adds emphasis. It does not need to concord with the tense of the main verb, as in the second example, and can be usually removed from the sentence without affecting the simple meaning. In the Indo-European languages , some clitics can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European : for example, * -kʷe is the original form of Sanskrit च ( -ca ), Greek τε ( -te ), and Latin -que . Serbo-Croatian :

2992-467: The initial phrase, although some Standard grammar handbooks recommend that they should be placed immediately after the verb (many native speakers find this unnatural). Examples: Clitics are however never inserted after the negative particle ne , which always precedes the verb in Serbo-Croatian, or after prefixes (earlier preverbs), and the interrogative particle li always immediately follows

3060-401: The lexical item not . Linguists Arnold Zwicky and Geoffrey Pullum argue, however, that the form has the properties of an affix rather than a syntactically independent clitic. In Cornish , the clitics ma / na are used after a noun and definite article to express "this" / "that" (singular) and "these" / "those" (plural). For example: Irish Gaelic uses seo / sin as clitics in

3128-1154: The literary language until it was officially cancelled in 1900 ( jeg binder ~ vi binde ). Bornholmsk also has special endings for the 2nd person, when a pronoun follows immediately after the ending, namely -st in the singular and -en in the plural: Beginning of a poem printed in Espersen's Bornholmsk Ordbog . God awtan, liden Elna, gods fredd, God awtan, min deilia rosa! Ad gubbajn hajn vill freia, jâ vedd; Men toustuijn, vastu jo tosa. Te öfröl ded lakkar well snarara, du, En konna, - ded bler nokk for sijlla; Men jâ går å stjärnar på piblana nu, Forr jâ e på nå nu så vijlla. Hvad, liden Elna, Hvad, min deilia rosa? God aften, lille Elna, guds fred, God aften, min dejlige rose! At gubben vil fri, ved jeg; Men tog du ham, var du jo en tosse. Til gravøl lakker det nok snarere, du; En kone - det bliver nok for silde; Men jeg går og kigger på pigerne nu, For nu er jeg næsten i stand dertil (til at gifte mig). Hvad, lille Elna, Hvad, min dejlige rose? Good evening, little Elna, God's peace! Good evening my beautiful rose! That

3196-578: The names of plants in South Swedish dialects . This publication and a variety of other Scanian dictionaries are available through the Department of Dialectology and Onomastics in Lund. Scanian realizes the phoneme /r/ as a uvular trill [ʀ] in clear articulation, but everyday speech has more commonly a voiceless [χ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] , depending on phonetic context. That

3264-404: The old man will court you I know, But if you took him, you would be a foolish lass. To funeral ale it is drawing near (for him), do you see? A wife-it is much too late (for that), But I am going to peep at the girls now, For I am almost ready (to marry). What, little Elna! What my beautiful rose! Interview with a native speaker from Ibsker . The informant was born in 1906, and

3332-436: The other regions of Sweden. Bornholm was once part of Skåneland but rebelled and returned to Denmark in 1659. The Scanian dialect of Bornholm remained in use as a functioning transitional stage, but Standard Danish soon became dominant in official contexts, and the dialect is thought to be disappearing. The gradual transition to Swedish has resulted in the introduction of many new Swedish characteristics into Scanian since

3400-581: The personal pronoun that is unknown in the other Danish dialects, namely masculine -iń "him" and feminine -na "her". They originate from the old accusatives hann and hana still used in Icelandic, whereas the Scandinavian languages, apart from spoken Swedish in the Mälaren Valley , normally use the old dative form for the oblique case (Danish ham , hende , Swedish honom , henne ). These enclitic forms also occur in spoken Norwegian, where -n

3468-399: The plural ending -a - and this is also the case when the singular ends in a vowel (where Standard Danish would have -er ), e.g. skâwwa "woods" (sg. skâww ), tima "hours" (sg. tima ). Feminine nouns have -er . Neuter nouns have zero ending, and the definite article of the neuter plural is -en , e.g. huz "houses", huzen "the houses" (sg. huz ) Bornholmsk has an enclitic form of

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3536-418: The reflexive pronoun "se" appears between the stem conquistar and the future tense affix á . This placement of the clitic is characteristic of mesoclisis. Other examples include dá- lo -ei ("I will give it") and matá- la -ia ("he/she/it would kill her"). These forms are typically found much more frequently in written Portuguese than in spoken varieties. Additionally, it is possible to use two clitics within

3604-479: The region (such as /ʉː/ and /ɑː/ being realized [eʉ] and [aɑ] , respectively). In the southern parts of Scania, many diphthongs also have a pharyngeal quality, similar to Danish vowels. Scanian used to have many words which differed from standard Swedish. In 1995 Skånska Akademien released Skånsk-svensk-dansk ordbok , a dictionary with 2,711 Scanian words and expressions. It should be mentioned however that not all of these words are in wide use today. While

3672-472: The researchers involved in the project Comparative Semantics for Nordic Languages , it is difficult to quantify and analyze the fine degrees of semantic differences that exist between the Scandinavian languages in general, even between the national languages Danish, Swedish and Norwegian: "[S]ome of the Nordic languages [..] are historically, lexically and structurally very similar. [...] Are there systematic semantic differences between these languages? If so, are

3740-563: The right to claim the Old Scanian manuscripts as an early form of either of the two national state languages has led to some odd twists and turns. Two Scanian fragments dated to around 1325 were initially claimed to be (younger) Old Swedish, but further research in modern times has claimed that the language was not Swedish, but Scanian. During the 20th century the fragments were thus relabeled early Old Danish by Scandinavian linguists, and as explained by Danish linguist Britta Olrik Frederiksen,

3808-466: The sake of convenience, Old Norse (i.e. Old Icelandic) forms have been quoted instead of Old Danish forms. Bornholmsk has retained three distinct grammatical genders , like Icelandic or Norwegian , and unlike standard Danish or Swedish . The gender inflection exists not only in the definite article (like in Norwegian and certain Danish dialects), but also in the adjectives: In adjectives, -er

3876-631: The self-rule granted in the Treaty of Roskilde and the Malmö Recess of 1662, where Scania had been granted the right to a certain degree of autonomy including preservation of its old laws and customs. Scania became fully integrated into the Swedish Kingdom in 1719, and the assimilation has accelerated during the 20th century, with the dominance of Standard Swedish -language radio and television, urbanization, and movement of people to and from

3944-483: The standardization process". According to Vikør, the "Swedish treatment of the Scanians perhaps shows [that] the most important element of the [linguistic nationalism] ideology is the desire to stress the difference from another linguistic entity that in some way may be considered threatening or challenging one's own autonomy." In Scania, the Swedish government officially limited the use of Scanian in 1683 by nullifying

4012-522: The status of affixes (e.g., the Romance pronominal clitics discussed below ). Zwicky and Pullum postulated five characteristics that distinguish clitics from affixes: An example of differing analyses by different linguists is the discussion of the possessive marker ('s) in English. Some linguists treat it as an affix, while others treat it as a clitic. Similar to the discussion above, clitics must be distinguishable from words. Linguists have proposed

4080-546: The systematic mapping and studying of the syntactic variation across the Scandinavian dialect continuum. Scanian once had many unique words which do not exist in either Swedish or Danish. In attempts to preserve the unique aspects of Scanian, the words have been recorded and documented by the Institute for Dialectology, Onomastics and Folklore Research in Sweden. Preservation is also accomplished by comparative studies such as

4148-534: The territory where Swedish is the national or official language. Swedish and Danish are considered to have once been part of the same dialect, Old East Norse , up until the 12th century. However, some scholars speculate that there might have been certain dialect differences within the Nordic language area as early as the Proto-Nordic period. The term Swedish is not mentioned specifically in any source until

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4216-1375: The text was recorded in 1973. [1] : ˈlɛːjˌsteːniɲ ... ˈdeː sɔn iɲ ˈstoːʁ ˈflɑːðɐ ˈsteːn dɛɲ e ˈtʰʁeː ˈɡɔŋːa sɔ ˈstoːʁ sɔm ˈboːʁəð ˈhɛːʁ vɛl - ɔ dɛɲ ˈlidʑəʁ veːʁ ˈvɛːɲ sɔm ˈkʰɔmːəʁ ɔwːəʁ fʁɔ ˈkʰliːnby ɔ ɡɔʁ ˈɔwːəʁ imoð ˈkʰoːdɑːl tʰeː - ɔ dɛːʁ ˈdʑikʰ jo ˈalsɔ ˈsawnəð i ˈɡamla ˈdɑː - fɔʁ ˈkʰliːnbyˌboːʁna di ˈhøːʁə meː tʰe ˈibskəʁ ˈsɔwn ɔ ˈibskəʁ ˈtɕɛʁkʰə sɔ ˈnɔʁ di ˈdœː di ˈskʰolːe hɑː ˈbɔːʁan tʰe ˈibskəʁ sɔ ˈbɑːʁ di ˈdɛɲ pʰɔ ˈsɔn e ˈbɛːʁiɲə - ɔ sɔ ˈviːlaða di ˈdɛːʁ pʰɔ - pʰɔ ˈlɛːjˌsteːniɲ - ɔ sɔ ˈhɑːð di jo ˈmɑːð i ˈkʰɔʁːiɲ - ˈbʁɛɲevinsˌflaskəʁ ˈmeː sɛˈfølːi - di ˈskʰolːə ˈhɑ dɔm en ˈsyːpʰ ɔ ˈstɔʁtɕa dɔm ˈpʰɔː ɔ sɔ ˈvɑːŋkʰaðː di ˈviːðəʁa fɔʁ di ˈmɔtʰːe jo ˈentʰə ˈsɛtʰːa ˈtɕiːstan pʰɔ ˈjoːʁən - mæŋ kʰu jo ˈtʰʁoːˀ æ d̥i ˈɔnʌˌjoɐ̯ˀd̥isɡ̊ə hʌl ˈtˢe pʰɔ ˈsʌn ˈsd̥ɛːð̞ɐ ... jaː ˈsɔ - de ˈdʑoːʁə di - di ˈɡamla, di ˈtʰʁoːdə jo pʰɔ ˈde dɛʁ sɔm, ja ˈde ˈdʑoːʁə di - ɔ ˈde - ˈʁakʰːaʁiɲ haɲ ˈboːdə jo ˈaltʰi dɛʁˈuːdə - de ˈva jo ˈhanːəm sɔm ˈflɔːðə di ˈsɛːlˌdœː ˈkʰʁaːjtʰuʁn ɔ ˈslajtʰaða ˈhɛsta ɔ ˈsɑːn ˈnɑːð - haɲ ˈmɔtʰːe jo ˈentʰə ˈboː pʰɔ ˈiɲmaːʁkʰən haɲ ˈskʰolːə ˈboː pʰɔ ˈløŋiɲ - haɲ ˈhaðːə ˈsɔnːən ˈɡamːəl ˈløŋɡˌhyːtʰa dɛːʁˈuːde - ˈfɑʁ haɲ kʰuɲe ˈhɑwsa-əð ˈsɑː haɲ - ˈvestə ˈvɔʁ haɲ ˈhaðːe ˈboːtʰ - ɔ - ˈsɔ nɔʁ haɲ ˈdʑikʰ tʰe ˈaltʰəʁs sɔ ˈmɔtʰːə haɲ ˈentʰə ˈdʁekʰːa - fɔ ˈdɛɲ ˈɡɔŋiɲ ˈdʁɔkʰ di jo idɔː ˈsamːa ˈbɛːɡəʁəð ˈaʎːe ˈjo mɛn ˈhaːɲ skʰolːə ˈdʁekʰːa uːð

4284-517: The vocabularies of Swedish and Danish differ, Bornholmsk stands with Danish. This is also reflected in its IETF BCP 47 language tag , da-bornholm. An official standardised orthography of Bornholmsk does not exist since Standard Danish is taught in schools and is the language of all public communication. However, dialect texts use a simplified phonetical alphabet (invented by K.J. Lyngby in the 19th century and also employed in Espersen's dictionary of Bornholmsk): A stressed syllable always contains either

4352-425: The word or phrase that they are associated with grammatically. They may be subject to global word order constraints that act on the entire sentence. Many Indo-European languages , for example, obey Wackernagel's law (named after Jacob Wackernagel ), which requires sentential clitics to appear in "second position", after the first syntactic phrase or the first stressed word in a clause: English enclitics include

4420-519: The word they connect to. A proclitic appears before its host. An enclitic appears after its host. Some authors postulate endoclitics, which split a stem and are inserted between the two elements. For example, they have been claimed to occur between the elements of bipartite verbs (equivalent to English verbs such as take part ) in the Udi language . Endoclitics have also been claimed for Pashto and Degema . However, other authors treat such forms as

4488-615: Was declassified as a language in 2009. A request for reinstatement was submitted during the 2009 annual review process, but rejected on the grounds of mutual intelligibility; it is listed in ISO 639-6 with code scyr. The official stance of the Swedish government, as relayed through the Institute for language and folklore , is that all languages and dialects which have developed from "a Nordic proto-language", regardless of how independent their development has been from Swedish itself, are de facto Swedish dialects by virtue of being spoken on

4556-450: Was supposed to drink. So, he said: "Damn it, I won't drink from that glass he drank from." Scanian dialects Scanian ( Swedish : skånska [ˈskɔ̂nːska] ) is an East Scandinavian dialect spoken in the province of Scania in southern Sweden . Broadly speaking, Scanian has been classified in three different ways: There has been active campaigning from local Scanian interest groups to promote Scanian as

4624-411: Was the one that skinned the self-dead cattle and butchered horses and stuff. He wasn't supposed to live in the in-field, you know, he had to live on the heath. he had like an old heath hut out there. Dad, he remembered it, he said, knew where he had lived. And – when he went to the communion, he wasn't supposed to drink – for at that time, they all drank from the same cup, you know, but he had to drink from

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