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62-541: Comisarovca Nouă ( Moldovan Cyrillic : Комисаровка Ноуэ , Russian : Новокомиссаровка , romanized :  Novokomissarovka , Ukrainian : Нова Комісарівка , romanized :  Nova Komisarivka ) is a commune in the Dubăsari District of Transnistria , Moldova . It is composed of four villages: Bosca (Боска), Comisarovca Nouă, Coșnița Nouă (Нова Кошниця, Новая Кошница) and Pohrebea Nouă (Нове Погреб'я, Новoe Погребье). It has since 1990 been administered as

124-658: A multi-party system . The majority in the supreme council belongs to the Renewal movement that defeated the Republic party affiliated with Igor Smirnov in 2005 and performed even better in the 2010 and 2015 elections. Elections in Transnistria are not recognised by international bodies such as the European Union , as well as numerous individual countries, who called them a source of increased tensions. There

186-536: A legal part of the Republic of Moldova. Only the partially recognised or unrecognised states of South Ossetia and Abkhazia have recognised Transnistria as a sovereign entity after it declared independence from Moldova in 1990 with Tiraspol as its declared capital. Between 1929 and 1940, Tiraspol functioned as the capital of the Moldavian ASSR , an autonomous republic that existed from 1924 to 1940 within

248-430: A limited scale that broke out between Transnistrian separatists and Moldova as early as November 1990 at Dubăsari . Volunteers, including Cossacks , came from Russia to help the separatist side. In mid-April 1992, under the agreements on the split of the military equipment of the former Soviet Union negotiated between the former 15 republics in the previous months, Moldova created its own Defence Ministry. According to

310-484: A part of the breakaway Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR). According to the 2004 census, the population of the village was 1,357 inhabitants, of which 1,059 (78.03%) were Moldovans (Romanians), 263 (19.38%) Ukrainians and 30 (2.21%) Russians. 47°20′N 29°21′E  /  47.333°N 29.350°E  / 47.333; 29.350 This Transnistria location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Moldovan Cyrillic Until

372-563: A total of 147 localities (including here those unincorporated). Six communes on the left bank ( Cocieri , Molovata Nouă , Corjova , Pîrîta , Coșnița , and Doroțcaia ) remained under the control of the Moldovan government after the Transnistria War of 1992, as part of the Dubăsari District . They are situated north and south of the city of Dubăsari, which itself is under PMR control. The village of Roghi of Molovata Nouă Commune

434-469: Is Pridnestrovie ( Russian : Приднестровье , pronounced [prʲɪ.dʲnʲɪ.ˈstro.v⁽ʲ⁾je] ; Romanian : Nistrenia , Moldovan Cyrillic : Нистрения , pronounced [nis.tre.ni.ja] ; Ukrainian : Придністров'я , Prydnistrovia , pronounced [prɪ.ɟɲi.ˈstrɔu̯.jɐ] ), meaning "[land] by the Dniester". The Supreme Council passed a law on 4 September 2024 which banned

496-539: Is the M4 road from Tiraspol to Rîbnița through Dubăsari . The highway is controlled in its entirety by the PMR. North and south of Dubăsari it passes through land corridors controlled by Moldova in the villages of Doroțcaia, Cocieri, Roghi, and Vasilievca , the latter being located entirely to the east of the road. The road is the de facto border between Moldova and Transnistria in the area. Conflict erupted on several occasions when

558-766: Is a post-Soviet " frozen conflict " zone. These three partially recognised or unrecognised states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations . In March 2022, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a resolution that defines the territory as under military occupation by Russia . The region can also be referred to in English as Dniesteria , Trans-Dniester , Transdniester or Transdniestria . These names are adaptations of

620-502: Is also controlled by the PMR (Moldova controls the other nine of the 10 villages of the six communes). On the west bank, in Bessarabia, the city of Bender (Tighina) and four communes (containing six villages) to its east, south-east, and south, on the opposite bank of the river Dniester from the city of Tiraspol ( Proteagailovca , Gîsca , Chițcani , and Cremenciug ) are controlled by the PMR. The localities controlled by Moldova on

682-514: Is based on, for 411 km; 255 mi) to the west, and Ukraine (for 405 km; 252 mi) to the east. It is a narrow valley stretching north–south along the bank of the Dniester river , which forms a natural boundary along most of the de facto border with Moldova. The territory controlled by the PMR is mostly, but not completely, conterminous with the left (eastern) bank of Dniester. It includes ten cities and towns, and 69 communes, with

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744-470: Is disagreement over whether elections in Transnistria are free and fair. The political regime has been described as one of "super- presidentialism " before the 2011 constitutional reform. During the 2006 presidential election, the registration of opposition candidate Andrey Safonov was delayed until a few days before the vote, so that he had little time to conduct an election campaign. Some sources consider election results suspect. In 2001, in one region it

806-416: Is unvarying all year round, although with a slight increase in the summer months. Transnistria is subdivided into five districts ( raions ) and one municipality, the city of Tiraspol (which is entirely surrounded by but administratively distinct from Slobozia District), listed below from north to south (Russian names and transliterations are appended in parentheses). In addition, another municipality,

868-620: The Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester within the Republic of Moldova. According to the 2004 census, the population of Transnistria comprised 555,347 people, while at the 2015 census the population decreased to 475,373. In 2004, 90% of the population of Transnistria were citizens of Transnistria. Transnistrians may have dual, triple or even quadruple citizenship of internationally recognised countries, including: Fifteen villages from

930-544: The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and locally as Pridnestrovie , is a breakaway state internationally recognized as part of Moldova . It controls most of the narrow strip of land between the Dniester river and the Moldova–Ukraine border , as well as some land on the other side of the river's bank. Its capital and largest city is Tiraspol . Transnistria is officially designated by

992-849: The Soviet Union took parts of the Moldavian ASSR , which was dissolved, and of the Kingdom of Romania 's Bessarabia to form the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1940. The present history of the region dates to 1990, during the dissolution of the Soviet Union , when the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was established in hopes that it would remain within the Soviet Union should Moldova seek unification with Romania or independence,

1054-635: The Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina , it was established as the official alphabet of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic until 1989, when a law returned to the standard, Latin-based, Romanian alphabet. There were several requests to switch back to the Latin alphabet, which was seen "more suitable for the Romance core of the language", in the Moldavian SSR. In 1965, the demands of

1116-512: The Transnistria Governorate , with an area of 39,733 km (15,341 sq mi) and a population of 2.3 million inhabitants, was divided into 13 counties: Ananiev, Balta, Berzovca, Dubasari, Golta, Jugastru, Movilau, Oceacov, Odessa, Ovidiopol , Rîbnița, Tiraspol, and Tulcin. This expanded Transnistria was home to nearly 200,000 Romanian-speaking residents. The Romanian administration of Transnistria attempted to stabilise

1178-473: The 11 communes of Dubăsari District, including Cocieri and Doroțcaia that geographically are located on the east bank of the Dniester (in Transnistria region), have been under the control of the central government of Moldova after the involvement of local inhabitants on the side of Moldovan forces during the War of Transnistria. These villages, along with Varnița and Copanca , near Bender and Tiraspol, are claimed by

1240-440: The 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev 's policies of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union allowed political liberalisation at a regional level. This led to the creation of various informal movements all over the country, and to a rise of nationalism within most Soviet republics. In the Moldavian SSR in particular, there was a significant resurgence of pro-Romanian nationalism among Moldovans. The most prominent of these movements

1302-679: The 19th century, Romanian was usually written using a local variant of the Cyrillic alphabet . A variant based on the reformed Russian civil script , first introduced in the late 18th century, became widespread in Bessarabia after its annexation to the Russian Empire , while the rest of the Principality of Moldavia gradually switched to a Latin-based alphabet , adopted officially after its union with Wallachia that resulted in

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1364-582: The 3rd Congress of Writers of Soviet Moldavia were rejected by the leadership of the Communist Party, the replacement being deemed "contrary to the interests of the Moldavian people and not reflecting its aspirations and hopes". The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is still the official and the only accepted alphabet in Transnistria for this language. Moldovan Cyrillic spellings are also used in

1426-494: The City of Bender, situated on the western bank of the Dniester, in Bessarabia, and geographically outside Transnistria, is not part of the territorial unit of Transnistria as defined by the Moldovan central authorities, but it is controlled by the PMR authorities, which consider it part of PMR's administrative organisation: Each of the districts is further divided into cities and communes. All UN member states consider Transnistria

1488-541: The Dniester"). According to the Transnistrian authorities, the name of the state is the "Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic" (PMR) ( Russian : Приднестро́вская Молда́вская Респу́блика, ПМР , Pridnestróvskaya Moldávskaya Respúblika ; Romanian : Republica Moldovenească Nistreană, RMN , Moldovan Cyrillic : Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ, РМН ; Ukrainian : Придністро́вська Молда́вська Респу́бліка, ПМР , Prydnistróvska Moldávska Respúblika ). The short form

1550-826: The Dubăsari-Cocieri area, when a confrontation between Moldovan and Transnistrian forces occurred, though without any casualties. June 2010 surveys indicated that 13% of Transnistria's population desired the area's reintegration into Moldova in the condition of territorial autonomy, while 46% wanted Transnistria to be part of the Russian Federation. Transnistria is a non-UN member state recognised as independent only by Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both being non-UN member states with limited recognition. Nina Shtanski served as Transnistria's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2015; Vitaly Ignatiev  [ ru ] succeeded her as minister. In 2024 Vitaly Ignatiev

1612-470: The European Union, and thus less likely to enter negotiations for economic relief from Transnistria. Transnistria's vaguely worded request for "protection" from Russia has led to fears that, instead of offering economic aid, Russia will attempt to "annex" the region, as they did with occupied Ukraine in 2022 . Transnistria is landlocked and borders Bessarabia (the region the Republic of Moldova

1674-582: The Moldavian SSR in the following months on charges of collaboration with the Romanian occupiers. A later campaign directed against rich peasant families deported them to the Kazakh SSR and Siberia . Over the course of two days, 6–7 July 1949, a plan named "Operation South" saw the deportation of over 11,342 families by order of the Moldavian Minister of State Security, Iosif Mordovets. In

1736-736: The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet, and the former two are usually substituted with corresponding clusters ЬО and ШТ respectively. The following chart shows the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet compared with the Latin alphabet currently in use. IPA values are given for the post-1957 literary standard. This text is from Mihai Eminescu 's Luceafărul . Privea în zare cum pe mări Răsare și străluce, Pe mișcătoarele cărări Corăbii negre duce. Привя ын заре кум пе мэрь Рэсаре ши стрэлуче, Пе мишкэтоареле кэрэрь Корэбий негре дуче. Transnistria Transnistria , officially known as

1798-547: The Moldovan police refused to intervene or restore order. In the interest of preserving a unified Moldavian SSR within the USSR and preventing the situation escalating further, then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, while citing the restriction of civil rights of ethnic minorities by Moldova as the cause of the dispute, declared the Transnistria proclamation to be devoid of a legal basis and annulled it by presidential decree on 22 December 1990. Nevertheless, no significant action

1860-624: The PMR prevented the villagers from reaching their farmland east of the road. Transnistrians are able to travel (normally without difficulty) in and out of the territory under PMR control to neighbouring Moldovan-controlled territory and to Ukraine. International air travellers rely on the airport in the Moldovan capital Chișinău , or the airport in Odesa , in Ukraine. The climate is humid continental with subtropical characteristics. Transnistria has warm summers and cool to cold winters. Precipitation

1922-527: The PMR. One city (Bender) and six villages located on the west bank (in Bessarabia region) are controlled by the PMR, but are considered by Moldova as a separate municipality (Bender and village of Proteagailovca ) or part of the Căușeni District (five villages in three communes). Tense situations have periodically surfaced due to these territorial disputes, such as in 2005, when Transnistrian forces entered Vasilievca, in 2006 around Varnița, and in 2007 in

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1984-576: The Republic of Moldova as the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester ( Romanian : Unitățile Administrativ-Teritoriale din stînga Nistrului ) or as Stînga Nistrului ("Left (Bank) of the Dniester"). The region's origins can be traced to the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , which was formed in 1924 within the Ukrainian SSR . During World War II ,

2046-480: The Romanian colloquial name of the region, Transnistria , meaning "beyond the Dniester". The term Transnistria was used in relation to eastern Moldova for the first time in the year 1989, in the election slogan of the deputy and member of the Popular Front of Moldova Leonida Lari : I will throw out the invaders, aliens and mankurt over the Dniester, I will throw them out of Transnistria, and you,

2108-532: The Romanians, are the real owners of this long-suffering land   ... We will make them speak Romanian, respect our language, our culture! The documents of the government of Moldova refer to the region as Stînga Nistrului (in full, Unitățile Administrativ-Teritoriale din Stînga Nistrului ) meaning "Left (Bank) of the Dniester" (in full, "Administrative-territorial unit(s) of the Left Bank of

2170-650: The Slavs (mainly Russians and Ukrainians) and Gagauz , to leave or be expelled from Moldova. On 31 August 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR adopted Moldovan as the official language with Russian retained only for secondary purposes, returned Moldovan to the Latin alphabet , and declared a shared Moldovan-Romanian linguistic identity. As plans for major cultural changes in Moldova were made public, tensions rose further. Ethnic minorities felt threatened by

2232-772: The Transnistrian demand to maintain a Russian military presence for the next 20 years as a guarantee for the intended federation. The 5+2 format (or 5+2 talks, comprising Transnistria, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and the OSCE, plus the United States and the EU as external observers) for negotiation was started in 2005 to deal with the problems, but without results for many years as it was suspended. In February 2011, talks were resumed in Vienna , continuing through to 2018 with some minor agreements being reached. Moldova had, by 2023, dropped

2294-401: The Transnistrian position, which sought equal status between Transnistria and Moldova, but gave Transnistria veto powers over future constitutional changes, thus encouraging Transnistria to sign it. Moldovan President Vladimir Voronin was initially supportive of the plan, but refused to sign it after internal opposition and international pressure from the OSCE and US, and after Russia had endorsed

2356-550: The Ukrainian SSR. Although exercising no direct control over the territory of Transnistria, the Moldovan government passed the "Law on Basic Provisions of the Special Legal Status of Localities from the Left Bank of the Dniester" on 22 July 2005, which established part of Transnistria (territory of Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic without Bender and without territories, which are under control of Moldova) as

2418-670: The Ukrainian border must be registered with the Moldovan authorities . This agreement was implemented after the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) took force in 2005. In addition to the unrecognized Transnistrian citizenship, most Transnistrians have Moldovan citizenship, but many also have Russian, Romanian, or Ukrainian citizenship. The main ethnic groups are Russians, Moldovans/Romanians, and Ukrainians. Transnistria, along with Abkhazia and South Ossetia ,

2480-549: The annexed territory with part of the former Moldavian ASSR roughly equivalent to present-day Transnistria. In 1941, after Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union in the Second World War , they defeated the Soviet troops in the region and occupied it. Romania controlled the entire region between Dniester and Southern Bug rivers, including the city of Odesa as local capital. The Romanian-administered territory, known as

2542-495: The ceasefire has held, the territory's political status remains unresolved: Transnistria is an unrecognized but de facto independent semi-presidential republic with its own government , parliament , military , police , postal system, currency , and vehicle registration. Its authorities have adopted a constitution , flag , national anthem , and coat of arms . After a 2005 agreement between Moldova and Ukraine , all Transnistrian companies seeking to export goods through

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2604-460: The creation of Romania . Grammars and dictionaries published in Bessarabia before 1917, both those that used the label "Moldovan" and the few that used "Romanian", used a version of the Cyrillic alphabet, with its use continuing in Bessarabia even after the 1918 union, in order to make the publications more accessible to peasant readers. The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet was officially introduced in

2666-566: The decree of its creation, most of the 14th Guards Army 's military equipment was to be retained by Moldova. Starting from 2 March 1992, there was concerted military action between Moldova and Transnistria. The fighting intensified throughout early 1992. The former Soviet 14th Guards Army entered the conflict in its final stage, opening fire against Moldovan forces; approximately 700 people were killed. Moldova has since then exercised no effective control or influence on Transnistrian authorities. A ceasefire agreement, signed on 21 July 1992, has held to

2728-615: The early 1920s, in the Soviet bid to standardise the orthography of Romanian in the Moldavian ASSR ; at the same time furthering political objectives by marking a clear distinction from the Latin-based Romanian orthography introduced in Romania in the 1860s. As was the case with other Cyrillic-based languages in the Soviet Union, such as Russian , Ukrainian or Belarusian , obsolete and redundant characters were dropped in an effort to simplify orthography and boost literacy. It

2790-575: The eastern bank, the village of Roghi , and the city of Dubăsari (situated on the eastern bank and controlled by the PMR) form a security zone along with the six villages and one city controlled by the PMR on the western bank, as well as two ( Varnița and Copanca ) on the same west bank under Moldovan control. The security situation inside it is subject to the Joint Control Commission rulings. The main transportation route in Transnistria

2852-507: The establishment of legal and state relations, although the memorandum's provisions were interpreted differently by the two governments. In November 2003, Dmitry Kozak , a counselor of Russian president Vladimir Putin , proposed a memorandum on the creation of an asymmetric federal Moldovan state, with Moldova holding a majority and Transnistria being a minority part of the federation. Known as "the Kozak memorandum ", it did not coincide with

2914-574: The latter occurring in August 1991. Shortly afterwards, a military conflict between the two parties started in March 1992 and concluded with a ceasefire in July that year. As a part of the ceasefire agreement, a three-party (Moldova, Russia, and Transnistria) Joint Control Commission and a trilateral peacekeeping force subordinated to the commission were created to deal with ceasefire violations. Although

2976-511: The media and in governmental publications in the Republic of Moldova for the names of settlements when writing in Russian, as opposed to using their Russian forms (e.g. Кишинэу is used in place of Кишинёв for the name of the city of Chișinău ). All but one of the letters of this alphabet can be found in the modern Russian alphabet, the exception being the zhe with breve : Ӂ ӂ (U+04C1, U+04C2). The Russian letters Ё , Щ , and Ъ are absent from

3038-477: The present day. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is trying to facilitate a negotiated settlement. Under OSCE auspices, on 8 May 1997, Moldovan President Petru Lucinschi and Transnistrian President Igor Smirnov , signed the "Memorandum on the principles of normalization of relations between the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria", also known as the "Primakov Memorandum", sustaining

3100-627: The prospects of removing Russian as the official language , which served as the medium of interethnic communication, and by the possible future reunification of Moldova and Romania, as well as the ethnocentric rhetoric of the PFM. The Yedinstvo (Unity) Movement, established by the Slavic population of Moldova, pressed for equal status for both the Russian and Moldovan languages. Transnistria's ethnic and linguistic composition differed significantly from most of

3162-432: The rest of Moldova. The proportion of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians was especially high and an overall majority of the population, some of them Moldovans, spoke Russian as their mother tongue. The nationalist PFM won the first free parliamentary elections in the Moldavian SSR in early 1990, and its agenda started slowly to be implemented. On 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (PMSSR)

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3224-587: The situation in the area under Romanian control, implementing a process of Romanianization . During the Romanian occupation of 1941–44, between 150,000 and 250,000 Ukrainian and Romanian Jews were deported to Transnistria; the majority were murdered or died from other causes in the ghettos and concentration camps of the Governorate. After the Red Army advanced into the area in 1944, Soviet authorities executed, exiled or imprisoned hundreds of inhabitants of

3286-594: The situation, and in 2024 the Supreme Council was convened for the first time since 2006, with the council requesting economic assistance from Russia, and stating that Moldova was actively committing a genocide in the region. The harsh language towards Moldova, coupled with the Russian-backed Șor protests , and an attempted coup plotted by the Wagner Group has shifted Moldova further towards

3348-567: The term 5+2 in diplomatic discussions. After the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in March 2014, the head of the Transnistrian parliament asked to join Russia . After the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Ukraine sealed its border with Transnistria, which had been the primary route for goods to enter the region. As such, Transnistria is wholly reliant on Moldova to allow imports through its own border. Transnistrian politicians have grown increasingly anxious about

3410-621: The time formed part of the Kingdom of Romania . One of the reasons for the creation of the Moldavian ASSR was the desire of the Soviet Union at the time to eventually incorporate Bessarabia. On 28 June 1940, the USSR annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania under the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , and on 2 August 1940 the Supreme Soviet of the USSR created the Moldavian SSR by combining part of

3472-435: The use of the term "Transnistria" within the region, imposing a fine of 360 rubles or up to 15 days imprisonment for using the name in public. In 1924, the Moldavian ASSR was proclaimed within the Ukrainian SSR . The ASSR included today's Transnistria (4,100 km ; 1,600 sq mi) and an area (4,200 km ; 1,600 sq mi) to the northeast around the city of Balta , but nothing from Bessarabia , which at

3534-571: Was abandoned for a Latin-based alphabet (in the Moldovan version of the alphabet, compared to the Romanian version, the letter  â was missing) during the Union-wide Latinisation campaign in 1932. Its re-introduction was decided by the Central Executive Committee of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on May 19, 1938, albeit with an orthography more similar to standard Russian. Following

3596-558: Was declared wanted by the Security Service of Ukraine due to suspicion of collaboration and encroachment on the territorial integrity of Ukraine. Transnistria is a semi-presidential republic with a powerful presidency. The president is directly elected for a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms. The current President is Vadim Krasnoselsky . The Supreme Council is a unicameral legislature. It has 43 members who are elected for 5-year terms. Elections take place within

3658-741: Was proclaimed as a Soviet republic by an ad hoc assembly, the Second Congress of the Peoples' Representatives of Transnistria, following a successful referendum . Violence escalated when in October 1990 the PFM called for volunteers to form armed militias to stop an autonomy referendum in Gagauzia , which had an even higher proportion of ethnic minorities. In response, volunteer militias were formed in Transnistria. In April 1990, nationalist mobs attacked ethnic Russian members of parliament, while

3720-435: Was reported that Igor Smirnov collected 103.6% of the votes. The PMR government said "the government of Moldova launched a campaign aimed at convincing international observers not to attend" an election held on 11 December 2005 – but monitors from the Russian-led Commonwealth of Independent States election monitors ignored that and declared the ballot democratic. The opposition Narodovlastie party and Power to

3782-408: Was taken against Transnistria and the new authorities were slowly able to establish control of the region. Following the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , the Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR declared its independence from the Soviet Union. On 5 November 1991 Transnistria abandoned its socialist ideology and was renamed "Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic". The Transnistria War followed armed clashes on

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3844-413: Was the Popular Front of Moldova (PFM) . In early 1988, the PFM demanded that the Soviet authorities declare Moldovan the only state language, return to the use of the Latin alphabet, and recognise the shared ethnic identity of Moldovans and Romanians. The more radical factions of the PFM espoused extreme anti-minority, ethnocentric and chauvinist positions, calling for minority populations, particularly

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