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83-465: The largest city and historical center of the region is Banja Luka . Other cities and towns include Bihać , Bosanska Krupa , Bosanski Petrovac , Čelinac , Bosansko Grahovo , Bužim , Cazin , Drvar , Gradiška , Ključ , Kostajnica , Kozarska Dubica , Kneževo , Kotor Varoš , Laktaši , Mrkonjić Grad , Novi Grad , Prijedor , Sanski Most , Šipovo , Velika Kladuša , Teslić , and Prnjavor . Bosanska Krajina has no formal status; however, it has

166-506: A ban on the use of Slavonic liturgy and introduced Latin as obligatory, were confirmed by Pope Alexander II in 1063. This led to a rebellion in the kingdom by the counter-reform camp, primarily in the Kvarner region. While King Krešimir IV sided with the Pope, expecting a victory of the pro-Latin clergy, support for the counter-reform clergy was provided by Antipope Honorius II . The rebellion

249-589: A common Hungarian king. The first official name of the country was "Kingdom of the Croats" ( Latin : Regnum Croatorum ; Croatian : Kraljevstvo Hrvata ), but over the course of time the name "Kingdom of Croatia" ( Regnum Croatiae ; Kraljevina Hrvatska ) prevailed. From 1060, when Peter Krešimir IV gained control over the coastal cities of the Theme of Dalmatia , formerly under the Byzantine Empire,

332-566: A conqueror but rather as a pretender to the Croatian throne. Coloman assembled a large army to press his claim on the throne and in 1097 defeated King Petar's troops in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain , where the latter was killed. Since the Croatians didn't have a leader any more and Dalmatia had numerous fortified towns that would be difficult to defeat, negotiations started between Coloman and

415-462: A decade of conflicts for the throne and the aftermath of the Battle of Gvozd Mountain , the crown passed to the Árpád dynasty with the coronation of King Coloman of Hungary as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in Biograd in 1102, uniting the two kingdoms under one crown. The precise terms of the relationship between the two realms became a matter of dispute in the 19th century. The nature of

498-542: A note preceding the text of the conclusions of the Council of Split in 925, where it is written that Tomislav is the "king" ruling "in the province of the Croats and in the Dalmatian regions" ( in prouintia Croatorum et Dalmatiarum finibus Tamisclao rege ), while in the 12th canon of the Council conclusions the ruler of the Croats is called "king" ( rex et proceres Chroatorum ). In a letter sent by Pope John X , Tomislav

581-509: A privileged landowning nobility; and an assembly of nobles, the Sabor . According to some historians, Croatia became part of Hungary in the late 11th and early 12th century, yet the actual nature of the relationship is difficult to define. Sometimes Croatia acted as an independent agent and at other times as a vassal of Hungary. However, Croatia retained a large degree of internal independence. The degree of Croatian autonomy fluctuated throughout

664-537: A range of wood and food processing companies that stimulated an economic boom in this region. There was also a significant ore industry developed around the Kozara Mountain. The expressway E-661 (locally known as M-16) leads north to Croatia , existing as an expressway from Banja Luka to Laktaši and as a two-lane road from Laktaši to the Bosnian/Croatian border. This second section of the road

747-531: A royal seat: Nin (Krešimir IV), Biograd (Stephen Držislav, Krešimir IV), Knin (Zvonimir, Petar Snačić), Šibenik (Krešimir IV), and Solin (Krešimir II). Stephen II (reigned 1089–1091) of the main Trpimirović line came to the throne at an old age. Stephen II was to be the last king of the House of Trpimirović . His rule was relatively ineffectual and lasted less than two years. He spent most of this time in

830-559: A significant cultural and historical identity that was formed through several historic and economic events. The territory of Bosanska Krajina is currently divided between Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . During the Medieval Bosnia period, the region of Bosanska Krajina was known as Donji Kraji ( transl.  Lower Ends ) and Zapadne Strane ( transl.  Westward Sides ). After

913-405: A son, Radovan, who died in his late teens or early twenties. King Demetrius Zvonimir died in 1089. The exact circumstances of his death are unknown. According to a later, likely unsubstantiated legend, King Zvonimir was killed during a revolt in 1089. There was no permanent state capital , as the royal residence varied from one ruler to another; five cities in total reportedly obtained the title of

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996-626: Is currently being upgraded to an expressway. Under planning is two new expressways. One from Prijedor to Bosanska Dubica to shorten the travelling time to Zagreb. The other one is to the east heading towards Doboj and connecting Bosanska Krajina to the important Corridor Vc in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Banja Luka International Airport is located 23 km from Banja Luka. There are two airlines currently, B&H Airlines and Adria Airways, with regular flights to Ljubljana (four times weekly) and Zürich (three times weekly). Charter flights also operate from

1079-455: Is named "King of the Croats" ( Tamisclao, regi Crouatorum ). The Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja titled Tomislav as a king and specified his rule at 13 years. Although there are no inscriptions of Tomislav to confirm the title, later inscriptions and charters confirm that his 10th century successors called themselves "kings". Under his rule, Croatia became one of the most powerful kingdoms in

1162-518: Is not an authentic document from 1102, nonetheless there was at least a non-written agreement that regulated the relations between Hungary and Croatia in approximately the same way, while the content of the alleged agreement is concordant with the reality of rule in Croatia in more than one respect. The official entering of Croatia into a personal union with Hungary, later becoming part of the Lands of

1245-489: Is the hub of the railway services in Bosnia and Herzegovina, comprising more than one-half of the railway network of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Services operate to the northern and western Bosnian towns Banja Luka, Prijedor, Bosanski Novi and Bihać. The rail network also operates to Zagreb (twice daily), and Belgrade. 44°46′N 17°11′E  /  44.767°N 17.183°E  / 44.767; 17.183 Banja Luka Too Many Requests If you report this error to

1328-646: The Croatian nobility or by Hungarian force. Croatian historians hold that the union was a personal one in the form of a shared king, a view also accepted by a number of Hungarian historians, while Serbian and Hungarian nationalist historians preferred to see it as a form of annexation. The claim of a Hungarian occupation was made in the 19th century during the Hungarian national reawakening. Thus in older Hungarian historiography Coloman's coronation in Biograd

1411-534: The Eyalet of Bosnia in 1580. The Croatian lands in general were reduced to a fraction of what they encompassed, and only the westernmost parts of today's Bosanska Krajina still resisted the Ottoman rule. Nevertheless, the Ottoman armies preferred to advance towards their targets in the northwest through more easily passable terrain, such as along the river Danube , for example Vienna was first besieged in 1529 after

1494-505: The Gusić family and/or Viniha from Lapčan family , contesting the succession after the death of Zvonimir, asked King Ladislaus I to help Helen and offered him the Croatian throne, which was seen as his by right of inheritance. According to some sources, several Dalmatian cities also asked King Ladislaus for assistance, and Petar Gusić with Petar de genere Cacautonem presented themselves as "White Croats" ( Creates Albi ), on his court. Thus

1577-551: The Kingdom of Croatia under Tomislav I . Archaeological data show that medieval cemeteries of northwestern Bosnia clearly indicate that from the first half of the 10th century this territory was under the political rule of Tomislav I. Northern parts of these territories were ruled by the Slavonian Banate (parishes of Sana, Vrbas, and Dubica, while Lower Pounje was part of the parish of Zagreb) as lower Slavonia, where

1660-402: The Kingdom of Hungary 's persistent hold over the entire region, restricting them to fortified cities, and when Jajce fell again in 1528, Ottoman rule persisted almost until the end of the 19th century. In the late 15th century, a local Croatian lord ( knez ), Juraj Mikuličić, erected a fort in the village of Bužim near Bihać, fearing the advancing Ottoman army . Mikuličić died in 1495, but

1743-592: The Lombards . The same year his kingdom briefly became a vassal of the Byzantine Empire until 1025 and the death of Basil II . His son, Stjepan I (1030–1058), only went so far as to get the Narentine duke to become his vassal in 1050. During the reign of Krešimir IV (1058–1074), the medieval Croatian kingdom reached its territorial peak. Krešimir managed to get the Byzantine Empire to confirm him as

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1826-726: The Republic of Bihać in Bosanska Krajina. Soon afterwards, Bosanska Krajina was also the place of historical agreements that have taken place in Jajce and Mrkonjić Grad in 1943, ones that established the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in its current borders, as well as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . During the 1992-95 Bosnian War , Bosanska Krajina was divided between Republika Srpska ,

1909-727: The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , and the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia . The Serb entity of SAO Bosanska Krajina was established in summer 1991. The region was also a place of concentration camps, including Manjača and Omarska where Bosniaks were held, tortured, raped, and killed. For the past two years, non-Serbs in the Bosanska Krajina area have been "cleansed" through systematic persecution that includes torture , murder , rape , beatings, harassment , de jure discrimination, intimidation , expulsion from homes, confiscation of property, bombing of businesses, dismissal from work, outlawing of all scripts except

1992-690: The 14th century, the Ottoman Empire had significantly expanded into the western Balkans in a series of wars , and the Turkish westward incursions eventually made this region an Ottoman borderland. Jajce had fallen to the Ottoman Turks in 1463, marking the downfall of the Kingdom of Bosnia , although was later taken from the Ottoman Turks and organized as defensive Banate of Jajce. The Battle of Krbava Field in 1493 effectively ended

2075-520: The Balkans. Tomislav, a descendant of Trpimir I , is considered one of the most prominent members of the Trpimirović dynasty. Sometime between 923 and 928, Tomislav succeeded in uniting the Croats of Pannonia and Dalmatia , each of which had been ruled separately by dukes. Although the exact geographical extent of Tomislav's kingdom is not fully known, Croatia probably covered most of Dalmatia, Pannonia, and northern and western Bosnia . Croatia at

2158-738: The Bužim fort would not pass to Ottoman control until 1576. Bosanska Krajina was the last region in Bosnia to fall to the Ottoman Empire; the last city to fall was Bihać in 1592, which eventually paved the way for the Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina . After the crucial 1526 Battle of Mohács and the 1527 election in Cetin , Croatia became part of the Austrian Habsburg Empire . The Ottoman Empire formally established

2241-679: The Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos with some form of control over the coastal cities of the Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia and with a share of the tribute collected from them. After Simeon conquered the Principality of Serbia in 924, Croatia received and protected the expelled Serbs with their leader Zaharija . In 926, Simeon tried to break the Croatian-Byzantine pact and afterwards conquer

2324-766: The Byzantine Empire and Venice between 1081 and 1085. Zvonimir helped to transport their troops through the Strait of Otranto and to occupy the city of Dyrrhachion . His troops assisted the Normans in many battles along the Albanian and Greek coast. Due to this, in 1085, the Byzantines transferred their rights in Dalmatia to Venice. Zvonimir's kinghood is carved in stone on the Baška Tablet , preserved to this day as one of

2407-475: The Byzantines, together with the title of eparch and patricius. Also, according to this work, from the time of Držislav's reign his successors called themselves "kings of Croatia and Dalmatia". Stone panels from the altar of a 10th-century church in Knin with the inscription of Držislav, possibly when he was the heir to the throne, show that there was a precisely defined hierarchy regulating the matters of succession to

2490-486: The Croatian feudal lords. It took several more years before the Croatian nobility recognised Coloman as the king. Coloman was crowned in Biograd in 1102 and the title now claimed by Coloman was "King of Hungary, Dalmatia, and Croatia". Some of the terms of his coronation are summarized in Pacta Conventa by which the Croatian nobles agreed to recognise Coloman as king. In return, the 12 Croatian nobles that signed

2573-600: The Croatian nobles retained their lands and titles. Coloman retained the institution of the Sabor and relieved the Croatians of taxes on their land. Coloman's successors continued to crown themselves as Kings of Croatia separately in Biograd na Moru until the time of Béla IV . In the 14th century a new term arose to describe the collection of de jure independent states under the rule of the Hungarian King: Archiregnum Hungaricum (Lands of

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2656-461: The Crown of St. Stephen , had several important consequences. Institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained with the Sabor (parliament) and the ban (viceroy) in the name of the king. A single ban governed all Croatian provinces until 1225, when the authority was split between one ban of the whole of Slavonia and one ban of Croatia and Dalmatia . The positions were intermittently held by

2739-610: The Cyrillic in public institutions, and the destruction of cultural objects such as mosques and Catholic churches. The population of the region numbered almost one million before the Bosnian War . The composition of the current population of Bosanska Krajina has dramatically changed, because of expulsions, forced relocation and emigration during the Bosnian war in 1992–95. In the immediate aftermath of World War II Bosanska Krajina

2822-761: The Ottoman Empire lost the War of the Holy League (1683–1690) to the Habsburg monarchy and her allies, and ceded Slavonia and Hungary to Austria at the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz , the northern and western borders of the Sanjak of Bosnia (corresponding largely to the current borders of the modern Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ), became a permanent frontier between the Austrian and Ottoman empires. In mid-1858, an uprising known as Pecija's First Revolt broke out in

2905-592: The Ottoman Turks responded by declaring the Pashaluk of Bosnia which unified all the Sanjaks, including territory in modern-day Croatia. As a result of the wars and border changes, the Catholic Croat population moved north, and was replaced with Orthodox Serbs . The Bužim fort, under Ottoman control since 1576, was successfully held by the Ottoman Turks in numerous battles (1685, 1686, 1688, 1737) and it

2988-545: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.237 via cp1104 cp1104, Varnish XID 178841219 Upstream caches: cp1104 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:35:45 GMT Kingdom of Croatia (925%E2%80%931102) The Kingdom of Croatia (Modern Croatian : Kraljevina Hrvatska ; Latin : Regnum Croatiæ ), or Croatian Kingdom (Modern Croatian: Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo ),

3071-555: The agreement retained their lands and properties and were granted exemption from tax or tributes. The nobles were to send at least ten armed horsemen each beyond the Drava River at the king's expense if his borders were attacked. Despite the fact that the Pacta Conventa is not an authentic document from 1102, there was almost certainly some kind of contract or agreement between the Croatian nobles and Coloman which regulated

3154-437: The airport, and the airport can be used as a back-up to Sarajevo Airport. Zagreb Airport, due to weather conditions in winter often preferable to Sarajevo, is approximately two hours away from Banja Luka by car. Željava Air Base , situated on the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina under Plješevica Mountain, near the town of Bihać in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was the largest underground airport and military airbase in

3237-427: The army had gone through Osijek , Mohács , and Buda . The natural obstacles in and around the region, especially at the time, included the rivers Sava, Vrbas, Una and Sana , as well as the mountains such as Plješevica , Šator , Klekovača , Raduša , Grmeč , Kozara , and Vlašić . Turkish incursions expanded further to the north, and Charles of Styria erected a new fortified city of Karlovac in 1579. In 1580,

3320-609: The campaign launched by Ladislaus was not purely a foreign aggression nor did he appear on the Croatian throne as a conqueror, but rather as hereditary successor. In 1091 Ladislaus crossed the Drava river and conquered the entire province of Slavonia without encountering opposition, but his campaign was halted near the Gvozd Mountain ( Mala Kapela ). Since the Croatian nobles were divided, Ladislaus had some success in his campaign, yet he wasn't able to establish his control over

3403-411: The centuries as did its borders. The alleged agreement called Pacta conventa (English: Agreed accords ) or Qualiter (first word of the text) is today viewed as a 14th-century forgery by most modern Croatian historians. According to the document King Coloman and the twelve heads of the Croatian nobles made an agreement, in which Coloman recognised their autonomy and specific privileges. Although it

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3486-514: The downfall of the Kingdom of Bosnia and subsequent Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1463, which contributed to the Ottoman territorial expansion into the western Balkans in a series of wars , the region between the Una and Vrbas rivers became known as Krajina ( transl.  Frontier ) or Bosanska Krajina ( transl.  Bosnian Frontier ). The first recorded usage of

3569-537: The eastern Adriatic and gradually took control of the whole of it, first the islands of the Gulf of Kvarner and Zadar, then Trogir and Split , followed by a successful naval battle with the Narentines upon which he took control of Korčula and Lastovo , and claimed the title dux Dalmatiæ . Krešimir III tried to restore the Dalmatian cities and had some success until 1018, when he was defeated by Venice allied with

3652-604: The entirety of Croatia, although the exact extent of his conquest is not known. At this time the Kingdom of Hungary was attacked by the Cumans , who were likely sent by Byzantium , so Ladislaus was forced to retreat from his campaign in Croatia. Ladislaus appointed his nephew Prince Álmos to administer the controlled area of Croatia , established the Diocese of Zagreb as a symbol of his new authority and went back to Hungary. In

3735-530: The former Yugoslavia and one of the largest in Europe. Prijedor also has an airfield in the north-eastern part of the city in the area of Urije. The airfield has a fleet of light aircraft and sailplanes. The airfield was used by the Yugoslav partisans and was the first operative partisan airfield during World War II. The airfield also serves as the home of the city's renovated Parachuting club. Bosanska Krajina

3818-405: The island, but did manage to capture the king himself, and the Croatians were then forced to settle and give away Split, Trogir, Zadar, Biograd , and Nin to the Normans. In 1075, Venice expelled the Normans and secured the cities for itself. The end of Krešimir IV in 1074 also marked the de facto end of the Trpimirović dynasty, which had ruled the Croatian lands for over two centuries. Krešimir

3901-662: The jurisdiction of the Eastern Roman Empire . Shortly thereafter, Eurasian Avars and their Slavic subjects from central-eastern Europe invaded Dalmatia and settled in what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the 7th century, the Serbs and Croats formed principalities initially under the Eastern Roman Empire . The region was part of the Duchy of Croatia in the Early Middle Ages . which later became part of

3984-516: The mid 19th century the term Turkish Croatia , used in some Austrian maps for the Western Balkans , was replaced in favor of region's common name, Bosanska Krajina . Sub-regions (geographical and historical) include: Bihaćka krajina , Cazinska krajina , Potkozarje , Lijevče , etc. In the 6th century, today's northwestern Bosnia was part of the Roman province of Dalmatia . It fell under

4067-425: The midst of the war, Petar Snačić was elected king by Croatian feudal lords in 1093. Petar's seat of power was based in Knin. His rule was marked by a struggle for control of the country with Álmos, who wasn't able to establish his rule and was forced to withdraw to Hungary in 1095. Ladislaus died in 1095, leaving his nephew Coloman to continue the campaign. Coloman, as well as Ladislaus before him, wasn't seen as

4150-434: The military force was most probably composed of 20,000–100,000 infantrymen and 3,000–24,000 horsemen organized into 60 allagions . Croatian society underwent major changes in the 10th century. Local leaders, the župani , were replaced by the retainers of the king, who took land from the previous landowners, essentially creating a feudal system . The previously free peasants became serfs and ceased being soldiers, causing

4233-507: The military power of Croatia to fade. Tomislav was succeeded by Trpimir II ( c.  928–935 ) and Krešimir I ( c.  935–945 ), who each managed to maintain their power and keep good relations with both the Byzantine Empire and the Pope. This period, on the whole, however, is obscure. The rule of Krešimir's son Miroslav was marked by a gradual weakening of Croatia. Various peripheral territories took advantage of unsettled conditions to secede. Miroslav ruled for 4 years when he

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4316-621: The name Bosanska Krajina is in 1594. Also, for the same territory, the exonym Turkish Croatia appeared in German speaking Austria-Hungary in the first decades of the 18th century, and was first used in maps created by the Austro-Hungarian — Ottoman Border Commission , which was mandated by the peace treaty of Karlowitz (1699), and then the peace treaty of Passarowitz (1718), and consisted exclusively of Austrians' and Venetians' military cartographers, and one Croat (Vitezović). In

4399-439: The official and diplomatic name of the kingdom was "Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia" ( Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae ; Kraljevina Hrvatska i Dalmacija ). This form of the name lasted until the death of King Stephen II in 1091. The Slavs arrived in southeastern Europe in the early 7th century and established several states, including the Duchy of Croatia . The Christianization of the Croats began soon after their arrival and

4482-512: The oldest written Croatian texts, kept in the archæological museum in Zagreb . Zvonimir's reign is remembered as a peaceful and prosperous time, during which the connection of Croats with the Holy See was further affirmed, so much so that Catholicism would remain among Croats until the present day. In this time the noble titles in Croatia were made analogous to those used in other parts of Europe at

4565-516: The parish of Sana served as seat of Babonić family , and later the Blagaj family , and southern were parts were the parishes of Pset and Pliva. In the 13th and 14th century, a region called Donji Kraji (parish of Pliva), located in today's southern Bosanska Krajina developed, and was first mentioned as a property of the Diocese of Bosnia and claimed by the Bosnian Banate . By the end of

4648-443: The region, resulting from Ottoman pressure against the local Serb populace. It was crushed by December. The Bosnian Frontier, like the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, participated in the Herzegovina Uprising against the Ottoman Empire (1875–1878). During World War II , Bosanska Krajina was known for its very strong resistance to the Fascist regime of the Independent State of Croatia . The local Serb population in Bosanska Krajina

4731-406: The relations in the same way. In 1102, after the succession crisis, the crown passed into the hands of the Árpád dynasty , with the crowning of King Coloman of Hungary as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in Biograd . The precise terms of the union between the two realms became a matter of dispute in the 19th century. The two kingdoms were united under the Árpád dynasty either by the choice of

4814-399: The relationship varied through time, with Croatia retaining a large degree of internal autonomy overall, while the real power rested in the hands of the local nobility. Modern Croatian and Hungarian historiographies mostly view the relations between the Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Hungary from 1102 as a form of unequal personal union of two internally autonomous kingdoms united by

4897-449: The research of the Library of Congress , Coloman crushed opposition after the death of Ladislaus I and won the crown of Dalmatia and Croatia in 1102, thus forging a link between the Croatian and Hungarian crowns that lasted until the end of World War I. Hungarian culture permeated northern Croatia, the Croatian-Hungarian border shifted often, and at times Hungary treated Croatia as a vassal state. Croatia had its own local governor, or Ban;

4980-424: The same person after 1345, and officially merged back into one by 1476. In the union with Hungary, the crown was held by the Árpád dynasty , and after its extinction, under the Anjou dynasty. Institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained through the Parliament ( Croatian : Sabor – an assembly of Croatian nobles ) and the ban (viceroy) responsible to the King of Hungary and Croatia . In addition,

5063-423: The second half of the 11th century Croatia managed to secure most coastal cities of Dalmatia with the collapse of Byzantine control over them. During this time the kingdom reached its peak under the rule of kings Peter Krešimir IV (1058–1074) and Demetrius Zvonimir (1075–1089). The state was ruled mostly by the Trpimirović dynasty until 1091. At that point the realm experienced a succession crisis and after

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5146-412: The supreme ruler of the Dalmatian cities, i.e. , over the Theme of Dalmatia , excluding the theme of Ragusa and the Duchy of Durazzo . He also allowed the Roman curia to become more involved in the religious affairs of Croatia, which consolidated his power but disrupted his rule over the Glagolitic clergy in parts of Istria after 1060. Croatia under Krešimir IV was composed of twelve counties and

5229-409: The throne. As soon as Stjepan Držislav had died in 997, his three sons, Svetoslav (997–1000), Krešimir III (1000–1030), and Gojslav (1000–1020), opened a violent contest for the throne, weakening the state and allowing the Venetians under Pietro II Orseolo and the Bulgarians under Samuil to encroach on the Croatian possessions along the Adriatic . In 1000, Orseolo led the Venetian fleet into

5312-423: The time could have consisted of approximately 100,000 infantry units, 60,000 cavaliers, and 80 larger ( sagina ) and 100 smaller warships ( condura ), but these numbers are generally taken as a considerable exaggeration. According to the palaeographic analysis of the original manuscript of De Administrando Imperio , the population of medieval Croatia was estimated at between 440,000 and 880,000 people, while

5395-400: The time was administered as a group of eleven counties ( županije ) and one banate ( Banovina ). Each of these regions had a fortified royal town. Croatia soon came into conflict with the Bulgarian Empire under Simeon I (called Simeon the Great in Bulgaria), who was already in a war with the Byzantines. Tomislav made a pact with the Byzantine Empire , for which he may have been rewarded by

5478-441: The time, with comes and baron used for the župani and the royal court nobles, and vlastelin for the noblemen. The Croatian state was edging closer to western Europe and further from the east. Demetrius Zvonimir married Helen of Hungary in 1063. Queen Helen was a Hungarian princess, the daughter of King Béla I of the Hungarian Árpád dynasty , and was the sister of the future Hungarian King Ladislaus I . Zvonimir and Helen had

5561-424: The tomb of Croatian rulers. Helen died on 8 October 976 and was buried in that church, where a royal inscription on her sarcophagus was found that called her "Mother of the Kingdom". Michael Krešimir II was succeeded by his son Stephen Držislav (969–997), who established better relations with the Byzantine Empire and their Theme of Dalmatia. According to Historia Salonitana , Držislav received royal insignia from

5644-399: The tranquility of the Monastery of St. Stephen beneath the Pines near Split . He died at the beginning of 1091, without leaving an heir. Since there was no living male member of the House of Trpimirović, civil war broke out shortly afterward. The widow of the late King Zvonimir, Helen, tried to keep power in Croatia during the succession crisis. Some Croatian nobles around Helen, possibly

5727-408: The weakly defended Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia, sending Duke Alogobotur with a formidable army against Tomislav, but Simeon's army was defeated in the Battle of the Bosnian Highlands . After Simeon's death in 927 peace was restored between Croatia and Bulgaria with the mediation of the legates of Pope John X . According to the contemporary De Administrando Imperio , the Croatian army and navy at

5810-429: Was a medieval kingdom in Southern Europe comprising most of what is today Croatia (without western Istria , some Dalmatian coastal cities, and the part of Dalmatia south of the Neretva River), as well as most of the modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Croatian Kingdom was ruled for part of its existence by ethnic dynasties, and the Kingdom existed as a sovereign state for nearly two centuries. Its existence

5893-416: Was a subject of dispute and their stance was that Croatia was conquered. Although these kinds of claims can also be found today, since the Croatian-Hungarian tensions are gone, it has generally been accepted that Coloman was crowned in Biograd as king. Today, Hungarian legal historians hold that the relationship of Hungary with the area of Croatia and Dalmatia in the period till 1526 and the death of Louis II

5976-470: Was also upgraded (1626, 1834) until their eventual surrender in the 19th century. The building remains to this day as a monument to the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia. Bihać held out longer than Bužim; it was a free royal city and at one time the capital of the Kingdom of Croatia (metropolis et propugnaculum totius regni Croatiae). But, in 1592 the Turkish army of about 20,000 under Hasan Predojević , an Ottoman vizier , attacked and forcefully occupied Bihać. When

6059-529: Was characterized by various conflicts and periods of peace or alliance with the Bulgarians , Byzantines , Hungarians , and competition with Venice for control over the eastern Adriatic coast. The goal of promoting the Croatian language in the religious service was initially introduced by the 10th century bishop Gregory of Nin , which resulted in a conflict with the Pope , later to be put down by him. In

6142-588: Was completed by the beginning of the 9th century. The rule over the duchy alternated between the rival Domagojević and Trpimirović dynasties. The duchy was rivaled by the neighbouring Republic of Venice , fought and allied with the First Bulgarian Empire , and went through periods of vassalage to the Carolingian Empire and the Byzantine Empire . In 879, Pope John VIII recognized Duke Branimir as an independent ruler. Croatia

6225-590: Was considered one of the poorest regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This poverty was a contributing factor to 1950 Cazin Uprising against the communist government, the only such uprising in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia. The later economic boom and prosperity of Bosanska Krajina was mostly due to planned urban development programs that were created specifically for this region in early and mid-1970s by Urban Institute in Banja Luka. The development

6308-485: Was elevated to the status of kingdom somewhere around 925. Tomislav was the first Croatian ruler whom the papal chancellery honoured with the title "king". It is generally said that Tomislav was crowned in 925, but it is not known when or by whom he was crowned, or, indeed, if he was crowned at all. Tomislav is mentioned as a king in two preserved documents published in the Historia Salonitana . First in

6391-661: Was further stimulated by the simplification of the banking system that encouraged investments in resource processing industry. As a result, the region has seen a boom in agricultural and industrial production. Agrokomerc , a food manufacturing industry located in northwest region was the largest food manufacturer in Bosnia and Herzegovina and former Yugoslavia. Other industries included chemical industry Saniteks in Velika Kladuša, electronics industry Rudi Cajevec in Banja Luka, Textile industry Sana in Bosanski Novi as well as

6474-518: Was killed by his ban, Pribina , during an internal power struggle. Pribina secured the throne to Michael Krešimir II (949–969), who restored order throughout most of the state. He kept particularly good relations with the Dalmatian coastal cities , he and his wife Helen donating land and churches to Zadar and Solin . Michael Krešimir's wife Helen built the Church of Saint Mary in Solin that served as

6557-528: Was led by a priest named Vulfo on the island of Krk. Although the rebels were quickly suppressed, Slavonic liturgy held out in the Kvarner region, as well as the use of Glagolitic script. However, in 1072, Krešimir assisted the Bulgarian and Serb uprising against their Byzantine masters. The Byzantines retaliated in 1074 by sending the Norman count Amico of Giovinazzo to besiege Rab . They failed to capture

6640-620: Was most similar to a personal union , resembling the relationship of Scotland to England. According to the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations and the Grand Larousse encyclopédique , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102, which remained the basis of the Hungarian-Croatian relationship until 1918, while Encyclopædia Britannica specified the union as a dynastic one. According to

6723-517: Was slightly larger than in Tomislav's time. It included the closest southern Dalmatian duchy of Pagania, and its influence extended over Zahumlje , Travunia , and Duklja . The župans (heads of counties) had their own private armies. The names of court titles in their vernacular form appear for the first time during his reign, such as vratar ("door-keeper") Jurina, postelnik ("chamberlain") and so on. The Roman Catholic Church reforms, which imposed

6806-639: Was succeeded by Demetrius Zvonimir (1075–1089) of the Svetoslavić branch of the House of Trpimirović . He was previously a ban in Slavonia in the service of Peter Krešimir IV and later the Duke of Croatia . He gained the title of king with the support of Pope Gregory VII and was crowned as King of Croatia in Solin on 8 October 1075. Zvonimir aided the Normans under Robert Guiscard in their struggle against

6889-622: Was targeted in the Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia by the regime's Croat and Bosniak bands, serving as an overture to future conflicts at the end of the 20th century. The anti-fascist Yugoslav Partisan movement in the Bosanska Krajina region was more ethnically diverse than in any other part of former Yugoslavia during World War II. In the winter of 1942–1943, the Yugoslav Partisans established

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