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86-485: Bosaso had an estimated population of around 170,000 residents in 2013. More recent reports put the figure as high as 170,000. The city has a diverse economy centred on education, government, banking, tourism, aviation, food, clothes, logistics, steel, energy, health care, hospitality, retail and technology. The area's many colleges and universities make it a regional hub of higher education, including law, medicine, engineering, business and entrepreneurship. The Periplus of

172-614: A bay. Even today the residents identify these waters as a bay, referring to it as a 'female sea', as opposed to the more violent open sea on the other side of the island of Mafia. Felix Chami has found archaeological evidence for extensive Roman trade on Mafia Island and, not far away, on the mainland, near the mouth of the Rufiji River, which he dated to the first few centuries. Furthermore, J. Innes Miller points out that Roman coins have been found on Pemba island , just north of Rhapta. Nevertheless, Carl Peters has argued that Rhapta

258-713: A broader campaign by the Puntland environmental authorities to avert deforestation and promote alternative sources of fuel. The Hafun Fishing Company was established in 1992 in Bosaso. It was named after the northeastern port town of Hafun , where HFC also has an office. The firm exports a wide range of fish products, which it mainly sends to partners in the Middle East. The company is exploring additional global markets for its fish goods. It also maintains commercial interests in Puntland's housing market, which are represented by

344-537: A combination of atlas and traveller's handbook . The Erythraean Sea ( Koinē Greek : Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα , romanized:  Erythrà Thálassa , lit.   'Red Sea') was an ancient geographical designation that always included the Gulf of Aden between Arabia Felix and the Horn of Africa and was often extended (as in this periplus) to include the present-day Red Sea , Persian Gulf , and Indian Ocean as

430-478: A high over this period, with an average precipitation of 7 mm (0.28 inches) in November. Total rainfall year-round is around 19 mm (0.75 inches). Bosaso's total population is estimated at around 164,906 residents (2005 est.). Furthermore, Bosaso is a major port for boats carrying emigrants from within the country as well as adjacent territories across the Gulf of Aden to settle (sometimes illegally) in

516-510: A hub for trade with the interior, in the Gangetic plain: Besides this there are ex-ported great quantities of fine pearls, ivory, silk cloth, spikenard from the Ganges, malabathrum from the places in the interior, transparent stones of all kinds, diamonds and sapphires, and tortoise-shell; that from Chryse Island, and that taken among the islands along the coast of Damirica (Limyrike). They make

602-409: A lack of large-scale commercial fishing facilities, the coastline supports many isolated fishing towns and villages. The Gulf of Aden is richly supplied with fish, turtles, and lobsters. Local fishing takes place close to the shore; sardines, tuna, kingfish, and mackerel make up the bulk of the annual catches. Crayfish and sharks are also fished locally. In antiquity , the ancient Greeks viewed what

688-463: A little frankincense, (that known as far-side), the harder cinnamon, duaca, Indian copal and macir, which are imported into Arabia; and slaves, but rarely. Aksum is mentioned in the Periplus as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world: From that place to the city of the people called Auxumites there is a five days' journey more; to that place all the ivory

774-569: A major airport, the Bender Qassim International Airport . In 2008, the Puntland government signed a multimillion-dollar deal with Dubai 's Lootah Group, a regional industrial group operating in the Middle East and Africa. According to the agreement, the first phase of the investment is worth Dhs 170m ( $ 46.28m) and will see a set of new companies established to operate, manage and build Bosaso's free trade zone and sea and airport facilities. The Bosaso Airport Company

860-552: A port of call for merchants from Phoenicia , ancient Egypt , ancient Greece , Persia , Yemen , Nabataea , Azania , the Roman Empire , and elsewhere, as it possessed a strategic location along the coastal route from Azania to the Red Sea. Merchants from as far afield as Indonesia and Malaysia passed through Opōnē, trading spices, silks and other goods, before departing south for Azania or north to South Arabia or Egypt on

946-603: A rise in piracy in the area. The 1st-century Periplus of the Erythraean Sea documents one Egyptian captain's experiences during this era. After the collapse of the Roman economy, direct trade ceased but the Awsan I port Crater , located just south of the modern city of Aden, remained an important regional center. In late antiquity and the early medieval period, there were several invasions of Yemen from Ethiopia ; after

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1032-498: A single maritime area. The 10th-century Byzantine manuscript which forms the basis of present knowledge of the Periplus attributes the work to Arrian , but apparently for no better reason than its position beside Arrian's much later Periplus of the Euxine Sea . One historical analysis, published by Wilfred Harvey Schoff in 1912, narrowed the date of the text to AD   59–62, in agreement with present-day estimates of

1118-458: A warship escort in the area. A geologically young body of water, the Gulf of Aden has a unique biodiversity that includes many varieties of fish , coral , seabirds and invertebrates . This rich ecological diversity has benefited from a relative lack of pollution by humans in the past. However, environmental groups fear that the lack of a coordinated effort to control pollution may jeopardize

1204-433: Is "lakkos chromatinos" . The name lakkos appears nowhere else in ancient Greek or Roman literature. The name re-surfaces in late medieval Latin as lacca , borrowed from medieval Arabic lakk in turn borrowed from Sanskritic lakh , meaning lac i.e. a red-coloured resin native to India used as a lacquer and used also as a red colourant. Some other named trade goods remain obscure. Ships from Himyar regularly travelled

1290-585: Is a continuous length of coast, and a bay extending two thousand stadia or more, along which there are Nomads and Fish-Eaters living in villages; just beyond the cape projecting from this bay there is another market-town by the shore, Cana, of the Kingdom of Eleazus, the Frankincense Country; and facing it there are two desert islands, one called Island of Birds, the other Dome Island, one hundred and twenty stadia from Cana. Inland from this place lies

1376-830: Is a deepwater gulf of the Indian Ocean between Yemen to the north, the Arabian Sea to the east, Djibouti to the west, and the Guardafui Channel , the Socotra Archipelago , Puntland in Somalia and Somaliland to the south. In the northwest, it connects with the Red Sea through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, and it connects with the Arabian Sea to the east. To the west, it narrows into

1462-464: Is a melting pot, with residents hailing from all the major clans of Somalia , most of its population is from the Harti confederation of Darod sub-clans. Bosaso was previously known as Bandar Qasim, a name derived from a local trader of the same name who is said to have first settled in the area during the 14th century. It is believed that Qasim's favourite camel was called Boosaas, from which derived

1548-619: Is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. There are exported from these places spikenard , costus [ Saussurea costus ], bdellium , ivory, agate and carnelian , lycium , cotton cloth of all kinds, silk cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from

1634-718: Is a vital waterway for shipping, especially for Persian Gulf oil , making it an integral waterway in the world economy . Approximately 11% of the world's seaborne petroleum passes through the Gulf of Aden on its way to the Suez Canal or to regional refineries. The main ports along the gulf are Aden , Balhaf , Bir Ali , Mukalla , and Shokra in Yemen ; Djibouti City in Djibouti ; Zeila in Somaliland , Berbera in Somaliland , and Bosaso in Somalia . In antiquity ,

1720-539: Is ambiguous, describing China as a "great inland city Thina " that is a source of raw silk . The Periplus says that a direct sailing route from the Red Sea to the Indian peninsula across the open ocean was discovered by Hippalus (1st century   BC). Many trade goods are mentioned in the Periplus , but some of the words naming trade goods are found nowhere else in ancient literature, leading to guesswork as to what they might be. For example, one trade good mentioned

1806-484: Is another market-town, better than this, called Malao, distant a sail of about eight hundred stadia. The anchorage is an open roadstead, sheltered by a spit running out from the east. Here the natives are more peaceable. There are imported into this place the things already mentioned, and many tunics, cloaks from Arsinoe, dressed and dyed; drinking-cups, sheets of soft copper in small quantity, iron, and gold and silver coin, not much. There are exported from these places myrrh,

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1892-462: Is believed to be the location of the ancient trade centre of Opōnē . Ancient Egyptian , Roman and Persian Gulf pottery has been recovered from the site by an archaeological team from the University of Michigan . Opōnē is in the thirteenth entry of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , which in part states: And then, after sailing four hundred stadia along a promontory, toward which place

1978-566: Is brought from the country beyond the Nile through the district called Cyeneum, and thence to Adulis. According to the Periplus , the ruler of Aksum was Zoscales , who, besides ruling in Aksum also held under his sway two harbours on the Red Sea : Adulis (near Massawa ) and Avalites ( Assab ). He is also said to have been familiar with Greek literature: These places, from the Calf-Eaters to

2064-412: Is called Abiria , but the coast is called Syrastrene . It is a fertile country, yielding wheat and rice and sesame oil and clarified butter, cotton and the Indian cloths made therefrom, of the coarser sorts. Very many cattle are pastured there, and the men are of great stature and black in color. The metropolis of this country is Minnagara , from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza. Under

2150-527: Is currently led by Mayor Abdisalam Bashiir Abdisalam who succeeded Yasin Mire Mohamud who himself succeeded Hassan Abdallah Hassan in office. Each of the city's various districts also has its own municipal sub-authorities, complete with a mayor and civil servants. Bosaso is a city that is experiencing rapid growth. Prior to the Somali civil war, it had a population of under 50,000 inhabitants. Since

2236-528: Is now called the Gulf of Aden as an extension of the Erythraean Sea (Red Sea) ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα , Erythrà Thálassa . They named several of the islands in the gulf, including one they called Stratonis, although it is no longer clear which Greek name referred to which island. In Abu'l-Fida 's A Sketch of the Countries ( Arabic : تقويم البلدان ), the present-day Gulf of Aden

2322-496: Is of another Kingdom, the Pandian . This place also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea ... According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (53:17:15-27), Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis ; Ptolemy (7.1.8) mentions only Tyndis as its starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari ; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast . Further, this area served as

2408-520: Is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra ; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia , and by the Greeks ; it is located on a river (River Periyar ), distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia. Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and

2494-506: Is slated to develop the airport complex to meet international standards, including a new 3.4-kilometre (2.1 mi) runway, main and auxiliary buildings, taxi and apron areas, and security perimeters. In December 2014, the foundation stone for a new runway was also laid at the airport. The China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation is now slated to upgrade the airport's existing gravel runway, pave it with asphalt, and convert it from 1.8 to 2.65 km (1.12 to 1.65 miles) in accordance with

2580-538: Is traversed by a 750-kilometre (470 mi) north–south highway. It connects major cities in the northern part of the country, such as Galkayo and Garowe , with towns in the south. In June 2012, the Puntland Highway Authority (PHA) launched an upgrade and repair project on the large thoroughfare between Bosaso and Garowe. The transportation body also began rehabilitation work in October 2012 on

2666-607: The Chera kingdom , as well as the Early Pandyan Kingdom are mentioned in the Periplus as major centres of trade, pepper and other spices, metal work and semiprecious stones, between Damirica and the Roman Empire . According to the Periplus , numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris: Then come Naura ( Kannur ) and Tyndis , the first markets of Damirica or Limyrike , and then Muziris and Nelcynda , which are now of leading importance. Tyndis

Bosaso - Misplaced Pages Continue

2752-566: The Eastern Television Network (ETN TV) and SBC TV. Bosaso is subdivided into sixteen administrative villages. On 12 August 2016 Mayor Yasin Mire Mohamud of Bosaso and Mayor Betsy Hodges of Minneapolis jointly signed the memorandum of understanding that formalizes the Sister City relationship, the agreement was previously approved by Minneapolis council later embraced by Bosaso local council. Periplus of

2838-428: The Gulf of Tadjoura in Djibouti . The Aden Ridge lies along the middle of the gulf, and tectonic activity at the ridge is causing the gulf to widen by about 15 mm (0.59 in) per year. The ancient Greeks regarded the gulf as one of the most important parts of the " Erythraean Sea ". It later came to be dominated by Muslims, as the area around the gulf converted to Islam . From the late 1960s onwards, there

2924-534: The Middle East . In January 2012, a renovation project was launched, with KMC contracted to upgrade the Bosaso Port's harbor. The initiative's first phase saw the clean-up of unwanted materials from the dockyard and was completed within the month. The second phase involves the reconstruction of the port's adjoining seabed, with the objective of accommodating larger ships. Besides its busy seaport, Bosaso has

3010-583: The Persian Gulf states. While Bosaso today is a melting pot, with residents hailing from many different parts of Somalia, most of the city's population is from Warsangeli , Majeerteen , Deshiishe and other Harti groups of Darod . The city is also home to newly arrived IDPs . Bosaso city affairs are managed by the Bosaso Municipality, its leadership is appointed by members of the area's 29 District Councilors. The municipal authority

3096-437: The Red Sea and others along the Horn of Africa , the Persian Gulf , Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean , including the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan and southwestern regions of India . The text has been ascribed to different dates between the first and third centuries, but a mid-first-century date is now the most commonly accepted. While the author is unknown, it is a first-hand description by someone familiar with

3182-585: The Sabaeans and Homerites in the southwest corner of Arabia. The kingdom is known to have been a Roman ally at this period. Charibael is stated in the Periplus to be "a friend of the (Roman) emperors, thanks to continuous embassies and gifts" and, therefore, Azania could fairly be described as a vassal or dependency of Rome, just as Zesan is described in the 3rd-century Chinese history, the Weilüe . Trade with

3268-416: The current also draws you, there is another market-town called Opone, into which the same things are imported as those already mentioned, and in it the greatest quantity of cinnamon is produced, (the arebo and moto), and slaves of the better sort, which are brought to Egypt in increasing numbers; and a great quantity of tortoiseshell , better than that found elsewhere. In ancient times, Opōnē operated as

3354-479: The trade routes that spanned the length of the Indian Ocean 's rim. As early as AD   50, Opōnē was well known as a center for the cinnamon trade, along with the trading of cloves and other spices , ivory , exotic animal skins and incense . The ancient port city of Malao , situated in present-day Berbera in northern Somalia, is also mentioned in the Periplus: After Avalites there

3440-469: The Azanian capital, Rhapta, remains unknown. However, archaeological indicators reported above suggest that it was located on the coast of Tanzania, in the region of the Rufiji River and Mafia Island. It is in this region where the concentration of Panchaea/Azanian period settlements has been discovered. If the island of Menuthias mentioned in the Periplus was Zanzibar , a short voyage south would land one in

3526-521: The Bosaso seaport, and was completed in conjunction with UNHABITAT. According to Ali, his administration plans to invest at least 23 million Euros in contributions from international partners in similar road infrastructure development initiatives. The city has a major seaport , the Port of Bosaso . It was constructed during the mid-1980s by the Siad Barre administration for annual livestock shipments to

Bosaso - Misplaced Pages Continue

3612-539: The East African coast. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes the trading empire of Himyar and Saba , regrouped under a single ruler, " Charibael " (probably Karab'il Watar Yuhan'em II), who is said to have been on friendly terms with Rome : 23. And after nine days more there is Saphar, the metropolis, in which lives Charibael, lawful king of two tribes, the Homerites and those living next to them, called

3698-624: The Erythraean Sea The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( Koinē Greek : Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης , Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs ), also known by its Latin name as the Periplus Maris Erythraei , is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the coast of

3784-460: The Erythraean Sea indicates that Ancient Greek merchants sailed to Bosaso, providing notes about the strategic and geographical location of the current Bosaso area, which was known as Mosylon in ancient times. About 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours' walk from Bet Qasim, we came to Bander Kasin (also called by the Arabs: the native name is Bosaso), which was built about sixty years ago. The Kaptallah

3870-514: The Indian harbour of Barygaza is described extensively in the Periplus . Nahapana , ruler of the Indo-Scythian Western Satraps is mentioned under the name Nambanus , as ruler of the area around Barigaza : 41. Beyond the gulf of Baraca is that of Barygaza and the coast of the country of Ariaca, which is the beginning of the Kingdom of Nambanus and of all India. That part of it lying inland and adjoining Scythia

3956-579: The Puntland Nursing Institute (PNI). East Africa University (EAU) also has a Bosaso branch, one of its seven campuses in Puntland. Additionally, the Sam Greathouse School of Modern Technology (SG-SMT) has been working with the local government to construct a large scale dial-up network linking Bosaso to other northern Somali cities, including Berbera and Las Anod . Biyo Kulule is a hot spring located southeast of

4042-517: The Puntland authorities and EU to set up various environmental protection measures in the region, with the aim of promoting reforestation and afforestation. Bosaso has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ). It has a mean annual relative humidity of around 60%. The average daily mean temperature year-round is 30 °C (86 °F), with an average annual high of 35 °C (95 °F) and an average annual low of 25 °C (77 °F). Average low temperatures are coolest during

4128-418: The Puntland government launched a new tree-planting campaign in the state, with the regional Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism slated to plant 25,000 trees by the end of the year. Bosaso is among the seven cities and towns earmarked for the reforestation initiative, which also include Garowe , Qardho , Dhahar , Buuhoodle , Baran and Galkayo . The campaign is part of a broader partnership between

4214-523: The Rufiji region. The 2nd-century geographer Ptolemy locates Rhapta at latitude 8° south, which is the exact latitude of the Rufiji Delta and Mafia Island. The metropolis was on the mainland about one degree west of the coast near a large river and a bay with the same name. While the river should be regarded as the modern Rufiji River, the bay should definitely be identified with the calm waters between

4300-646: The Sabaites; through continual embassies and gifts, he is a friend of the Emperors. The Frankincense kingdom is described further east along the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula , with the harbour of Cana (South Arabic Qana , modern Bi'r Ali in Hadramaut ). The ruler of this kingdom is named Eleazus , or Eleazar, thought to correspond to King Iliazz Yalit I: 27. After Eudaemon Arabia there

4386-565: The United Arab Emirates. Commercial banks serving Bosaso include Amal Bank and Salaam Bank . Salaam Bank provides personal banking and corporate banking services. Its Islamic banking services and facilities include Mudarabah, Murabaha, Musharakah and Istisnaa. Additionally, the bank offers electronic banking , SMS banking , mobile banking and internet debit. In August 2011, the bank also launched an independent (Kaaftoon) service partnering with Golis Telecom Somalia. Bosaso

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4472-546: The Western Satraps, Barigaza was one of the main centres of Roman trade in the subcontinent . The Periplus describes the many goods exchanged: 49. There are imported into this market-town (Barigaza), wine, Italian preferred, also Laodicean and Arabian ; copper, tin, and lead; coral and topaz; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright-colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, realgar , antimony , gold and silver coin, on which there

4558-456: The area and is nearly unique in providing accurate insights into what the ancient Hellenic world knew about the lands around the Indian Ocean . A periplus ( Koinē Greek : περίπλους , romanized:  períplous , lit.   'a sailing-around') is a logbook recording sailing itineraries and commercial, political, and ethnological details about the ports visited. In an era before maps were in general use, it functioned as

4644-438: The banks of the Rufiji River just south of Dar es Salaam . The Periplus informs us that: Two runs beyond this island [Menuthias = Zanzibar ?] comes the very last port of trade on the coast of Azania, called Rhapta ["sewn"], a name derived from the aforementioned sewn boats, where there are great quantities of ivory and tortoise shell. Chami summarizes the evidence for Rhapta's location as follows: The actual location of

4730-528: The border between them and those on the Thina side, and they hold a festival for several days, spreading out the mats under them, and then take off for their own homes in the interior. Sêsatai are the source of malabathron . Schoff's translation mentions them as Besatae : they are a people similar to Kirradai and they lived in the region between " Assam and Sichuan ". Gulf of Aden The Gulf of Aden ( Arabic : خليج عدن ; Somali : Gacanka Cadmeed )

4816-413: The central artery linking the city with Qardho . Additionally, plans are in the works to construct new roads connecting littoral towns in the region to the main highway . In June 2014, Puntland President Abdiweli Mohamed Ali along with Bosaso Mayor Hassan Abdallah Hassan and other state officials also inaugurated a new 5.9-kilometre (3.7 mi) paved road in the city. The construction project leads to

4902-468: The city, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) outside the city. Mareero located (25 kilometres (16 mi) eastern direction of Bosaso, it is known for its white sand beach. Ga'a, Laag, Karin , Yalho are considered as places to visit. Bosaso is home to a number of private media outlets. Radio Daljir, Puntland's largest radio station, has its main headquarters in the city. The broadcaster's network of 7 FM transmitters reaches most of Puntland as well as part of

4988-607: The code 4C operations clause. Bosaso has a number of academic institutions. According to the Puntland Ministry of Education, there are 74 primary schools in the Bosaso District . Among these are the Iftin School, Alfurqan, Umul-Qura and Garisa. Secondary schools in the area include Hamdan, Shafi'i, Ugaas Yasin, Najah, Bosaso and Haji Yasin. Tertiary education is provided by Bosaso College (BC), as well as

5074-471: The conflict, Somalis belonging to the Harti Darod sub-clans began migrating back to their ancestral areas of Puntland . As a consequence of these migrations, Bosaso's population and the local housing industry have grown tremendously. In December 2011, a new commercial market opened in Bosaso's northern Dayaha ("Star") neighborhood, near the port. Approximately one-half kilometre (550 yd) in size, it

5160-477: The current name of the town. The town was thus first called Bandar Qassim after its founder ("Qasim's town"), then later dubbed Bosaso after its founder's trusted camel. Historically, Bosaso has been a Harti stronghold, and evolved as a coastal town. Near Bosaso, at the end of the Baalade valley, lies a 2-to-3-kilometre-long (1.2-to-1.9-mile) earthwork . Local tradition recounts that the massive embankment marks

5246-618: The description of places is sufficiently accurate to identify their present locations; for others, there is considerable debate. For instance, " Rhapta " is mentioned as the farthest market down the African coast of " Azania ", but there are at least five locations matching the description, ranging from Tanga to south of the Rufiji River delta. The description of the Indian coast mentions the Ganges River clearly, yet after that it

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5332-521: The firm's growing local real estate sales and development division. Additionally, the Bosaso Tannery is based in the city. A ten-year-old manufacturing, distributing, wholesale and import/export company, it processes wet salted, dry salted, wet blue, limed, pickled, and air/frame dried sheep and goat hides and skin. Principle wet blue exports are to Turkey, Pakistan, India and China. Raw camel hides and sheep and goat skin are also exported to

5418-404: The grave of a community matriarch. It is the largest such structure in the wider Horn region. Bosaso is situated in northeastern Somalia, on the Gulf of Aden coast. Nearby settlements include to the east Rehiss (3.5 km or 2.5 miles), to the northeast Marero (14 km or 8.5 miles), to the west Baalade (3.5 km or 2 miles), to the southwest Laas Geel (16.5 km or 10 miles), to

5504-440: The gulf annually. This route is often used for the delivery of Persian Gulf oil , making the gulf an integral waterway in the world economy . Important cities along the Gulf of Aden include the namesake Aden in Yemen . Other Yemeni cities are Zinjibar , Shuqrah , Ahwar , Balhaf , Mukalla , Ash-Shihr , al-Hami , Hadibu , and Qulensya . On the African side are the cities of Djibouti , Berbera and Bosaso . Despite

5590-483: The gulf was a thriving area of international trade between Ptolemaic Egypt and Rome in the west and Classical India , its Indonesian colonies , and Han China in the east. It was not limited to transshipment , as Yemeni incense , tortoiseshell , and other goods were in high demand in both directions. After Egyptian sailors discovered the monsoon winds and began to trade directly with India, caravan routes and their associated kingdoms began to collapse, leading to

5676-401: The island of Mafia and the Rufiji area. The peninsula east of Rhapta would have been the northern tip of Mafia Island. The southern part of the bay is protected from the deep sea by numerous deltaic small islets separated from Mafia Island by shallow and narrow channels. To the north the bay is open to the sea and any sailor entering the waters from that direction would feel as if he were entering

5762-584: The journey up the Nile and across the desert from Coptos ", Schoff prefers to pinpoint the author's residence to " Berenice rather than Alexandria ". John Hill maintains that "the Periplus can now be confidently dated to between AD 40 and 70 and, probably, between AD 40 and 50." This dating corresponds with the argumentation of L. Casson ("between A.D. 40 and 70") in his key book The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary. The work consists of 66 sections, most of them about

5848-421: The largest telecommunications operator in northeastern Somalia. Founded in 2002 with the objective of supplying the country with GSM mobile services, fixed line and internet services , it has an extensive network that covers all of the nation's major cities and more than 40 districts in both Puntland and Somaliland . According to The Economist , Golis offers one of the cheapest international calling rates on

5934-567: The length of a long paragraph. For instance, the short section 9 reads in its entirety: From Malao ( Berbera ) it is two courses to the mart of Moundou, where ships anchor more safely by an island lying very close to the land. The imports to this are as aforesaid [Chapter 8 mentions iron, gold, silver, drinking cups, etc.], and from it likewise are exported the same goods [Chapter 8 mentions myrrh, douaka, makeir, and slaves], and fragrant gum called mokrotou (cf. Sanskrit makaranda ). The inhabitants who trade here are more stubborn. In many cases,

6020-508: The limits of the Gulf of Aden as follows: The temperature of the Gulf of Aden varies between 15 °C (59 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F), depending on the season and the monsoons . The salinity of the gulf at 10 metres (33 ft) depth varies from 35.3 ‰ along the eastern Somali coast to as high as 37.3 ‰ in the gulf's center, while its oxygen content at the same depth is typically between 4.0 and 5.0 mg/L. Exclusive economic zones in Gulf of Aden: The Gulf of Aden

6106-414: The metropolis Sabbatha, in which the King lives. All the frankincense produced in the country is brought by camels to that place to be stored, and to Cana on rafts held up by inflated skins after the manner of the country, and in boats. And this place has a trade also with the far-side ports, with Barygaza and Scythia and Ommana and the neighboring coast of Persia . Ras Hafun in northern Somalia

6192-668: The middle of the 1st century. Schoff additionally provides a historical analysis as to the text's original authorship, and arrives at the conclusion that the author was a " Greek in Egypt , a Roman subject". By Schoff's calculations, this would have been during the time of Tiberius Claudius Balbilus , who coincidentally also was an Egyptian Greek. Schoff continues by noting that the author could not have been "a highly educated man" as "is evident from his frequent confusion of Greek and Latin words and his clumsy and sometimes ungrammatical constructions". Because of "the absence of any account of

6278-579: The neighboring Galmudug region to the south. Also centered in Bosaso with its studios in Garowe is the Somali Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), Puntland's oldest and second largest private radio station. Additionally, Horseed Radio , Al Xigma, and One Nation Radio have headquarters in the city. In May 2013, Radio Garowe likewise launched a new FM station in Bosaso. The city also has its own private television channels and studios,

6364-463: The other Berber country, are governed by Zoscales; who is miserly in his ways and always striving for more, but otherwise upright, and acquainted with Greek literature. Research by the Tanzanian archaeologist Felix A. Chami has uncovered remains of Roman trade items near the mouth of the Rufiji River and the nearby Mafia island , and makes a case that the ancient port of Rhapta was situated on

6450-405: The planet, at US$ 0.2 less than anywhere else in the world. In addition, Netco has its headquarters in the city. Other telecommunication firms serving the region include Telcom and NationLink . In September 2013, Puntland Deputy Minister of Environment Burhan Elmi Hirsi also announced a plan by the Puntland government to establish a gas manufacturing plant in Bosaso. The new project is part of

6536-565: The rise of Islam, the gulf permitted repeated migrations of northwest Africa by Arab settlers. In the first decade of the 2000s, especially during the war in Somalia , the gulf evolved into a hub of pirate activity. By 2013, attacks in the waters had steadily declined due to private security and international navy patrols. India receives US$ 50 billion in imports – and sends US$ 60 billion in exports – through this area annually. To protect its trade and that of other countries, India keeps

6622-493: The south Lasgoriga (20.5 km or 13 miles), and to the southeast El Dhurre (36 km or 22.5 miles). The largest cities in the country most proximate to Bosaso are Erigavo (212 km or 132 miles), Burao (442 km or 275 miles), and Berbera (465 km or 289 miles). Shimbiris , the highest peak in Somalia, is located some 220 km (140 miles) to the southwest in the Cal Madow mountain range. In June 2014,

6708-669: The various market-towns. Those bound for this market-town from Egypt make the voyage favorably about the month of July, that is Epiphi. Goods were also brought down in quantity from Ujjain , the capital of the Western Satraps: 48. Inland from this place and to the east, is the city called Ozene, formerly a royal capital; from this place are brought down all things needed for the welfare of the country about Barygaza, and many things for our trade: agate and carnelian, Indian muslins and mallow cloth, and much ordinary cloth. The lost port city of Muziris (near present day Kodungallur ) in

6794-475: The voyage to this place in a favorable season who set out from Egypt about the month of July, that is Epiphi. The Periplus also describes the annual fair in present-day Northeast India, on the border with China. Every year there turns up at the border of Thina, a certain tribe, short in body and very flat-faced ... called Sêsatai ... They come with their wives and children bearing great packs resembling mats of green leaves and then remain at some spot on

6880-454: The winter months of December to February, when thermometer readings typically level out at 20 °C (68 °F). The weather slowly heats up in the spring, as the April rainy season begins. Average high temperatures later peak during the summer months of June to August, when they consistently exceed 40 °C (104 °F). Come September, cooler weather starts to set in again. Rainfall reaches

6966-608: Was an increased Soviet naval presence in the Gulf. The importance of the Gulf of Aden declined while the Suez Canal was closed, but it was revitalized when the canal was reopened in 1975, after being deepened and widened by the Egyptian government . The waterway is part of the important Suez Canal shipping route between the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean, with 21,000 ships crossing

7052-565: Was called the Gulf of Berbera, which shows how important Berbera was in both regional and international trade during the medieval period. Legendary navigator Ibn Majid also referred to the Gulf of Aden as the Gulf of Berbera in his 15th century magnum opus The Book of the Benefits of the Principles and Foundations of Seamanship . Berbera has been a prominent port since antiquity. The International Hydrographic Organization defines

7138-402: Was considered as first settlers. For centuries the city was among the areas ruled by Dishiishe clan. later forming a part of Italian Somaliland . The town would eventually be administered through the official Bari region in the post-independence period. Bosaso's population is estimated at 700,000 residents. It is the third largest city in Somalia after Mogadishu and Hargeisa . While Bosaso

7224-519: Was designed to ensure easy vehicle access. The market is the result of careful planning between Puntland government officials and civil society representatives. In September 2013, Puntland Minister of Fisheries Mohamed Farah Adan also announced that the Ministry in conjunction with the FAO would open a new fish market in the city, complete with modern refrigerators. Bosaso is home to Golis Telecom Somalia ,

7310-607: Was near modern-day Quelimane in Mozambique, citing the fact that (according to the Periplus ) the coastline there ran down towards the southwest. Peters also suggests that the description of the "Pyralaoi" (i.e., the "Fire people") – "situated at the entry to the [Mozambique] Channel" – indicates that they were the inhabitants of the volcanic Comoro Islands. He also maintains that Menuthias (with its abundance of rivers and crocodiles) cannot have been Zanzibar; i.e., Madagascar seems more likely. The Periplus informs us that Rhapta,

7396-408: Was under the firm control of a governor appointed by Arabian king of Musa, taxes were collected, and it was serviced by "merchant craft that they staff mostly with Arab skippers and agents who, through continual intercourse and intermarriage, are familiar with the area and its language". The Periplus explicitly states that Azania (which included Rhapta) was subject to " Charibael ", the king of both

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