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87-412: The Boston Classicists were first referred to as a "school" in the second edition of Gilbert Chase 's America’s Music (1966). We must attempt to define the prevailing New England attitude toward musical art, that is to say, the attitude that dominated the musical thinking of those New England composers who, in the final decade of the nineteenth century and the first of the twentieth, succeeded in forming

174-521: A violin sonata (recorded on seven different labels), a romance and three further pieces for violin and piano, a piano trio , a string quartet , and a piano quintet . Of the over 300 works by Amy Beach which were published during her lifetime and included almost every genre, the largest category is her art songs and vocal chamber music. Beyond these, she wrote many chamber works and transcriptions for piano, including Variations on Balkan Themes , Beach's "longest and most important solo" piano work, which

261-646: A "Promenade Concert" conducted by Adolph Neuendorff at Boston's Music Hall, where she played Chopin 's Rondo in E-flat and was piano soloist in Moscheles 's piano concerto No. 3 in G minor, to general acclaim: as biographer Fried Block comments, "[i]t is hard to imagine a more positive critical reaction to a debut," and her audience was "enthusiastic in the extreme." The next two years of her career included performances in Chickering Hall , and she starred in

348-594: A "fifty-year-old marriage broken apart" for unknown reasons. The three women took up residence in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, where Franc and Beach's mother had been born. Beach's uncle, Clement, "was settled" in a Veterans' Home in California from 1917 until his death in 1922. After 1916, "Hillsborough was Beach's official residence: there she voted in presidential elections." In 1918, her cousin Ethel "developed

435-593: A Fellow at the MacDowell Colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire , where she composed several works and encountered other women composers and/or musicians, including Emilie Frances Bauer , Marion Bauer , Mabel Wheeler Daniels , Fannie Charles Dillon , and Ethel Glenn Hier , who "were or became long-time friends" of Beach. But there were "generational and gender divisions" among the Fellows in music at

522-400: A caveat for this supposed shortcoming (sexism was common and extreme in classical music). He wrote: In style, she is not individual; her dependence upon Schumann and Brahms is unmistakable, which is a weakness, for which the feminine character furnishes ground and excuse. The sonata is sonorous and graceful in both violin and piano parts, though the latter in the last movement somewhat oversteps

609-504: A chance to hear it. In 2000 Joshua Kosman of the San Francisco Chronicle also lauded the composition, writing: Its four movements are packed with incident – beautifully shaped melodies (several of them drawn from her songs), a forthright rhythmic profile and a vivacious and sometimes contentious interplay between soloist and orchestra. The piano part is as flashy and demanding as a virtuoso vehicle calls for, but there

696-575: A child prodigy. She was able to sing forty songs accurately by age one, she was capable of improvising counter-melody by age two, and she taught herself to read at age three. At four, she composed three waltzes for piano during one summer at her grandfather's farm in West Henniker, NH, despite the absence of a piano; instead, she composed the pieces mentally and played them when she returned home. She could also play music by ear, including four-part hymns. These extraordinary musical talents at such

783-603: A concert, again with her violin sonata, but with three sets of songs: two of her own and one by Brahms , and solo piano music by Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms. Two critics were rather unfavorable, one calling Beach's songs " kitschy ." She was unfazed, saying the audience was "large and very enthusiastic." Demand arose for sheet music of Beach's songs and solo piano pieces, beyond the supply that Beach's publisher Arthur P. Schmidt had available for German music stores. Later In January, still in Munich, she performed in her Piano Quintet;

870-611: A critic praised her composing, which he did not like all that well, more than her playing. In a further concert in Breslau, only three of Beach's songs were on the program, fewer than in Munich. In November–December 1913 she played the solo part in her Piano Concerto with orchestras in Leipzig , Hamburg , and Berlin . Her Gaelic Symphony was also performed in Hamburg and Leipzig. A Hamburg critic wrote "we have before us undeniably

957-438: A dozen or so American-composed tunes had previously been published. Collecting more than 120 new compositions, The New England Psalm Singer was the first published compilation of entirely American music and the first tunebook composed by one American composer. Perhaps even more significant as a sign of both Billings's intentions and the times in which he lived, he advertised the work as “never before published” and stressed that it

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1044-528: A few summers, she composed at her cottage in Centerville, Massachusetts on Cape Cod. While continuing to get income from her compositions published by Arthur P. Schmidt, during 1914–1921, she had new compositions published by G. Schirmer . The Centerville cottage had been built on a five-acre property Beach had bought with royalties from one song, Ecstasy , 1892, her most successful composition up until then. From 1921 on, she spent part of each summer as

1131-640: A noteworthy prodigy but also fueled her desire for musical excellence. The family struggled to keep up with her musical interests and demands. Her mother sang and played for her, but attempted to prevent the child from playing the family piano herself, believing that to indulge the child's wishes in this respect would damage parental authority. Amy often commanded what music was played in the home, becoming enraged if it did not meet her standards. Amy began formal piano lessons with her mother at age six, and soon gave public recitals of works by Handel , Beethoven , and Chopin , as well as her own pieces. One such recital

1218-464: A number of private performances and small recitals in New York, Cincinnati, and Massachusetts. A 1937 performance arranged by Roy Harris was particularly disappointing, as the performers were ill-prepared and sight-read the work poorly. No performance of the quartet was fully satisfactory to Beach, and the work did not gain the recognition that she seemed to hope it would gather. Because the quartet

1305-613: A pianist, she was acclaimed for concerts she gave featuring her own music in the United States and in Germany. Amy Marcy Cheney was born in Henniker, New Hampshire , on September 5, 1867 to Charles Abbott Cheney (nephew of Oren B. Cheney , who co-founded Bates College ) and Clara Imogene (Marcy) Cheney. Artistic ability ran in the family: Clara was reputedly an "excellent pianist and singer," while Amy showed every sign of being

1392-515: A position as music director at three Boston churches. Between 1829 and 1869 he published about 20 further collections of hymns. Those collections favored adaptations of tunes by prominent European composers rather than the traditional rural hymn tunes. He expertly adapted the melodies of instrumental works from European masters such as Haydn, Beethoven, Mozart, and Schubert into his collections of sacred music and published them. By simplifying their musical content and harmonic language he introduced them to

1479-456: A possessor of musical gifts of the highest kind; a musical nature touched with genius." She was greeted as the first American woman "able to compose music of a European quality of excellence." Beach returned to America in 1914, not long after the beginning of World War I . Beach and Craft made pro-German statements to the American press, but Beach said her allegiance was to "the musical, not

1566-414: A rather impressive school variously known as the “Boston Classicists” or the “New England Academicians.” It might be denied that they formed a “school” in the strictest sense of the term.... I think it can be shown that it stemmed from a fairly homogeneous cultural and aesthetical background. The full-fledged term "Second New England School" Was used by H. Wiley Hitchcock soon afterwards, in 1969. generating

1653-562: A seminal and much-used text. Chase served as the cultural attaché in Lima (1950–53), Buenos Aires (1953–55) and Brussels (1960–63). Chase taught at Tulane University , University of Texas , and the University of Oklahoma . After retiring in 1979, he moved to Chapel Hill, North Carolina , and died there, of pneumonia , in 1992. Amy Beach Amy Marcy Cheney Beach (September 5, 1867 – December 27, 1944)

1740-440: A society matron and patron of the arts. She agreed never to teach piano, an activity widely associated with women" and regarded as providing "pin money." She further agreed to limit performances to two public recitals per year, with profits donated to charity, and to devote herself more to composition than to performance (although, as she wrote, "I thought I was a pianist first and foremost." ) Her self-guided education in composition

1827-500: A solo piano version. Two further pieces, Eilende Wolken and Jephthah's Daughter , are for orchestra with voice. Beach's sacred choral works are mainly for four voices and organ, but a few are for voices and orchestra, two being the Mass in E-flat major (1892) and her setting of St. Francis's Canticle of the Sun (1924, 1928), first performed at St. Bartholomew's in New York. A setting of

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1914-571: A student of Franz Liszt ) as piano teachers. In 1881–82, the fourteen-year-old also studied harmony and counterpoint with Junius W. Hill. This would be her only formal instruction as a composer, but "[s]he collected every book she could find on theory, composition, and orchestration ... she taught herself ... counterpoint , harmony , fugue ," even translating Gevaert 's and Berlioz 's French treatises on orchestration, considered "most composers' bibles," into English for herself. Amy Cheney made her concert debut at age sixteen on October 18, 1883, in

2001-465: A studio apartment in New York. There, she became the virtual composer-in-residence at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church . Her music had been used during the previous 20 years in services at the church, attributed to "H. H. A. Beach", with "Mrs." added only since 1931. She used her status as the top female American composer to further the careers of young musicians. While she had agreed not to give private music lessons while married, Beach

2088-478: A terminal illness," and she spent time taking care of her, as Franc, at age 75, "could hardly" do so by herself. Aside from concert tours and the time of Ethel's illness until her death in 1920, Beach also spent part of her time in New York City . Someone had asked her if she was the daughter of Mrs. H. H. A. Beach. She resumed using that married name, but used "Amy Beach" on bookplates and stationery. For

2175-486: A thrill of pride myself whenever I hear a fine work by any of us, and as such you will have to be counted in, whether you [like it] or not – one of the boys." These "boys" were a group of composers unofficially known as the Second New England School , and included not only Chadwick and Parker but also John Knowles Paine (1839–1926), Arthur Foote (1853–1937), and Edward MacDowell (1860–1908). With

2262-425: A variety of expressive moods and tone colors to a work of substantial form. They also commented on the modernity and skill the work displayed in that it achieved a highly expressive nature and orchestral texture while maintaining the intimate, technically developed character of the chamber ensemble voicing. This work added to her reputation as a composer of serious high art music, although still deemed slightly beneath

2349-743: A while. She went to Europe in hopes of recovering there. In Europe she changed her name to "Amy Beach". She travelled together with Marcella (Marcia) Craft , an American soprano who was " prima donna of the Berlin Royal Opera." Beach's first year in Europe "was of almost entire rest." In 1912 she gradually resumed giving concerts, Her European debut was in Dresden , October 1912, playing her violin and piano sonata with violinist "Dr. Bülau," to favorable reviews. In Munich in January 1913, she gave

2436-451: A young age can be associated with certain innate conditions she possessed. Firstly, she possessed perfect pitch , which enabled her to play music entirely by ear. Additionally, she experienced synesthesia , a condition where each key was associated with a particular color. This heightened sensitivity to keys made playing by ear more feasible for her compared to musicians without such abilities. These inherent abilities not only defined her as

2523-635: Is mainly in a Romantic idiom, often compared to that of Brahms or Rachmaninoff . In her later works she experimented, moving away from tonality, employing whole tone scales and more exotic harmonies and techniques. Beach's compositions include a one-act opera, Cabildo , and a variety of other works. Beach wrote the Gaelic Symphony (1896) and the Piano Concerto in C-sharp minor (1898−99). Another orchestral piece, Bal masque , has

2610-647: Is said to the credit of the public. Reviewers in Berlin were fairly positive in their response to the Sonata, hailing its technical development and brilliant use of the violin and piano as individual parts. Where criticized, they noted that it was perhaps too virtuosic for chamber music, while another reviewer for the Berliner Volks-Zeitung characterized Beach's compositional style as being too derivative of Schumann and Brahms—yet allowed Beach's gender as

2697-462: Is the most exciting symphony penned by an American before World War I . [...] Her command of instrumentation throughout the Symphony was consistently excellent and colorful. The manner in which she balanced content and form succeeds where her contemporaries like George Whitefield Chadwick , John Knowles Paine , and Horatio Parker so often came up short: somehow Beach’s Symphony is never daunted by

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2784-593: The Handel and Haydn Society orchestra, which since its foundation in 1815 had never performed a piece composed by a woman. Newspaper music critics responded to the Mass by declaring Beach one of America's foremost composers, comparing the piece to Masses by Cherubini and Bach . Beach followed this up with an important milestone in music history: her Gaelic Symphony , the first symphony composed and published by an American woman. It premiered October 30, 1896, performed by

2871-800: The Te Deum with organ was first performed by the choir of men and boys at Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Boston. The Capitol Hill Choral Society of Washington, D.C., recorded the Canticle of the Sun, seven Communion Responses, and other pieces by Beach in 1998, led by its Musical Director Betty Buchanan, who founded the Society in 1983. There are some tens of secular choral works, accompanied by orchestra, piano, or organ. Publisher Arthur P. Schmidt once complained to Beach that her "choral pieces had practically no sale". Beach's chamber music compositions include

2958-468: The American public. His compositions include the hymn tunes for "From Greenland’s Icy Mountains", "Nearer, My God, to Thee", and "My Faith Looks Up to Thee". Mason devoted his life to music as a composer, a publisher and, most significantly, a music educator. In 1832 he founded the Boston Academy of Music. In 1838, because of his insistence that singing should not be absent from children's education,

3045-479: The Boston Classicists, such as Henry F. Gilbert (student of MacDowell) and Charles Ives (student of Parker), rejected much of their masters' styles and embarked in radical new vernacular directions. Gilbert Chase Gilbert Chase (4 September 1906, Havana , Cuba – 22 February 1992, Chapel Hill, North Carolina ) was an American music historian, critic and author, and a "seminal figure in

3132-530: The Boston School Committee added introductory music to the primary and secondary school curriculum, appointing Mason to lead the program. American musicians such as William Billings and Lowell Mason educated and enriched aspiring musicians of their time such as George Chadwick and Horatio Parker. Amy Beach , George Chadwick , Arthur Foote , Edward MacDowell , John Knowles Paine and Horatio Parker collaborated and eventually became known as

3219-572: The Boston Six. In 1815, the Handel and Haydn Society was formed, followed by the Boston Academy of Music. In 1867, The New England Conservatory was founded. It is not surprising then, that Boston should have nurtured a tradition of musical composition and a group of composers who are often considered together a "school." Many of the New England composers had academic affiliations and were among

3306-551: The Boston Symphony "with exceptional success," although "whatever the merits or defects of the symphony were thought to be, critics went to extraordinary lengths in their attempts to relate them to the composer's sex." Composer George Whitefield Chadwick (1854–1931) wrote to Beach that he and his colleague Horatio Parker (1863–1919) had attended the Gaelic Symphony's premiere and much enjoyed it: "I always feel

3393-444: The Boston Symphony. (The Quartet lasted until 1917. Meanwhile, Kneisel moved to New York in 1905.) In 1894 Beach had joined the quartet in performing Robert Schumann's Piano Quintet in E-flat, Op. 44 . The Sonata is written in four movements, which are interconnected musically by using the first movement's opening theme as a germinating source to be developed on in the following three. They are thoroughly crafted to follow conventions of

3480-582: The Girl who Wants to Compose" and "Emotion Versus Intellect in Music." In 1915, she had written Music’s Ten Commandments as Given for Young Composers , which expressed many of her self-teaching principles. Despite her fame and recognition during her lifetime, Beach was largely neglected after her death in 1944 until the late 20th century. Efforts to revive interest in Beach's works have been largely successful during

3567-540: The Italian dictator Mussolini . She returned to the United States with a two-week stopover in Leipzig, where she met her old friend, the singer Marcella Craft. She was a member of Chapter R (New York City) of the P.E.O. Sisterhood . Late in her life, she collaborated on the "Ballad of P.E.O." with the words written by Ruth Comfort Mitchell , Chapter BZ/California. Heart disease led to Beach's retirement in 1940, around

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3654-529: The Macdowell Colony, with some feeling that Beach's music was "no longer fashionable". In 1924, Beach sold the house in Boston she had inherited from her husband. Her aunt Franc had become "feeble" around 1920, developed dementia in 1924, and died in November 1925 in Hillsborough, after which Beach had no surviving relatives as close as Ethel and Franc had been. In the fall of 1930, Beach rented

3741-491: The Second New England School is considered the first successful body of American repertoire. While there was no official "First New England School," many independent composers heavily influenced the development and success of The Second New England School. The first influential figure was William Billings (1746–1800), a native of Boston, who was a self-taught amateur musician and a tanner. William Billings

3828-412: The Second New England School's years of prominence, American musical education was still in its infancy. Americans often learned music theory and composition in Europe or from European musicians who had emigrated to the United States. As a result, large portions of American classical music written at the time reflect European influences, especially from Germany. Although America lagged in composition, in

3915-725: The addition of Beach, they collectively became known as the Boston Six , of whom Beach was the youngest. In 1900, the Boston Symphony premiered Beach's Piano Concerto , with the composer as soloist. It has been suggested that the piece suggests Beach's struggles against her mother and husband for control of her musical life. In all, Beach was one of the first American women who received large popularity for composing symphonies. Beach's husband died in June 1910 (the couple had been childless) and her mother 7 months later. Her father, Charles Cheney, had died in 1895. Beach felt unable to work for

4002-616: The allotted bounds of chamber music. In 1900, with the Kneisel Quartet, Beach performed the Brahms Piano Quintet in F minor, Op. 34 . Beach wrote her own three-movement Quintet for Piano and Strings in F-sharp minor, Op. 67, in 1905. The quintet came to be frequently performed during Beach's lifetime, both in concert and over the radio. These performances were often given by established string quartets accompanied by

4089-583: The dominant view among the academic establishment. He also "was the first to treat the music of Charles Ives and Carl Ruggles as important additions to the 20th-century repertory". Along with Robert Stevenson , he was among the first American scholars to study the music of the Americas , and his The Music of Spain and A Guide to the Music of Latin America were major works in the study of Spanish and Latin American music . The Music of Spain remains

4176-526: The field of musicology and ethnomusicology ." He was the maternal cousin of the writer and diarist Anais Nin . His America's Music, from the Pilgrims to the Present was the first major work to examine the music of the entire United States and argue that folk traditions were more culturally significant than music for the concert hall. Chase's analysis of a diverse American musical identity has remained

4263-420: The final performance of the Boston Symphony's 1884–85 season. Amy would later recall one rehearsal for a Mendelssohn concerto in 1885, when the conductor slowed the orchestra during the last movement, attempting to go easy on the teenage soloist. When she began the piano part, however, she played at full prescribed tempo: "I did not know that he was sparing me, but I did know that the tempo dragged, and I swung

4350-492: The first nationalist movement in American music. Beach's contributions included about thirty songs inspired by folk music , including Scottish , Irish , Balkan , African-American , and Native American origins. Beach was a musical intellectual who wrote for journals, newspapers, and other publications. She gave advice to young musicians and composers – especially female composers. From career to piano technique advice, Beach readily provided her opinions in articles such as "To

4437-454: The form while implementing each musical element in a precise and well-constructed way. The premiere was quickly followed by several other recital performances of the piece in various New York cities, where critical reception was mixed; some reviewers described the piece as immature and lacking in substance, although they acknowledged her skillful use of contrapuntal movement and affective principal themes. The third movement, Largo con dolore,

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4524-416: The group include Edgar Stillman Kelley (1857–1944), George Whiting (1861–1944), and Arthur Batelle Whiting (1861–1936). These composers were greatly influenced by German Romantic tradition, either through direct study with Germans or by association with German-trained musicians in America. Their works were published by Arthur P. Schmidt , the most important music publisher of that time. Chamber music of

4611-574: The history of American music was the publication of his two tune-books. The first one, the New England Psalm-Singer, was published in 1770, and the second and more popular collection, the Singing Master’s Assistant, was published in 1778. It includes a paraphrase of Psalm 137 that refers to the occupation of Boston in 1775–1776. These selections captured the mood of confident defiance with which New England patriots entered

4698-586: The jagged chromatic melody and contrasting lyrical passages, irregularly phrase lengths, its key changes and lush texture, to its strict adherence to the sonata-allegro form. The primary theme throughout all three works, in fact, is borrowed from the last movement of the Brahms quintet, albeit adapted and reworked in a variety of ways. All three movements feature frequent distinct developments in meter, tempo, and key signature. The entire work carries an affective character of lamentation throughout, demonstrated not only by

4785-428: The last few decades. The symphony has received praise from modern critics, such as Andrew Achenbach of Gramophone , who in 2003 lauded the work for its "big heart, irresistible charm and confident progress." In 2016, Jonathan Blumhofer of The Arts Fuse wrote: To my ears, it is by far the finest symphony by an American composer before Ives and, by a wide margin, better than a lot that came after him. It surely

4872-508: The long shadows Brahms and Beethoven cast across the Atlantic. It’s a fresh, invigorating, and personal statement in a genre that has offered plenty of examples of pieces that demonstrate none of those qualities. Beach's Piano Concerto has been praised as an overlooked masterwork by modern critics. In 1994, Phil Greenfield of The Baltimore Sun called it "a colorful, dashing work that might become extremely popular if enough people get

4959-612: The militaristic Germany." She gave some manuscripts of music she had written in Europe to Craft, who brought them back to the U.S. Beach delayed her own departure until September 1914 and so had a further trunkful of manuscripts confiscated at the Belgian border. Beach eventually recovered the trunk and contents in 1929. In 1915, the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco commemorated

5046-564: The new era. The second influential figure was Lowell Mason (1792–1872) born in Medfield, Massachusetts. His family education was rooted in the New England singing school tradition handed down by his grandfather. In 1822 he published The Handel and Haydn Society’s Collection of Church Music . The first edition was published without attribution, but later editions acknowledged the Mason as editor. Mason returned to Boston in 1827, having negotiated

5133-619: The opening of the Panama Canal and the city's recovery from the 1906 earthquake and fire . Amy Beach was honored often by concerts of her music and receptions during 1915, and her Panama Hymn was commissioned for the occasion. In 1915, and again in 1916, Beach visited her aunt Franc and cousin Ethel in San Francisco , who by then were her closest living relatives. About August 6, 1916, Beach, Franc, and Ethel left San Francisco together, leaving Franc's husband Lyman Clement behind,

5220-452: The orchestra into time". Amy was married the same year (1885) to Dr. Henry Harris Aubrey Beach (1843–1910) ), a Boston surgeon, Harvard lecturer, and amateur singer twenty-four years her senior (she was eighteen at the time). Her name would subsequently be listed on concert programs and published compositions as "Mrs. H. H. A. Beach." The marriage was conditioned upon her willingness "to live according to his status, that is, function as

5307-487: The overall emotive qualities of the work itself but also its use of the Phrygian tetrachord cadence frequently associated with mourning, which in this work outlines the notes F#-E-D-C#. Generally speaking, the work was received quite well by audiences and reviewers as belonging to an important compositional tradition. Critics noted its aesthetically flexible imagination while adhering to traditional expectations, bringing

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5394-399: The pianist-composer, including many times during an extended tour with the Kneisel Quartet in 1916–17, which was the 33rd and last season for the quartet. Beach performed her quintet with them in Boston, Brooklyn, Chicago, and Philadelphia. Among all of Beach's chamber works, this work has been described as one of the most distinctly representative of a Brahmsian influence in her music, from

5481-456: The piece was generally well received. The composer and pianist Teresa Carreño performed the piece with violinist Carl Halir in Berlin, October 1899 and wrote to Beach: I assure you that I never had a greater pleasure in my life than the one I had in working out your beautiful sonata and having the good luck to bring it before the German public...(I)t really met with a decided success and this

5568-460: The pioneers of academic music education in the United States. John Knowles Paine, who served as the first Professor of Music at Harvard University , was considered as the leading compositional authority during his lifetime and, unofficially, the leader of this group. Paine held seniority in age and experience over most of his colleagues. Horatio Parker became Professor of Music at Yale University , and Edward MacDowell at Columbia University . During

5655-559: The premiere of her Sonata for Piano and Violin, Op. 34, which she had composed in the spring of 1896. Franz Kneisel was a leading violinist in Boston and beyond, having been hired at about age 20 by Wilhelm Gericke , conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra , as concertmaster of the orchestra. Soon after arriving in Boston, he formed the Kneisel String Quartet with three other string players of

5742-557: The rest by other poets. "The Year's At the Spring" from Three Browning Songs, Op. 44 is perhaps Beach's best-known work. Despite the volume and popularity of the songs during her lifetime, no single-composer collection of Beach's songs exists. Some may be purchased through Hildegard Publishing Company and Masters Music Publication, Inc. In the early 1890s, Beach started to become interested in folk songs. She shared that interest with several of her colleagues, and this interest soon came to be

5829-574: The second half of the 20th century the country developed permanent and robust opera and symphonic organizations and exceeded Europe in the quality of piano manufacture and piano ownership per capita. The composers of the Second New England School are considered the artistic ancestors of later "academic" and "conservative" U.S. composers such as Walter Piston , Howard Hanson , Douglas Moore , and Carlisle Floyd . The Americanist nationalist school of Aaron Copland and Roy Harris has no direct connection except nationality. Some composers who were students of

5916-599: The term " First New England School " as a by-product. No actual organization or conscious association of composers existed in the Second New England School, though some male members of the group did gather socially, so its "membership" can only be approximated by musicologists who draw aesthetic and philosophical links between composers. The specific "Boston Six" are named as John Knowles Paine (1839–1906), Arthur Foote (1853–1937), George Chadwick (1854–1931), Amy Beach (1867–1944), Edward MacDowell (1861–1908), and Horatio Parker (1863–1919). Other composers associated with

6003-701: The time of which she was honored at a testimonial dinner by 200 of her friends in New York. Beach died in New York City in 1944. Amy Beach is buried with her husband in the Forest Hills Cemetery in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts. Beach was a member of the " Second New England School " or "Boston Group"; the other members were composers John Knowles Paine , Arthur Foote , George Chadwick , Edward MacDowell , George Whiting , and Horatio Parker . Her writing

6090-616: The timing of the piece's composition, there is some evidence that Beach may have been inspired to write the work as part of Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge 's chamber music competition in 1922. Numerous painstaking attempts demonstrate both Beach's devotion to the composition of this piece and her unfamiliarity with writing in this genre. The final work, completed in Rome, consists of a single movement divided into three sections, and thematically speaking, follows an arch form (A B C B1 A1). The piece uses three different Eskimo or Inuit melodies throughout

6177-529: The western states. Among two of Beach's most frequently performed instrumental works are the Sonata in A Minor for Piano and Violin, Op. 34 and the Quintet in F♯ minor, Op. 67, as both were programmed extensively in the United States and Germany. Another noteworthy work which illustrates Beach's skill and adherence to tradition as a composer is her String Quartet, Op. 89. In January 1897 Beach played with Franz Kneisel

6264-489: The winter and spring of 1928–29 in Rome. She went to concerts "almost daily" and found Respighi 's Feste Romane to be "superbly brilliant," but disliked a piece by Paul Hindemith . In March 1929 she gave a concert to benefit the American Hospital in Rome, in which her song "The Year's at the Spring" was encored and a "large sum of money" was raised. Beach, like her friends in Rome, briefly became an admirer of

6351-525: The work forward in the absence of clear tonal direction. The texture and harmony is fairly stark in places, lacking the lush Romanticism of her earlier works and representing more Modernist inclinations of a developing composer. The piece was premiered at the American Academy in April 1929, but Beach reported little on whether or not this performance was satisfactory. Nonetheless, it was followed by

6438-525: The work: "Summer Song", "Playing at Ball", and "Itataujang's Song", taken from Franz Boas ' book on the Alaskan Inuit tribes. Beach integrates these borrowed tunes within a framework of Austro-Germanic extended quasi-tonality and dissonance , first through more straightforward statements of the melodies and then as assimilated into a horizontal harmonic structure. Elements of the melodies are abstracted and developed into contrapuntal lines which propel

6525-457: The works of similar male composers by some reviewers. Beach's String Quartet is a single movement and is one of her more mature works. It was originally labeled as Op. 79, but over the course of a decade, the work evolved, and Beach finally re-designated the piece as Op. 89 in 1929. The significance Beach bestowed on this piece is notable, given that it did not feature a piano part which she would perform, as did many of her other works. Because of

6612-1001: Was able to work as a music educator during the early 20th century. She served as President of the Board of Councillors of the New England Conservatory of Music . She worked to coach and give feedback to various young composers, musicians, and students. Beach acted as a mentor for these young composers, encouraging them to spend time perfecting their craft through laborious practices. Written in her document, "Music’s Ten Commandments as Given for Young Composers," Beach suggested young musicians spare no time analyzing works from every genre, their technical progress, and to employ variety whenever possible. From 1904 to 1943, Beach published numerous articles focusing on programming, preparation, and studying techniques for serious piano players, basing many of her findings on her own practice routine. Given her status and advocacy for music education, she

6699-438: Was also necessitated by Dr. Beach, who disapproved of his wife studying with a tutor. Restrictions like these were typical for middle- and upper-class women of the time: as it was explained to a European counterpart, Fanny Mendelssohn , "Music will perhaps become his [Fanny's brother Felix Mendelssohn 's] profession, while for you it can and must be only an ornament.". In recollecting her married life in 1942, Beach stated, "I

6786-441: Was an American composer and pianist. She was the first successful American female composer of large-scale art music . Her "Gaelic" Symphony , premiered by the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1896, was the first symphony composed and published by an American woman. She was one of the first American composers to succeed without the benefit of European training, and one of the most respected and acclaimed American composers of her era. As

6873-837: Was composed by “a native of Boston”—made in America by an American. Published by Benjamin Edes and John Gill, who also published The Boston Gazette and Country Journal , a major Patriot newspaper, and including an engraving by Paul Revere, the book suggested that Billings was strongly aligned with the Rebels. His tunebook is striking for the manner in which it boldly signals these nationalist sentiments. For example, Billings's best-known tune, “Chester,”declares: Let tyrant shake their iron rod And slav'ry Clank her galling Chains We fear them not we trust in God New Englands God for ever reigns. His most significant contribution to

6960-560: Was composed in 1904, in response to revolts in the Balkans against the then ruling Ottoman Empire . Twelve are instrumental chamber works. One notable aspect of Beach's musicianship was her role as a virtuoso pianist, in which she regularly performed both her own compositions and those of others. She toured extensively in Germany, New England, and all the way to the Pacific Coast, where she brought European-American concert music to

7047-415: Was happy and he was content" and "I belonged to a happy period that may never come again." Performing in Germany after Henry's death in 1910, she dropped the "Mrs. H. H. A." for "Amy", apparently because the "Mrs." mystified German audiences, but thereafter she used Mrs. H. H. A. Beach for the rest of her life. A major compositional success came with her Mass in E-flat major , which was performed in 1892 by

7134-453: Was in high demand as a speaker and performer for various educational institutions and clubs, such as the University of New Hampshire , where she received an honorary master's degree in 1928. She also worked to create "Beach Clubs," which helped teach and educate children in music. She served as leader of some organizations focused on music education and women, including the Society of American Women Composers as its first president. Beach spent

7221-403: Was not European in origin. In fact, Beach's use of Inuit and Native American tunes became a marked feature in several of her other works, which she used as a means of bringing stylistic modernity to her sound through the appropriation and recontextualization of these melodies. Beach was most popular for her about 150 songs. The words of about five each are her own and those of H. H. A. Beach, for

7308-499: Was part of the colonial working class and lacked the benefit of much formal education, let alone the chance of attending college (which remained a privilege of the genteel class). Billings gave expression to a provincial, American culture instead of aspiring to the cosmopolitan ideal of British culture. At the age of twenty-three Billings had already composed more than one hundred original pieces of sacred music, and in 1770 he published his first tunebook, The New England Psalm Singer. Only

7395-560: Was reviewed in arts journal The Folio, and multiple agents proposed concert tours for the young pianist, which her parents declined – a decision for which Amy was later grateful. In 1875, the Cheney family moved to Chelsea , a suburb just across the Mystic River from Boston . They were advised there to enroll Amy in a European conservatory, but opted instead for local training, hiring Ernst Perabo and later Carl Baermann (himself

7482-561: Was so different from many of Beach's previous works, and given that Beach was unable to perform it herself, there is little known concerning both audience and critic response to the piece. Composer and biographer Burnet Corwin Tuthill offered praise of it, saying that while it was unusual for Beach and lacked the emotionalism usually prevalent in her music, it demonstrated remarkable technical sophistication and skill in its handling of both string writing and engagement with thematic material that

7569-422: Was the most controversial among critics, with some praising its beauty and passionately evocative nature, while others derided its length as being too far extended and monotonous. Audiences, however, were captivated and spellbound by the slow movement; at one performance it was reported that they broke out into enthusiastic applause in between the third and fourth movements out of an abundance of emotion. In Europe,

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