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73-550: Battle Angel Alita , known in Japan as Gunnm ( 銃夢 , Ganmu , lit.   ' gun dream ' ) , is a Japanese cyberpunk manga series created by Yukito Kishiro and originally published in Shueisha 's Business Jump magazine from 1990 to 1995. The second of the comic's nine volumes was adapted in 1993 into a two-part anime original video animation titled Battle Angel for North American release by ADV Films and

146-579: A bounty hunter , killing cyborg criminals in the Scrapyard, and then as a star player in the brutal gladiator sport of Motorball. While in combat, Alita awakens memories of her earlier life on Mars. She becomes involved with the floating city of Zalem (Tiphares in some older translations) as one of their agents and is sent to hunt down criminals. Foremost is the mad genius Desty Nova, who has a complex, ever-changing relationship with Alita. The futuristic dystopian world of Battle Angel Alita revolves around

219-403: A bounty-hunting cybernetic doctor who finds and revives Alita, plays a major role as well, but midway the focus begins to increasingly shift to Desty Nova , an eccentric nanotechnology scientist who has fled from Zalem. Desty Nova is the mastermind behind many of the enemies and trials that Alita faces, but does not make an actual appearance until more than two years into the story, although he

292-516: A calendar era called "Era Sputnik " which has an epoch of AD 1957. The original Battle Angel Alita series begins in ES 577 (AD 2533) and ends in ES 590 (AD 2546), Battle Angel Alita: Last Order is mostly set roughly in ES 591 (AD 2547), and Battle Angel Alita: Mars Chronicle currently alternates between ES 373–374 (AD 2329–2330) and ES 594 (AD 2550). Battle Angel Alita features a diverse cast of characters, many of whom shift in and out of focus as

365-421: A Third League Motorball race with players from two of her races such as "Armor" Togo, Degchalev, and Valdicci, and depicts events from both of those races. 20th Century Fox and Director James Cameron acquired the film rights to Battle Angel . It was originally brought to Cameron's attention by filmmaker Guillermo del Toro . Cameron is said to be a big fan of the manga, and he was waiting until CGI technology

438-444: A beautiful story about life. Patrick King, a reviewer for the online anime and manga magazine, Animefringe , praises the "magnificence of Kishiro's creation" and "a living, breathing, frightening, incredibly plausible, perhaps even prophetic look at the future of mankind." He considered that the main themes that Kishiro touches on in his work are human nature and sincerity. King also noted that, unlike Kishiro's other work, Aqua Knight,

511-445: A frequent visitor to Japan, where he came to see that many of his visions of Japan were a reality: Modern Japan simply was cyberpunk. The Japanese themselves knew it and delighted in it. I remember my first glimpse of Shibuya , when one of the young Tokyo journalists who had taken me there, his face drenched with the light of a thousand media-suns—all that towering, animated crawl of commercial information—said, "You see? You see? It

584-543: A futuristic vision which has elements in common with western science fiction and therefore have received wide international acceptance outside Japan. "The conceptualization involved in cyberpunk is more of forging ahead, looking at the new global culture. It is a culture that does not exist right now, so the Japanese concept of a cyberpunk future, seems just as valid as a Western one, especially as Western cyberpunk often incorporates many Japanese elements." William Gibson became

657-668: A general tax from the known world by Octavian or the end of the roman conquest of the peninsula during the civil war of the Second Triumvirate . Either way the date traditionally marks the establishment of Roman rule in Spain and was used in official documents by the Suebian and Visigothic kingdoms and later in Portugal , Aragon , Valencia , Castile , and southern France . This system of calibrating years fell to disuse in

730-508: A heart, a brain or a soul? I look forward to giving the audience the film." Landau half-jokingly stated that the project may be titled Alita: The Battle Angel , because of Cameron's tradition in naming his films with either an "A" or a "T". In October 2015, it was reported that Robert Rodriguez would direct the film with Cameron and Landau producing. On April 26, 2016, both The Hollywood Reporter and Variety reported that Maika Monroe , Rosa Salazar , Zendaya and Bella Thorne were in

803-583: A map, printed in the eighth volume, Scrapyard/Zalem is near Kansas City, Missouri , and the Necropolis is Colorado Springs, Colorado . Radio KAOS is at Dallas, Texas . Figure's coastal hometown is Alhambra, California . Desty Nova's Granite Inn is built out of a military base— NORAD at Cheyenne Mountain Complex , Colorado . Battle Angel Alita is eventually revealed to take place in the 26th century. The sequel Battle Angel Alita: Last Order introduces

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876-411: A new story with her as the main character. After he had come up with the plot for a storyline he was commissioned to make it a long-running series. Besides renaming Gally to Alita , older North American versions of the manga also changed the city of Zalem (from Biblical Hebrew שָׁלֵם šālēm , "peace") to Tiphares (after Tiferet ). Since Kishiro also used the name Jeru (after Jerusalem ) for

949-789: A number of languages and regions. It was published in Spain by Planeta DeAgostini , in Brazil by Editora JBC , in France and Netherlands by Glenat , in Poland by JPF , in Germany by Carlsen , in Taiwan by Tong Li Publishing , in Argentina by Editorial Ivrea and in Russia by Xl Media. A two-episode OVA was released in 1993, incorporating elements from the second volume of the manga with changes to

1022-488: A remake of), are often credited as precursors of the movement. Some defining films in the genre include: Related films include: Japanese cyberpunk also refers to a subgenre of manga and anime works with cyberpunk themes. This subgenre began in 1982 with the debut of the manga series Akira , with its 1988 anime film adaptation later popularizing the subgenre. Akira inspired a wave of Japanese cyberpunk works, including manga and anime series such as Ghost in

1095-496: A single volume on June 24, 1998. A spin-off series titled Battle Angel Alita: Holy Night & Other Stories ( 銃夢外伝 , Ganmu Gaiden ) was published in Ultra Jump from January 24, 1997, to December 19, 2006. It was released in a single volume on December 19, 2007. It is composed of four short side stories : "Holy Night", "Sonic Finger", "Hometown" and "Barjack Rhapsody". In North America, Viz Media originally released

1168-503: A timeline and the first three Battle Angel Alita: Holy Night & Other Stories short stories. From October 5 to November 16, 2016, Kodansha republished Gunnm in B5 format . It was later reprinted in A5 format starting on November 21, 2018. A spin-off series titled Ashen Victor ( 灰者 , Haisha ) was published in Ultra Jump from September 1995 to July 1996 issues. It was released in

1241-657: Is Blade Runner town." And it was. It so evidently was. Akira (1982 manga) and its 1988 anime film adaptation have influenced numerous works in animation, comics, film, music, television and video games. Akira has been cited as a major influence on Hollywood films such as The Matrix , Dark City , Chronicle , Looper , Midnight Special , and Inception , television shows such as Stranger Things , and video games such as Hideo Kojima 's Snatcher and Metal Gear Solid , Valve 's Half-Life series and Dontnod Entertainment 's Remember Me . John Gaeta cited Akira as artistic inspiration for

1314-526: Is alluded to early on. Finally, Kaos , Desty Nova's son, a frail and troubled radio DJ with psychometric powers, also begins to play a crucial role after he comes in contact with Alita. He broadcasts his popular radio show from the wastelands outside the Scrapyard, staying away from the increasing conflict between Zalem and the rebel army Barjack . Alita was originally a female cyborg police officer named Gally in an unpublished comic called Rainmaker . Publishers at Shueisha liked her and asked Kishiro to make

1387-590: Is found in a junkyard by a cybernetics doctor who rebuilds and takes care of her. She discovers that there is one thing she remembers, the legendary cyborg martial art Panzer Kunst, which leads to her becoming a Hunter Warrior, or bounty hunter . The story traces Alita's attempts to rediscover her past and the characters whose lives she impacts on her journey. The manga series is continued in Battle Angel Alita: Last Order and Battle Angel Alita: Mars Chronicle . Battle Angel Alita tells

1460-451: Is happening, even in moments of stunning action". JapanVisitor.com notes the influence on Kishiro of writers such as Philip Dick (" Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? " ) and Isaac Asimov (" I, Robot ") Japanese cyberpunk Japanese cyberpunk cinema , also referred to as Extreme Japanese Cyberpunk, refers to a sub-genre of underground film produced in Japan , starting in

1533-571: Is named after Tetsuo Shima. The popular bike from the film, Kaneda's Motorbike, appears in Steven Spielberg ' s film Ready Player One , and CD Projekt 's video game Cyberpunk 2077 . Deus Ex: Mankind Divided video game developer Eidos Montréal also paid homage to the film's poster. Ghost in the Shell (1989) influenced a number of prominent filmmakers. The Wachowskis , creators of The Matrix (1999) and its sequels, showed

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1606-506: Is the display of cybernetics and technology in the context of the surrounding world, without focusing on the plot itself." The only downside, according to critics, is the brevity of the series, giving the impression that the anime is part of something bigger. Anime News Network critic, Theron Martin praises the author's meticulous background work and emphasizes that Kishiro has not lost his artistic skills over time. The reviewer also noted that "the reader will always be able to understand what

1679-591: Is the period of time elapsed since one epoch of a calendar and, if it exists, before the next one. For example, it is the year 2024 as per the Gregorian calendar, which numbers its years in the Western Christian era (the Coptic Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox churches have their own Christian eras). In antiquity, regnal years were counted from the accession of a monarch. This makes

1752-656: The 1995 anime film adaptation of Ghost in the Shell to producer Joel Silver , saying, "We wanna do that for real." The Matrix series took several concepts from the film, including the Matrix digital rain , which was inspired by the opening credits of Ghost in the Shell , and the way characters access the Matrix through holes in the back of their necks. Other parallels have been drawn to James Cameron 's Avatar , Steven Spielberg 's A.I. Artificial Intelligence , and Jonathan Mostow 's Surrogates ; Cameron cited Ghost in

1825-685: The Akitu festival (celebrating the Mesopotamian new year), one of a small group of high officials (including the king in later periods) would be chosen by lot to serve as the limmu for the year, which meant that he would preside over the Akitu festival and the year would bear his name. The earliest attested limmu eponyms are from the Assyrian trading colony at Karum Kanesh in Anatolia, dating to

1898-688: The Early Middle Ages , roughly between the 6th and 10th centuries. The era based on the Incarnation of Christ was introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in 525 and is in continued use with various reforms and derivations. The distinction between the Incarnation occurring with the conception or the Nativity of Jesus was not drawn until the late ninth century. The first day of the numbered year varied from place to place and depended on

1971-570: The bullet time effect in The Matrix films . Akira has also been credited with influencing the Star Wars franchise, including the prequel film trilogy and the Clone Wars film and television series. Akira has also influenced the work of musicians such as Kanye West , who paid homage to Akira in the " Stronger " music video, and Lupe Fiasco , whose album Tetsuo & Youth

2044-571: The chronology of the ancient Near East very difficult to reconstruct, based on disparate and scattered king lists, such as the Sumerian King List and the Babylonian Canon of Kings . In East Asia, reckoning by era names chosen by ruling monarchs ceased in the 20th century except for Japan , where they are still used. For over a thousand years, ancient Assyria used a system of eponyms to identify each year. Each year at

2117-529: The 1980s. It bears some resemblance to the 'low-life high-tech' cyberpunk , as understood in the West; however, it differs in its representation of industrial and metallic imagery and an incomprehensible narrative. The main directors associated with the Japanese cyberpunk movement are Shinya Tsukamoto , Shozin Fukui , and Sogo Ishii . The origins of the genre can be traced back to the 1982 film Burst City , before

2190-577: The 3rd year of the 6th Olympiad. Because the Parilia had become associated with the founding of the city by his time, he took the specific date to have been 21 April 753   BC. This became the official chronology of the empire by at least the time of Claudius , who held Secular Games in AD 47 to celebrate the city's 800th anniversary. The 900th and 1000th anniversaries were then celebrated in 148 under Antoninus Pius and in 248 under Philip I . The AUC era

2263-721: The Early Modern Age and was replaced by today's Anno Domini . The months and years are the same as the Julian Calendar . Throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods, the Decapolis and other Hellenized cities of Syria and Palestine used the Pompeian era , counting dates from the Roman general Pompey 's conquest of the region in 63 BC. A different form of calendar was used to track longer periods of time, and for

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2336-456: The Gunnm universe "complex and stunningly compelling". He writes that after reading the first volume, it becomes clear why the author of the manga is known as a master of the genre. The work combines a large amount of action with believable and independent characters, which the reviewer said is rare in films, comics and TV shows. In the end, the reviewer called the original manga a classic example of

2409-479: The Japanese punk subculture that arose from the Japanese punk music scene in the 1970s. The filmmaker Sogo Ishii introduced this subculture to Japanese cinema with his punk films Panic High School (1978) and Crazy Thunder Road (1980), which portrayed the rebellion and anarchy associated with punk, and went on to become highly influential in underground film circles. Crazy Thunder Road in particular

2482-549: The Shell , Battle Angel Alita , Cowboy Bebop , and Serial Experiments Lain . Cyberpunk themes are widely visible in anime and manga . In Japan , where cosplay is popular and not only teenagers display such fashion styles, cyberpunk has been accepted and its influence is widespread. William Gibson 's Neuromancer , whose influence dominated the early cyberpunk movement, was also set in Chiba , one of Japan's largest industrial areas. Cyberpunk anime and manga draw upon

2555-514: The Shell as an influence on Avatar . Ghost in the Shell also influenced video games such as the Metal Gear Solid series, Deus Ex , Oni , and Cyberpunk 2077 . The original video animation Megazone 23 (1985), with its concept of a simulated reality, has a number of similarities to The Matrix , Dark City , and Existenz . Battle Angel Alita (1990) has had a notable influence on filmmaker James Cameron, who

2628-487: The TV series Dark Angel , which was influenced by Battle Angel Alita . After Avatar , he stated he would work on Avatar sequels before starting Alita . Cameron's producer Jon Landau said, "I am sure you will get to see Battle Angel . It is one of my favourite stories, a great story about a young woman's journey to self-discovery. It is a film that asks the question: What does it mean to be human? Are you human if you have

2701-458: The UK and Australian release by Manga Entertainment . Manga Entertainment also dubbed Battle Angel Alita into English. A live-action film adaptation titled Alita: Battle Angel was released on February 14, 2019. The series is set in the post-apocalyptic future and focuses on Alita ("Gally" in the Japanese version, and several other countries), a female cyborg who has lost all memories and

2774-591: The Zalem dump heap by Daisuke Ido up through and beyond her career as a TUNED agent. The story includes additional elements that Kishiro had conceived when he ended the original manga in 1995, but was unable to implement at the time, which involved Alita going into outer space. He then expanded the story, which formed the basis for the manga Battle Angel Alita: Last Order . During Gunnm ' s initial run in Business Jump manga magazine between 1990 and 1995,

2847-643: The beginning of the year. Modern application of the AUC era generally ignores this, the known mistakes in Varro's own calculations, and the 752   BC epoch used by the Fasti and later Secular Games, such that AD 2024 is generally considered equivalent to AUC 2777 (2024 + 753). Another system that is less commonly found than might be thought was the use of the regnal year of the Roman emperor . At first, Augustus indicated

2920-589: The calendar year is taken as starting on 1 Tishri or on 1 Nisan (respectively the start of the Jewish civil and ecclesiastical years) the Seleucid era begins either in 311 BC (the Jewish reckoning) or in 312 BC (the Greek reckoning: October–September). An early and common practice was Roman ' consular ' dating. This involved naming both consules ordinarii who had taken up this office on 1 January (since 153 BC) of

2993-550: The characters and storyline. According to Kishiro, only two episodes were originally planned. At the time, he was too busy with the manga "to review the plan coolly" and was not serious about an anime adaptation. It remains the only anime adaptation of Battle Angel Alita to date and there are no plans to revive it. A 3-minute 3D- CGI rendered movie clip is included in volume 6 of the Japanese Gunnm: Complete Edition (1998–2000). It showcases Alita in

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3066-634: The characters, especially the protagonist, going through monstrous, incomprehensible metamorphoses in an industrial setting. Many of these films have scenes that fall into the experimental film genre; they often involve purely abstract or visual sequences that may or may not relate to the characters and plot. Recurring themes include: mutation, technology, dehumanization, repression and sexual deviance. In contrast to Western cyberpunk which has roots in New Wave science fiction literature, Japanese cyberpunk has roots in underground music culture, specifically

3139-479: The city of Scrapyard (Kuzutetsu in the Japanese and various other versions), which has grown up around a massive scrap heap that rains down from Zalem. Ground dwellers have no access to Zalem and are forced to make a living in the sprawl below. Many are heavily modified by cybernetics to better cope with their hard life. Zalem exploits the Scrapyard and surrounding farms, paying bounty hunters (called Hunter-Warriors) to hunt criminals and arranging violent sports to keep

3212-629: The cycle, an indiction being a year in duration. Documents and events began to be dated by the year of the cycle (e.g., "fifth indiction", "tenth indiction") in the 4th century, and this system was used long after the tax ceased to be collected. It was used in Gaul , in Egypt until the Islamic conquest , and in the Eastern Roman Empire until its conquest in 1453. A useful chart providing all

3285-557: The debut of Katsuhiro Otomo 's manga series Akira , with its 1988 anime film adaptation (which Otomo directed) later popularizing the subgenre. Akira inspired a wave of Japanese cyberpunk works, including manga and anime series such as Ghost in the Shell , Battle Angel Alita , Cowboy Bebop , and Serial Experiments Lain . Cyberpunk anime and manga have been influential on global popular culture , inspiring numerous works in animation, comics, film, music, television and video games. Japanese cyberpunk generally involves

3358-479: The emperor Justinian I discontinued appointing consuls. The last consul nominated was Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius . Soon afterwards, imperial regnal dating was adopted in its place. Another method of dating was ab urbe condita (Latin for "from the founding of the city" of Rome) or anno urbis conditae (Latin for "in the year of the founding of the city"), both abbreviated AUC. Several epochs for this date were in use by Roman historians , all based on

3431-528: The equivalents can be found in Chaîne's book on chronology, and can easily be consulted online at the Internet Archive, from page 134 to page 172 . A rule for computing the indiction from an AD year number was stated by Dionysius Exiguus : add 3 and divide by 15; the remainder is the indiction, with 0 understood to be the fifteenth indiction. Thus the indiction of 2001 was 9. The beginning of

3504-583: The events of the Neo-Assyrian Period to be dated to a specific year, avoiding the chronological debates that characterize earlier periods of Mesopotamian history. Among the ancient Greek historians and scholars, a common method of indicating the passage of years was based on the Olympic Games , first held in 776 BC . The Olympic Games provided the various independent city-states with a mutually recognizable system of dates. Olympiad dating

3577-533: The facility atop Zalem , Jeru was renamed Ketheres in the translation (after Keter ). More recent versions reverted the cities' names back to Zalem and Jeru. To further develop the Biblical theme in the original series, Zalem 's main computer was named Melchizedek , "the king of Salem" and "priest to the Most High God". The manga was first published in Shueisha 's Business Jump magazine. It

3650-472: The genre was primarily defined by the 1989 film Tetsuo: The Iron Man . It has roots in the Japanese punk subculture , which arose from the Japanese punk music scene in the 1970s, with Sogo Ishii 's punk films of the late 1970s to early 1980s introducing this subculture to Japanese cinema and paving the way for Japanese cyberpunk. Japanese cyberpunk also refers to a subgenre of manga and anime works with cyberpunk themes. This subgenre began in 1982 with

3723-404: The incomplete surviving list of Roman consuls and the myths of the city's founding by Romulus and Remus . The chronology established by Marcus Terentius Varro in the 1st century BC intercalated several years of dictatorships , a period of anarchy, and a standardized length of reign for all of Rome's former kings to arrive at a year running from 754–753   BC, taken as equivalent to

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3796-598: The inscription of calendar dates (i.e., identifying when one event occurred in relation to others). This form, known as the Long Count , is based upon the number of elapsed days since a mythological starting-point. According to the calibration between the Long Count and Western calendars accepted by the great majority of Maya researchers (known as the GMT correlation), this starting-point is equivalent to 11 August, 3114 BC in

3869-421: The magazine's circulation reached a record 760,000 monthly sales, the highest in its history. Between 1990 and 1995, Business Jump magazine had a total circulation of over 50   million copies, with a total estimated revenue of approximately ¥10.74 billion ( $ 135 million ). The fantasy world created by Yukito Kishiro has received positive reviews from many websites. ' MangaLife.com reviewer Adam Volk calls

3942-510: The manga by Yasuhisa Kawamura was released on April 4, 1997, by Shueisha's JUMP j-BOOKS label. In November 2018, Titan Books published Alita: Battle Angel—Iron City , a prequel novel for the film. The novel was written by Pat Cadigan , a notable science fiction author. Gunnm: Martian Memory is an action RPG video game for the PlayStation by Banpresto . It is an adaptation of the manga, following Alita (Gally) from her discovery in

4015-582: The memory of the Roman Republic faded (about AD 200), when they began to use their regnal year openly. Some regions of the Roman Empire dated their calendars from the date of Roman conquest, or the establishment of Roman rule. The Spanish era , or the Era of Caesar , counted the years from 38 BC and, although the exact reasons for this are unknown, it is usually attributed to either the levy of

4088-405: The population entertained. Massive tubes connect the Scrapyard to Zalem, and the city uses robots for carrying out errands and providing security on the ground. Occasionally, Zalemites (such as Daisuke Ido and Desty Nova) are exiled and sent to the ground. Aside from the robots and exiles, there is little contact between the two cities. The story takes place in the former United States. According to

4161-499: The proleptic Gregorian calendar or 6 September in the Julian calendar (−3113 astronomical). A great many local systems or eras were also important, for example the year from the foundation of one particular city, the regnal year of the neighboring Persian emperor , and eventually even the year of the reigning Caliph . Most of the traditional calendar eras in use today were introduced at the time of transition from Late Antiquity to

4234-408: The relevant civil year. Sometimes one or both consuls might not be appointed until November or December of the previous year, and news of the appointment may not have reached parts of the Roman empire for several months into the current year; thus we find the occasional inscription where the year is defined as "after the consulate" of a pair of consuls. The use of consular dating ended in AD 541 when

4307-426: The running for the lead role. Near the end of May 2016, Salazar was cast as Alita, and on February 7, 2017, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Jennifer Connelly would be joining the cast as one of the villains. On December 8, 2017, the first trailer for Battle Angel was released to the public, and the film, titled Alita: Battle Angel and directed by Robert Rodriguez , came out in 2019. A novelization of

4380-726: The story in a 25-page comic book, after which it followed the same volume format as its Japanese counterpart. Viz also released the Ashen Victor spin-off series. Along with the rest of the series, Kishiro's original Battle Angel Alita manga has been licensed for North American publication through Kodansha USA , who republished it the five-volume omnibus format in 2017 and 2018, with the last volume including Ashen Victor . Holy Night & Other Stories has also been licensed by Kodansha USA, who published it digitally on October 30, 2018, and as hardcover on November 20, 2018. Battle Angel Alita has also been licensed for international release in

4453-484: The story of Alita , an amnesiac female cyborg . Her intact head and chest, in suspended animation , are found by cyber medic expert Daisuke Ido in the local garbage dump. Ido manages to revive her, and finding she has lost her memory, names her Alita after his recently deceased cat. The rebuilt Alita soon discovers that she instinctively remembers the legendary martial art, Panzer Kunst, although she does not recall anything else. Alita uses her Panzer Kunst to first become

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4526-404: The story progresses. Some are never to be seen again following the conclusion of a story arc, while others make recurring appearances. The one character who remains a constant throughout is Alita , the protagonist and title character, a young cyborg with amnesia struggling to uncover her forgotten past through the only thing she remembers from it: by fighting. Early on in the story, Daisuke Ido ,

4599-517: The style of the original work is more realistic. The violence present in the manga, according to the reviewer, makes the work unsuitable for children, but helps the reader understand what exactly the main character is fighting. Raphael See of THEM Anime Reviews , opined that Battle Angel is "probably the best cyborg anime" he has seen. And although it does not stand out with something special, due to its high quality it leaves an overall positive viewing experience. He's writing: "A nice feature of this work

4672-718: The very beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, and they continued in use until the end of the Neo-Assyrian Period , c.  612 BC . Assyrian scribes compiled limmu lists, including an unbroken sequence of almost 250 eponyms from the early 1st millennium BC. This is an invaluable chronological aid, because a solar eclipse was recorded as having taken place in the limmu of Bur-Sagale, governor of Guzana . Astronomers have identified this eclipse as one that took place on 15 June 763 BC , which has allowed absolute dates of 892 to 648 BC to be assigned to that sequence of eponyms. This list of absolute dates has allowed many of

4745-633: The year for the indiction varied. The Seleucid era was used in much of the Middle East from the 4th century BC to the 6th century AD, and continued until the 10th century AD among Oriental Christians. The era is computed from the epoch 312 BC: in August of that year Seleucus I Nicator captured Babylon and began his reign over the Asian portions of Alexander the Great 's empire. Thus depending on whether

4818-472: The year of his reign by counting how many times he had held the office of consul, and how many times the Roman Senate had granted him the power of a tribune ( Latin : tribunicia potestas , abbr. TRP), carefully observing the fiction that his powers came from these offices granted to him, rather than from his own person or the many legions under his control. His successors followed his practice until

4891-400: Was Burst City (1982). Since its release, it has had a strong effect on the underground Japanese film scene. It starred Shigeru Izumiya , who would, four years later, go on to direct his own cyberpunk film, Death Powder , in 1986. The early short films of Shinya Tsukamoto , such as The Adventures Of Electric Rod Boy (1987) and The Phantom of Regular Size (1986) (which Tetsuo was

4964-532: Was an influential biker film , with a punk biker gang aesthetic that paved the way for Katsuhiro Otomo 's Akira . Ishii's next film was the frenetic Shuffle (1981), an unofficial short film adaptation of a manga comic strip by Otomo. According to Paul Gravett , when Akira began to be published, cyberpunk literature had not yet been translated into Japanese, Otomo has distinct inspirations such as Mitsuteru Yokoyama 's manga series Tetsujin 28-go (1956–1966) and Moebius . Ishii's most influential film

5037-477: Was not used in everyday life. This system was in use from the 3rd century BC. The modern Olympic Games (or Summer Olympic Games beginning 1896) do not continue the four year periods from ancient Greece: the 669th Olympiad would have begun in the summer of 1897, but the modern Olympics were first held in 1896. The indiction cycle was an agricultural tax cycle implemented in Roman Egypt. 15 indictions made up

5110-517: Was planning to adapt it into a film since 2000. It was an influence on his TV series Dark Angel , and he is the producer of the 2018 film adaptation Alita: Battle Angel . Comic book artist André Lima Araújo cited cyberpunk manga and anime such as Akira , Ghost in the Shell , Evangelion and Cowboy Bebop as a major influence on his work, which includes Marvel Comics such as Age of Ultron , Avengers A.I. , Spider-Verse and The Inhumans . Calendar era A calendar era

5183-662: Was seldom used in the traditional Roman or early Julian calendars . Naming each year by its two consuls or by the emperor's regnal years predominated, with Hadrian 's aurei and sestertii marking the Romaea in AUC 874 ( ann dccclxxiiii nat vrb ) a notable exception. AUC dating became more common in late antiquity, appearing in Censorinus , Orosius , and others. During the early Middle Ages, some church officials like Boniface IV employed AUC and AD dating together. Historical Roman dating employed several different dates for

5256-511: Was sufficiently advanced to make a live-action 3D film with effects comparable to Avatar . The film would be a live-action adaptation of the first four volumes of the manga series; "What I’m going to do is take the spine story and use elements from the first four books. So, the Motorball from books three and four, and parts of the story of one and two will all be in the movie." Alita was originally scheduled to be his next production after

5329-404: Was then serialized from 1990 to 1995 in nine tankōbon . Yukito Kishiro moved from Shueisha to Kodansha in August 2010. The company acquired the license rights to Battle Angel Alita . A 6-volume special edition titled Gunnm: Complete Edition was released in Japan on December 23, 1998. The series was released in B5 format and contains the original story. Also included are rough sketches,

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