113-537: King's Cross is a district in the London Boroughs of Camden and Islington , on either side of Euston Road in north London , England, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of Charing Cross , bordered by Barnsbury to the north, Clerkenwell to the southeast, Angel to the east, Holborn and Bloomsbury to the south, Euston to the west and Camden Town to the northwest. It is served by two major rail termini, St Pancras and King's Cross . King's Cross station
226-446: A Chinese philosopher and the founder of Mohist School of Logic . These writings explain how the image in a "collecting-point" or "treasure house" is inverted by an intersecting point (pinhole) that collects the (rays of) light. Light coming from the foot of an illuminated person gets partly hidden below (i.e., strikes below the pinhole) and partly forms the top of the image. Rays from the head are partly hidden above (i.e., strike above
339-604: A camera obscura with a Jacob's staff , describing methods to measure the angular diameters of the Sun, the Moon and the bright planets Venus and Jupiter. He determined the eccentricity of the Sun based on his observations of the summer and winter solstices in 1334. Levi also noted how the size of the aperture determined the size of the projected image. He wrote about his findings in Hebrew in his treatise Sefer Milhamot Ha-Shem ( The Wars of
452-467: A lens rather than a pinhole because it allows a larger aperture , giving a usable brightness while maintaining focus. If the image is caught on a translucent screen, it can be viewed from the back so that it is no longer reversed (but still upside-down). Using mirrors, it is possible to project a right-side-up image. The projection can also be displayed on a horizontal surface (e.g., a table). The 18th-century overhead version in tents used mirrors inside
565-533: A " Wellbeing Walk" between Euston and St Pancras stations. The route avoids Euston Road , and the group claims that their route, compared to the Euston Road route, reduces pedestrians' exposure to air pollution by 50%. King's Cross St Pancras tube station is on several London Underground lines: The Piccadilly line links King's Cross directly to Heathrow Airport [REDACTED] and the West End , whilst
678-464: A borough-wide speed limit of 20 miles per hour (32 km/h), as of 2022, this was expanded to Transport for London red routes . This is to make roads safer for cyclists and pedestrians. 51°32′N 0°10′W / 51.533°N 0.167°W / 51.533; -0.167 Camera obscura A Camera Obscura ( pl. camerae obscurae or camera obscuras ; from Latin camera obscūra 'dark chamber')
791-479: A characteristic of Camden's children's health services. Her insider's view was corroboration – in addition to the 2001 "Inequalities" report by Director of Public Health Maggie Barker of "stark contrasts in" health and education opportunities – of earlier similar Audit Commission findings and a verification/update of the 1999 CNJ report. The following table shows the ethnic demographics in Camden. The following shows
904-425: A joint partnership: Kings Cross Central Limited Partnership. Outline planning permission, prepared by Allies and Morrison and Porphyrios Associates , was granted for the whole site in 2006. Detailed planning applications for each part of the site are being made on a rolling programme basis. The area remains a major focus of redevelopment in the second decade of the 21st century. In 2017, Google, which already occupy
1017-433: A kind of periscope on the top of the tent. The box-type camera obscura often has an angled mirror projecting an upright image onto tracing paper placed on its glass top. Although the image is viewed from the back, it is reversed by the mirror. There are theories that occurrences of camera obscura effects (through tiny holes in tents or in screens of animal hide) inspired paleolithic cave paintings . Distortions in
1130-441: A landscape is illuminated by the sun and a small hole is drilled in the wall of a room in a building facing this, which is not directly lighted by the sun, then all objects illuminated by the sun will send their images through this aperture and will appear, upside down, on the wall facing the hole. You will catch these pictures on a piece of white paper, which placed vertically in the room not far from that opening, and you will see all
1243-572: A large new building between St. Pancras and King's Cross stations, announced plans for a further £1 billion building stretching along the west side of King's Cross station towards the Regents canal. The area has also been for many years home to a number of trades union head offices (including the NUJ, RMT, UNISON, NUT, Community and UCU). The area has increasingly become home to cultural establishments. The London Canal Museum opened in 1992, and in 1997
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#17327879871931356-769: A major regeneration of the area has occurred with the King's Cross Central development happening behind the station. London Overground 's North London Line services run through the borough serving Camden Road , Kentish Town West , Gospel Oak , Hampstead Heath , Finchley Road & Frognal and West Hampstead . London Overground also operates the Watford DC Line services from Euston serving South Hampstead , trains continue to Watford in Hertfordshire . Thameslink route services serve St Pancras , Kentish Town and West Hampstead Thameslink stations. Currently
1469-577: A manuscript that advised to study solar eclipses safely by observing the rays passing through some round hole and studying the spot of light they form on a surface. A picture of a three-tiered camera obscura (see illustration) has been attributed to Bacon, but the source for this attribution is not given. A very similar picture is found in Athanasius Kircher 's Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae (1646). Polish friar, theologian, physicist, mathematician and natural philosopher Vitello wrote about
1582-424: A much larger presence of British Transport Police (BTP) than many other London boroughs. BTP are responsible for policing Great Britain's railway network. The area has three fire stations: Euston, Kentish Town and West Hampstead and they are operated by London Fire Brigade in the borough of Camden. None of these fire stations are home to any specialist units; only pumping appliances and a rescue tender. Camden
1695-638: A new home for the British Library opened next to St Pancras station. There was a small theatre, the Courtyard, that closed in late 2006 as a result of the gentrification of the area caused by a number of regeneration projects there, in this case, Regent's Quarter, across the boundary in Islington. The Gagosian Gallery moved their main London premises to the area in 2004. The London Sinfonietta and
1808-399: A point where the image disappears and after that the image appears inverted. Thus the point where the image disappears is like the pinhole of the window. So also the oar is fixed at the rowlock somewhere at its middle part, constituting, when it is moved, a sort of 'waist' and the handle of the oar is always in the position inverse to the end (which is in the water)." Shen Kuo also responded to
1921-622: A population of 210,136. Politically, its local authority is Camden London Borough Council . The area of the modern borough had historically been part of the county of Middlesex . From 1856 the area was governed by the Metropolitan Board of Works , which was established to provide services across the metropolis of London. In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made the County of London . From 1856 until 1900
2034-532: A screen to study directions and divergence of rays of light. Middle Eastern physicist Ibn al-Haytham (known in the West by the Latinised Alhazen) (965–1040) extensively studied the camera obscura phenomenon in the early 11th century. In his treatise "On the shape of the eclipse" he provided the first experimental and mathematical analysis of the phenomenon. He understood the relationship between
2147-434: A sign for the fictional " Platform 9 + 3 ⁄ 4 " described in the books, and embedded part of a luggage trolley halfway into the wall. Film adaptations have used platforms 4 and 5, with the nearby St Pancras station and hotel acting as exteriors. King's Cross and its surrounding streets were also the setting for the 1955 Ealing comedy , The Ladykillers , two British drama films starring Max Bygraves — A Cry from
2260-520: A song featured on their 1987 album Actually named " King's Cross ": the melancholy track discusses the hopelessness of the AIDS epidemic during that time and uses the King's Cross area as the "backdrop" of the story, trading on the area's associations with drug use and prostitution. Tracey Thorn covered the song in 2007. Songwriter David Gedge also wrote a song called "King's Cross" while recording under
2373-493: A statement of Duan Chengshi in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang written in about 840 that the inverted image of a Chinese pagoda tower beside a seashore, was inverted because it was reflected by the sea: "This is nonsense. It is a normal principle that the image is inverted after passing through the small hole." English statesman and scholastic philosopher Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175 – 9 October 1253)
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#17327879871932486-458: A surface opposite from the opening. The human eye (and that of many other animals) works much like a camera obscura , with rays of light entering an opening ( pupil ), getting focused through a convex lens and passing a dark chamber before forming an inverted image on a smooth surface ( retina ). The analogy appeared early in the 16th century and would in the 17th century find common use to illustrate Western theological ideas about God creating
2599-421: A translucent screen viewed from outside. Camera obscuras with a lens in the opening have been used since the second half of the 16th century and became popular as aids for drawing and painting. The technology was developed further into the photographic camera in the first half of the 19th century, when camera obscura boxes were used to expose light-sensitive materials to the projected image. The image (or
2712-737: Is Eurostar 's London terminus. International destinations include Amsterdam , Brussels , and Paris . The station is also the terminus of Southeastern High Speed services from Kent and Stratford International (where London's Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is situated). Other long-distance National Rail services are operated by East Midlands Railway to cities such as Leicester and Sheffield . Thameslink operates regional services across London, South East England , and East Anglia . Trains serve key UK destinations including Bedford , Brighton , Cambridge , and Luton . They also serve several major London destinations, including Farringdon , Finsbury Park , and London Bridge . These routes provide
2825-538: Is a borough in Inner London , England. Camden Town Hall, on Euston Road, lies 1.4 mi (2.3 km) north of Charing Cross . The borough was established on 1 April 1965 from the former metropolitan boroughs of Holborn , St Pancras and Hampstead . To the south it shares with the City of Westminster parts of the West End , where it also borders the City of London . The cultural and commercial land uses in
2938-471: Is intended to terminate at Euston Station. The proposed Crossrail 2 line, (originally referred to as the Chelsea–Hackney line) would serve Euston and Tottenham Court Road underground stations. The increase in passengers at Euston as a result of the proposed High Speed 2 services is a major driver of the proposals. The formerly proposed Cross River Tram was going to start in the borough of Camden but
3051-405: Is not characteristic of all biological vision. A camera obscura consists of a box, tent, or room with a small hole in one side or the top. Light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside, where the scene is reproduced, inverted (upside-down) and reversed (left to right), but with color and perspective preserved. To produce a reasonably clear projected image,
3164-509: Is policed by the Metropolitan Police Service . There are two police stations across the borough, situated at Holborn and Kentish Town . There are various other contact points around the borough including West Hampstead, Greenland Road, Highgate Road, Station House (Swiss Cottage), West End Lane , Hampstead Town Hall and Kingsway College. All locations have varying opening hours with Kentish Town Police Station open to
3277-471: Is served by 18 London Underground stations and 8 of the 11 lines. The three major rail termini are served by two underground stations, Euston and the combined King's Cross St Pancras station. Between them, the termini are served by the Circle , Hammersmith & City , Metropolitan , Northern , Piccadilly and Victoria lines. The Central and Jubilee lines serve other parts of the borough, as does
3390-426: Is the home of the British Library . In addition, Camden has numerous libraries which include: As well as a number of community libraries including Keats community library. There are no motorways in the borough, and few stretches of dual carriageway road, but the borough has great strategic transport significance to London, due to presence of three of the capital's most important rail termini, which are lined up along
3503-571: Is the local education authority for the borough, organised through the Children, Schools and Families directorate. Some of London's best universities and teaching institutions are located in the Borough of Camden. They include the main campus of University College London , part of the campus of the London School of Economics near Lincoln's Inn Fields, and Central Saint Martins . Camden
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3616-402: Is the natural phenomenon in which the rays of light passing through a small hole into a dark space form an image where they strike a surface, resulting in an inverted (upside down) and reversed (left to right) projection of the view outside. Camera obscura can also refer to analogous constructions such as a darkened room, box or tent in which an exterior image is projected inside or onto
3729-506: Is the terminus of one of the major rail routes between London and the North. The area, which was historically the south-eastern part of the parish and borough of St Pancras , has undergone significant regeneration since the mid-1990s. The introduction of the Eurostar rail service at St Pancras International and the rebuilding of King's Cross station helped stimulate the redevelopment of
3842-543: Is thought to have inspired are Witelo , John Peckham , Roger Bacon , Leonardo da Vinci , René Descartes and Johannes Kepler . However, On the shape of the eclipse remained exclusively available in Arabic until the 20th century and no comparable explanation was found in Europe before Kepler addressed it. It were actually al-Kindi's work and especially the widely circulated pseudo- Euclidean De Speculis that were cited by
3955-451: Is used. Rays of light travel in straight lines and change when they are reflected and partly absorbed by an object, retaining information about the color and brightness of the surface of that object. Lighted objects reflect rays of light in all directions. A small enough opening in a barrier admits only the rays that travel directly from different points in the scene on the other side, and these rays form an image of that scene where they reach
4068-466: The Abercrombie Plan for London (1944). As industry declined during the 1970s the population continued to decline, falling to 161,100 at the start of the 1980s. It has now begun to rise again with new housing developments on brownfield sites and the release of railway and gas work lands around Kings Cross . A 2017 study found that the eviction rate of 6 per 1,000 renting households in Camden is
4181-492: The Elizabeth line . As well as the two major termini stations, the borough's other stations are: Euston Square , Warren Street , Goodge Street , Tottenham Court Road , Holborn , Russell Square , Chancery Lane , Mornington Crescent , Camden Town , Chalk Farm , Belsize Park , Hampstead , West Hampstead , Finchley Road , Swiss Cottage and Kentish Town . The proposed High Speed 2 railway line to northern England
4294-512: The Euston Road . The position of the railway termini on Euston Road, rather than in a more central position further south, is a result of the influential recommendations of the 1846 Royal Commission on Metropolitan Railway Termini that sought to protect the West End districts a short distance south of the road. Three of the fourteen central London's railway terminals are located in the borough. Euston , St Pancras and Kings Cross are
4407-508: The King's Cross Central development, was a rail freight terminal. The Yard was designed by Lewis Cubitt in 1852. The nearby Granary Square is named after the Granary building . Trains carried Lincolnshire wheat to King's Cross, where the wheat would then be stored in the Granary building to be used by London's bakers. St Pancras International station is in the district. St Pancras
4520-578: The Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead , the Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras (each covering the parish of the same name) and the Metropolitan Borough of Holborn , covering the combined area of the former St Giles District and Holborn District (subject to some boundary adjustments with neighbours on its south-eastern edges). The London borough of Camden was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963 . It covered
4633-905: The Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment are based in King's Place , on Battlebridge Basin next to the Regent's Canal . King's Place is also the home of The Guardian and The Observer newspapers, and of the UK Drug Policy Commission. In September 2011 the University of the Arts London moved to the Granary Complex. A whole series of new public squares and gardens have opened, among them Granary Square with its spectacular fountains, Lewis Cubitt Park and Square and
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4746-412: The camera obscura in his influential treatise Perspectiva (circa 1270–1278), which was largely based on Ibn al-Haytham's work. English archbishop and scholar John Peckham (circa 1230 – 1292) wrote about the camera obscura in his Tractatus de Perspectiva (circa 1269–1277) and Perspectiva communis (circa 1277–79), falsely arguing that light gradually forms the circular shape after passing through
4859-406: The camera obscura . Anthemius had a sophisticated understanding of the involved optics, as demonstrated by a light-ray diagram he constructed in 555 AD. In his optical treatise De Aspectibus , Al-Kindi (c. 801–873) wrote about pinhole images to prove that light travels in straight lines. In the 10th century Yu Chao-Lung supposedly projected images of pagoda models through a small hole onto
4972-414: The focal point and the pinhole. The image of the sun at the time of the eclipse, unless it is total, demonstrates that when its light passes through a narrow, round hole and is cast on a plane opposite to the hole it takes on the form of a moon-sickle. The image of the sun shows this peculiarity only when the hole is very small. When the hole is enlarged, the picture changes, and the change increases with
5085-415: The "Lighthouse Building", the structure was popularly thought to be an advertisement for Netten's Oyster Bar on the ground floor, but this seems not to be true. It is a grade II listed building. King's Cross station now stands by the junction where the monument stood and took its name. The station, designed by architect Lewis Cubitt and opened in 1852, succeeded a temporary earlier station, erected north of
5198-467: The 1990s warehouse rave scene on the site of Goods Yard behind King's Cross stations, now part of the redevelopment area known as the Coal Drops adjacent to Granary Square. In the 1990s, the government established the King's Cross Partnership to fund regeneration projects, and the commencement of work on High Speed 1 in 2000 provided a major impetus for other projects. In 2001, Argent was selected as
5311-539: The British Library) and Judd Street. Northbound, Cycleway 6 passes east of Camden Town en route to Kentish Town. Southbound, the route links King's Cross to Farringdon, the City, and Elephant & Castle. The Regent's Canal Towpath runs westbound from King's Cross to Camden Lock , Regent's Park , and Maida Vale . The Islington Tunnel means that eastbound cyclists must bypass the canal through Angel , but
5424-642: The Circle, Hammersmith & City, Metropolitan, and Northern lines link the area to the City . Euston tube station is nearby, which is served by both branches of the Northern line, and the Victoria line. Both stations are in London's Zone 1 . With three railway stations in the immediate area, and two tube stations, much of the area is used as a transport interchange. London Buses 17 , 30 , 46 , 63 , 73 , 91 , 205 , 214 , 259 , 390 and 476 serve
5537-629: The Community Creation Trust took over the disused coach repair depot and built it into the largest Ecology Centre in Europe with ecohousing for homeless youngsters, The Last Platform Cafe, London Ecology Centre (after its demise in Covent Garden), offices and workshops, gardens and ponds. It was destroyed to make a car park for the Channel Tunnel Regeneration. Bagley's Warehouse was a nightclub venue in
5650-645: The East Midlands, Yorkshire , North East England and Scotland , including Leeds , Newcastle upon Tyne , and Edinburgh . In fiction, the station is the London terminus of the Hogwarts Express , which carries Harry Potter to Hogwarts. In the Harry Potter films, however, the exterior shots of the station are those of neighbouring St Pancras station. Some interior shots were filmed at York railway station . The Goods Yard complex, part of
5763-648: The King's Cross area with direct links to Gatwick and Luton Airports [REDACTED] . Euston station sits around one-half mile (800 m) west of King's Cross. National Rail trains from Euston serve the West Midlands , North Wales , North West England , and Scotland . Destinations include Birmingham , Liverpool , Manchester , Holyhead , and Glasgow . London Overground ( [REDACTED] ) services run between Euston and Watford Junction , via Willesden Junction , Wembley Central , and Harrow & Wealdstone . A business partnership group has designed
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#17327879871935876-525: The London Borough of Islington. The eastern boundary of the parish and borough of St Pancras has become the boundary of the larger modern borough and is locally formed, in part, by the course of the River Fleet . The southern boundary of the parish and borough ran along Guilford Street and in places slightly further south where, on the north side of Long Yard and along Roger Street it followed
5989-626: The London termini for the West Coast , Midland and East Coast Main Lines and also High Speed 1 . This connects the borough with the East of England , East Midlands , West Midlands , North East & West England, North Wales, Scotland, South East England , France , Belgium and the Netherlands . Since 14 November 2007 when St Pancras International became the new terminus of Eurostar ,
6102-572: The Lord ) Book V Chapters 5 and 9. Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), familiar with the work of Alhazen in Latin translation and having extensively studied the physics and physiological aspects of optics, wrote the oldest known clear description of the camera obscura , in 1502 (found in the Codex Atlanticus , translated from Latin): If the facade of a building, or a place, or
6215-677: The N1, N6, N7, N19, NW1, NW2, NW3, NW5, NW6, NW8, EC1, WC1, WC2, W1 and W9 postcode areas. For planning policy purposes, the London Plan places Camden in the 'Central London' group of boroughs. The local authority is Camden Council, which meets at Camden Town Hall (formerly St Pancras Town Hall) in Judd Street in St Pancras , and has its headquarters at 5 Panrcas Square. Borough councillors are elected every four years. Since May 2022
6328-500: The RELAY King's Cross Arts programme. The Roque map of 1746 shows the area as entirely undeveloped, however the opening of the new Euston Road (originally New Road ) in 1756, opened the area up for development. The current name has its origin in a monument to King George IV which stood from 1830 to 1845 at "the king's crossroads" where New Road (later Euston Road ), Gray's Inn Road , and Pentonville Road met. The monument
6441-638: The Streets (1958) and Spare the Rod (1961)—as well as Mike Leigh 's High Hopes (1988). Anthony Minghella 's 2006 film Breaking and Entering is also set in King's Cross. Iin 1972 it was the setting for Kings Cross Lunch Hour , one of four plays set in different parts of London, written by John Mortimer for the BBC drama series Thirty-Minute Theatre . "Vale Royal", an epic poem in 700 triads by Aidan Andrew Dun probes into this zone of London; "Vale Royal"
6554-711: The Thameslink network is undergoing a major expansion project called the Thameslink Programme . This will link more places in Southern England to the borough and to the East of England. While some services on the Great Northern network, which currently terminate at King's Cross will be diverted onto the Thameslink network, all work is due to be complete by 2016. The London Borough of Camden
6667-510: The Town Clerk, while travelling in a taxi through Camden Town . The name "Fleet" had also been suggested, after the underground river that flowed through the three boroughs, but that was rejected as the river was little more than a sewer. Other suggestions included "Penhamborn", 'Bornhamcras" and "Hohampion". Government guidelines for the naming of the new boroughs suggested that the chosen name should be short and simple, and ideally one that
6780-496: The United Kingdom . In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough were already developed and had a total population of 96,795. This continued to rise swiftly throughout the 19th century as the district became built up, reaching 270,197 in the middle of the century. When the railways arrived the rate of population growth slowed, for while many people were drawn in by new employment, others were made homeless by
6893-489: The above-mentioned objects on this paper in their natural shapes or colors, but they will appear smaller and upside down, on account of crossing of the rays at that aperture. If these pictures originate from a place which is illuminated by the sun, they will appear colored on the paper exactly as they are. The paper should be very thin and must be viewed from the back. These descriptions, however, would remain unknown until Venturi deciphered and published them in 1797. Da Vinci
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#17327879871937006-486: The added width. When the aperture is very wide, the sickle-form image will disappear, and the light will appear round when the hole is round, square if the hole is square, and if the shape of the opening is irregular, the light on the wall will take on this shape, provided that the hole is wide and the plane on which it is thrown is parallel to it. In his Book of Optics (circa 1027), Ibn al-Haytham explained that rays of light travel in straight lines and are distinguished by
7119-412: The aperture is typically smaller than 1/100th the distance to the screen. As the pinhole is made smaller, the image gets sharper, but dimmer. With too small of a pinhole, sharpness is lost because of diffraction . Optimum sharpness is attained with an aperture diameter approximately equal to the geometric mean of the wavelength of light and the distance to the screen. In practice, camera obscuras use
7232-413: The aperture. His writings were influenced by Bacon. At the end of the 13th century, Arnaldus de Villa Nova is credited with using a camera obscura to project live performances for entertainment. French astronomer Guillaume de Saint-Cloud suggested in his 1292 work Almanach Planetarum that the eccentricity of the Sun could be determined with the camera obscura from the inverse proportion between
7345-639: The area, utilising the large amount of land available following the decline of the railway goods yard to the north of the station and the many other vacant premises in the area. Relatively cheap rents and a central London location made the area attractive to artists and designers and both Antony Gormley and Thomas Heatherwick established studios in the area. In the late 1980s, a group of musicians, mechanics, and squatters from Hammersmith called Mutoid Waste Company moved into Battlebridge Road warehouse. They built huge industrial sculptures out of scrap metal and held raves. In 1989 they were evicted by police. In 1992,
7458-492: The body that reflected the rays, writing: Evidence that light and color do not mingle in air or (other) transparent bodies is (found in) the fact that, when several candles are at various distinct locations in the same area, and when they all face an aperture that opens into a dark recess, and when there is a white wall or (other white) opaque body in the dark recess facing that aperture, the (individual) lights of those candles appear individually upon that body or wall according to
7571-414: The borough of Camden representing the many diverse personalities that have lived there. The area of the old parish and borough of Hampstead in the north-west includes Belsize Park and part of Kilburn . The old parish and borough of St Pancras , which occupies most of the modern borough, includes Camden Town , Kentish Town , Gospel Oak , Somers Town , King's Cross , Chalk Farm , Dartmouth Park ,
7684-486: The bright circle can be measured to tell the time of day and year. In Middle Eastern and European cultures its invention was much later attributed to Egyptian astronomer and mathematician Ibn Yunus around 1000 AD. One of the earliest known written records of a pinhole image is found in the Chinese text called Mozi , dated to the 4th century BC, traditionally ascribed to and named for Mozi (circa 470 BC-circa 391 BC),
7797-532: The canal in time for the Great Exhibition of 1851. St Pancras railway station , built by the Midland Railway , lies immediately to the west. They both had extensive land ("the railway lands") to house their associated facilities for handling general goods and specialist commodities such as fish, coal, potatoes and grain. The passenger stations on Euston Road far outweighed in public attention
7910-403: The circular and crescent-shapes described in the "problem" were pinhole image projections of the sun. In his book Optics (circa 300 BC, surviving in later manuscripts from around 1000 AD), Euclid proposed mathematical descriptions of vision with "lines drawn directly from the eye pass through a space of great extent" and "the form of the space included in our vision is a cone, with its apex in
8023-488: The combined area of the three metropolitan boroughs of Hampstead, Holborn, and St Pancras, which were all abolished. The initial Herbert Commission report recommended that the new borough consist of St Pancras and Hampstead, but Holborn was later added. According to Enid Wistrich, who was a member of Hampstead Council at the time, the name "Camden" was the idea of Alderman Room, the Leader of Hampstead Council, and Mr Wilson,
8136-433: The core area of Fitzrovia and a part of Highgate . In the south, the old Borough of Holborn was formed from the combined parish of Bloomsbury and St Giles , and most of the parish of Holborn (with the remaining part in the ancient Farringdon Without ward of the City of London ). The economy and land uses of the West End and other southern parts of the borough reflect their more central location. Camden has
8249-543: The course of a now culverted tributary of the Fleet, a tributary which was historically dammed to form Lamb's Conduit . The London Borough of Camden has an electoral ward called King's Cross . In the Harry Potter books, King's Cross station is where the protagonist boards the train for Hogwarts . However, author JK Rowling later admitted she had confused it with nearby Euston station . The railway station has put up
8362-518: The development partner. The London terminus of the Eurostar international rail services to Paris and Brussels moved to St Pancras station in November 2007. Following the opening of the High Speed 1 to the station, redevelopment of the land between the two major stations and the old King's Cross railway lands to the rear commenced. In 2008, Argent, London & Continental Railways and DHL formed
8475-644: The distances and the apparent solar diameters at apogee and perigee. Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī (1267–1319) described in his 1309 work Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir ( The Revision of the Optics ) how he experimented with a glass sphere filled with water in a camera obscura with a controlled aperture and found that the colors of the rainbow are phenomena of the decomposition of light. French Jewish philosopher, mathematician, physicist and astronomer/astrologer Levi ben Gershon (1288–1344) (also known as Gersonides or Leo de Balneolis) made several astronomical observations using
8588-496: The district during the daytime. National Express coach A8 connects the district to Stansted Airport , whilst Green Line coach 748 links the area to Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire . Several cycle routes pass through King's Cross. Cycling infrastructure is maintained by the London Borough of Camden and Transport for London (TfL). Cycleway 6 runs north–south along Midland Road (between St Pancras station and
8701-455: The early scholars who were interested in pinhole images. In his 1088 book, Dream Pool Essays , the Song dynasty Chinese scientist Shen Kuo (1031–1095) compared the focal point of a concave burning-mirror and the "collecting" hole of camera obscura phenomena to an oar in a rowlock to explain how the images were inverted: "When a bird flies in the air, its shadow moves along the ground in
8814-463: The economically more important goods traffic to the north. King's Cross and St Pancras stations, and indeed all London railway stations, made an important contribution to the capital's economy. After World War II the area declined from being a poor but busy industrial and distribution services district to a partially abandoned post-industrial district. By the 1980s it was notorious for prostitution and drug abuse. This reputation impeded attempts to revive
8927-587: The electoral wards in Camden are: Since 2000, Camden forms part of the Barnet and Camden London Assembly constituency, represented by Anne Clarke of the Labour Party. There are two parliamentary constituencies covering Camden: Hampstead and Kilburn in the north, represented by Labour's Tulip Siddiq , and Holborn and St. Pancras in the south, represented by Keir Starmer , the Prime Minister of
9040-656: The end of World War II . The area had been settled in Roman times, and a camp here known as The Brill was erroneously attributed to Julius Caesar , who never visited Londinium. There is still a small area named "Battle Bridge Place" between King's Cross and St Pancras stations, and "Brill Place", a road leading towards Euston from St Pancras station. An art installation named the Identified Flying Object (IFO) stands in Battle Bridge Place, part of
9153-530: The eye and its base at the limits of our vision." Later versions of the text, like Ignazio Danti 's 1573 annotated translation, would add a description of the camera obscura principle to demonstrate Euclid's ideas. In the 6th century, the Byzantine-Greek mathematician and architect Anthemius of Tralles (most famous as a co-architect of the Hagia Sophia ) experimented with effects related to
9266-464: The fingers of the other, the rays are crescent-shaped where they reach the earth? Is it for the same reason as that when light shines through a rectangular peep-hole, it appears circular in the form of a cone? In an attempt to explain the phenomenon, the author described how the light formed two cones; one between the Sun and the aperture and one between the aperture and the Earth. However, the roundness of
9379-497: The image was attributed to the idea that parts of the rays of light (assumed to travel in straight lines) are cut off at the angles in the aperture become so weak that they cannot be noticed. Many philosophers and scientists of the Western world would ponder the contradiction between light travelling in straight lines and the formation of round spots of light behind differently shaped apertures, until it became generally accepted that
9492-480: The less densely developed areas of Hampstead , Hampstead Heath and Kentish Town. There are a number of Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Camden . Neighbouring boroughs are the City of Westminster and the City of London to the south, Brent to the west of the originally Roman Watling Street (now the A5 Road) , Barnet and Haringey to the north and Islington to the east. It covers all or part of
9605-412: The long derelict railway lands to the north of the termini. The area, historically the south-eastern part of the ancient parish and subsequent Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras , was previously known as Battle Bridge or Battlebridge after an ancient crossing of the River Fleet . The original name of the bridge was Broad Ford Bridge. The original parish church, St Pancras Old Church , located behind
9718-511: The lower tier of local government within the metropolis comprised various parish vestries and district boards . The ancient parishes of Hampstead and St Pancras were each governed by their vestry . The various smaller parishes and territories to the south were grouped into the St Giles District and Holborn District , each governed by a district board. In 1900 the lower tier was reorganised into metropolitan boroughs , including
9831-529: The lowest rate in London. The 2001 census gave Camden a population of 198,000, an undercount that was later revised to 202,600. The latest ONS projection puts the 2019 population at 270,000. On 20 May 1999, the Camden New Journal newspaper documented 'Two Camdens' syndrome as a high-profile phenomenon differentiating the characteristics of education services in its constituencies. In 2006, Dame Julia Neuberger's book reported similar variation as
9944-582: The name Cinerama . King's Cross station is a railway terminus and London Underground interchange, and a focal point in the district. Commuter services from King's Cross are operated by Thameslink and Great Northern , serving destinations in north London, such as Finsbury Park , Harringay , and Enfield Town . Destinations further afield include Welwyn Garden City , Stevenage , Peterborough , Cambridge , and King's Lynn . Long-distance departures from King's Cross are operated by Grand Central , Lumo , Hull Trains , and LNER . Trains serve destinations in
10057-459: The new Gasholder Park. The station's redevelopment led to the demolition of several buildings, including the Gasworks. King's Cross forms the south-east part of the ancient parish and subsequent borough of St Pancras , which is now the major part of the London Borough of Camden . The importance of King's Cross station means that use of the place name term spills over into neighbouring parts of
10170-472: The new central London termini and construction of lines through the district. The population peaked at 376,500 in the 1890s, after which official efforts began to clear the overcrowded slums around St Pancras and Holborn . After World War II , further suburban public housing was built to rehouse the many Londoners made homeless in the Blitz , and there was an exodus from London towards the new towns under
10283-502: The number of those candles; and each of those lights (spots of light) appears directly opposite one (particular) candle along a straight line passing through that window. Moreover, if one candle is shielded, only the light opposite that candle is extinguished, but if the shielding object is lifted, the light will return. Latin translations of the Book of Optics from about 1200 onward seemed very influential in Europe. Among those Ibn al-Haytham
10396-515: The path continues to the west of Angel towards Hoxton , Victoria Park , Mile End , and Limehouse . Cycling infrastructure is also provided along Mabledon Place (towards Bloomsbury ), York Way (towards Barnsbury and Kentish Town ), Pentonville Road (towards Farringdon ), Goods Way (between St Pancras International and York Way), and Argyle Street (between Gray's Inn Road and Euston Road). London Borough of Camden The London Borough of Camden ( / ˈ k æ m d ə n / )
10509-405: The pinhole) and partly form the lower part of the image. Another early account is provided by Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC), or possibly a follower of his ideas. Similar to the later 11th-century Middle Eastern scientist Alhazen , Aristotle is also thought to have used camera obscura for observing solar eclipses . The formation of pinhole images is touched upon as a subject in
10622-547: The place of action between the Romans and Boudica ( Annals 14.31), but without specifying where it was; Thornbury addresses the pros and cons of the identification. Lewis Spence 's 1937 book Boadicea – warrior queen of the Britons includes a map showing the supposed positions of the opposing armies. The suggestion that Boudica is buried beneath platform 9 or 10 at King's Cross station seems to have arisen as urban folklore since
10735-430: The principle of its projection) of lensless camera obscuras is also referred to as a " pinhole image". The camera obscura was used to study eclipses without the risk of damaging the eyes by looking directly into the Sun. As a drawing aid, it allowed tracing the projected image to produce a highly accurate representation, and was especially appreciated as an easy way to achieve proper graphical perspective . Before
10848-572: The public on a 24-hour basis. Hampstead Heath , situated within the London Borough of Camden and managed by the City of London Corporation , has its own Constabulary who deal with everyday incidents on the Heath, however, all serious criminal offences are passed to the Metropolitan Police to investigate. With a large London Underground network and major railway stations such as King's Cross , St Pancras and Euston , Camden also has
10961-489: The religious identity of residents residing in Camden according to the 2001, 2011 and the 2021 censuses. London is well known for its greenery and the Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Camden make an important contribution to this. Hampstead Heath is well known for its view over London, notably from Parliament Hill, its wild nature and its Hampstead Heath Ponds . Camden shares Regents Park with Westminster and
11074-416: The same direction. But if its image is collected ( shu )(like a belt being tightened) through a small hole in a window, then the shadow moves in the direction opposite of that of the bird.[...] This is the same principle as the burning-mirror. Such a mirror has a concave surface, and reflects a finger to give an upright image if the object is very near, but if the finger moves farther and farther away it reaches
11187-512: The seventh largest economy in the UK with a number of major companies headquartered in the borough; Google is in the process of completing a major headquarter building in King's Cross. Camden Town Brewery is among the newer businesses that have thrived in the borough. In the far south of the borough, Lincoln's Inn Fields is within 500 metres of the Thames. The northern part of the borough includes
11300-631: The shapes of animals in many paleolithic cave artworks might be inspired by distortions seen when the surface on which an image was projected was not straight or not in the right angle. It is also suggested that camera obscura projections could have played a role in Neolithic structures. Perforated gnomons projecting a pinhole image of the sun were described in the Chinese Zhoubi Suanjing writings (1046 BC–256 BC with material added until c. 220 AD ). The location of
11413-529: The south contrast with the bustling mixed-use districts such as Camden Town and Kentish Town in the centre and leafy residential areas around Hampstead Heath in the north. Well known attractions include The British Museum , The British Library , the famous views from Parliament Hill , the London Zoo , the BT Tower , the converted Roundhouse entertainment venue, and Camden Market . As of 2021 it has
11526-655: The stations, was built on a knoll on the west bank of the Fleet, and is believed to be one of the oldest Christian sites in Britain. The corruption "Battle Bridge" led to a tradition that this was the site of a major battle in AD 60 or 61 between the Romans and the Iceni tribe led by Boudica (also known as Boadicea). The tradition claims support from the writing of Publius Cornelius Tacitus , an ancient Roman historian, who described
11639-417: The term camera obscura was first used in 1604, other terms were used to refer to the devices: cubiculum obscurum , cubiculum tenebricosum , conclave obscurum , and locus obscurus . A camera obscura without a lens but with a very small hole is sometimes referred to as a " pinhole camera ", although this more often refers to simple (homemade) lensless cameras where photographic film or photographic paper
11752-403: The universe as a machine, with a predetermined purpose (just like humans create machines). This had a huge influence on behavioral science, especially on the study of perception and cognition. In this context, it is noteworthy that the projection of inverted images is actually a physical principle of optics that predates the emergence of life (rather than a biological or technological invention) and
11865-521: The views from Primrose Hill are famous. The Borough of Camden is home to a large number of primary, secondary and tertiary institutions. Over recent years, a number of significant institutions have moved into the borough or are planning to do so. The included Central Saint Martins , the Francis Crick Institute , as well as the planned move by Moorfields Eye Hospital , recently unveiled as Project Oriel. The London Borough of Camden
11978-406: The work Problems – Book XV , asking: Why is it that when the sun passes through quadri-laterals, as for instance in wickerwork, it does not produce a figure rectangular in shape but circular? and further on: Why is it that an eclipse of the sun, if one looks at it through a sieve or through leaves, such as a plane-tree or other broadleaved tree, or if one joins the fingers of one hand over
12091-561: Was Stephen Geary , who exhibited a model of "the Kings Cross" at the Royal Academy in 1830. The upper storey was used as a camera obscura while the base housed first a police station, and later a public house. The unpopular building was demolished in 1845, though the area kept the name of King's Cross. A structure in the form of a lighthouse was built on top of a building almost on the site about 30 years later. Known locally as
12204-445: Was clearly very interested in the camera obscura : over the years he drew approximately 270 diagrams of the camera obscura in his notebooks. He systematically experimented with various shapes and sizes of apertures and with multiple apertures (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 24, 28 and 32). He compared the working of the eye to that of the camera obscura and seemed especially interested in its capability of demonstrating basic principles of optics:
12317-472: Was generally associated with the centre of the new Borough. The name "Camden" met those criteria. The name "Camden Town" was derived from Camden Place, the seat of Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden who had owned and developed land in the area in the 1790s. The transcribed diaries of William Copeland Astbury, recently made available, describe Camden and the surrounding areas in great detail from 1829 to 1848. There are 162 English Heritage blue plaques in
12430-592: Was launched at the Albert Hall in 1995. A triad of Dun's, excerpted from another poem, "The Brill", has been installed at the western end of Granary Square in a small grove of trees beside the new Central Saint Martins. It reads: "Kings Cross, dense with angels and histories, there are cities beneath your pavements, cities behind your skies. Let me see!" The Irish rock group the Pogues was founded in King's Cross. The British pop music duo Pet Shop Boys recorded
12543-414: Was one of the earliest Europeans who commented on the camera obscura . English philosopher and Franciscan friar Roger Bacon (c. 1219/20 – c. 1292) falsely stated in his De Multiplicatione Specerium (1267) that an image projected through a square aperture was round because light would travel in spherical waves and therefore assumed its natural shape after passing through a hole. He is also credited with
12656-756: Was scrapped by the former Mayor of London Boris Johnson in 2008. All bus services are operated by Transport for London . Buses serve every suburb in the borough. The 2011 census found that the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: underground, metro, light rail, tram, 21.5% of all residents aged 16–74; on foot, 9.2%; bus, minibus or coach, 9.2%; driving a car or van, 6.3%; work mainly at or from home, 5.2%; train, 4.1%; bicycle, 4.1%. The census also found that 61% of households had no car, 32% had one car and 7% of households had 2 or more cars. There were an estimated 46,000 cars belonging to Camden residents. "Camden Borough Profile" (PDF) . From 16 December 2013, Camden Council introduced
12769-412: Was sixty feet (18 m) high and topped by an eleven-foot-high (3.4 m) statue of the king; it was described by Walter Thornbury as "a ridiculous octagonal structure crowned by an absurd statue". The statue itself, which cost no more than £25, was constructed of bricks and mortar, and finished in a manner that gave it the appearance of stone "at least to the eyes of common spectators". The architect
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