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92-516: Batu Arang is a town in Gombak District , Selangor , Malaysia , that is located about 50 km (31 miles) from the capital Kuala Lumpur . Coal was first discovered in the region in 1908, when British authorities found large deposits of coal reserves that could be commercially viable and fuel a railway system. The town was established when the British started mining operations. In 1915,

184-589: A Malaysian identity card , making them stateless and unemployed . After the town's foundation, two separate sporting facilities were built for different demographics. A sports center known as the Asiatic Sports Club was designed for Asian residents; this had a badminton court, and soccer and cricket fields. This sports center was closed and the building has housed the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) center since

276-695: A Welcome Community Home, a rehabilitation center for drug addicts and HIV / AIDS patients, which previously operated in Kuala Lumpur in 1997 and moved to Batu Arang in 1998, where it occupies a former poultry farm. As of 2006, the rehabilitation center has housed 600 persons since 1997. In addition, there is an orphanage in Batu Arang that houses children who are affected by HIV / AIDS and have suffered from social stigma ; these children were denied access to education and were unable to open bank accounts, which led to them being unbanked and unable to obtain

368-414: A defunct brick company was demolished after being abandoned by the company and overgrown with trees. The land it stood on was later acquired by a private owner, who plan to demolish the century-old brick factory building, including the chimney. The chimney's demolition shocked the residents and complaints were filed to the Batu Arang branch of the Malaysian Chinese Association , which led to the suspension of

460-672: A descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language , began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of Austronesian peoples into Maritime Southeast Asia from the island of Taiwan . The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Classical Malay, Late Modern Malay and Modern Malay. Old Malay is believed to be

552-615: A large amount of recreational area and tourist attraction. [REDACTED] List of Gombak district representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat) List of Gombak district representatives in the State Legislative Assembly ( Dewan Undangan Negeri ) The Gombak district is served by the following expressways: Malay language Malay ( / m ə ˈ l eɪ / mə- LAY ; Malay: Bahasa Melayu , Jawi : بهاس ملايو )

644-527: A lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as Makassar Malay , which appears to be a mixed language . Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malayic homeland being in western Borneo . A form known as Proto-Malayic was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE, it has been argued to be the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayic languages . Its ancestor, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian ,

736-555: A mid vowel [e, o] . Orthographic note : both /e/ and /ə/ are written with ⟨e⟩ . Orthographic /e, o/ are relatively rare, so the letter ⟨e⟩ usually represents /ə/ . There are some homographs; for example, perang is used for both /pəraŋ/ "war" and /peraŋ ~ piraŋ/ "blond". (In Indonesia, "blond" may be written perang or pirang .) Some analyses regard /ai, au, oi/ as diphthongs. However, [ai] and [au] can only occur in open syllables, such as cukai ("tax") and pulau ("island"). Words with

828-434: A phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as baik ("good") and laut ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs [ai] , [au] and [oi] as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: /aj/ , /aw/ and /oj/ respectively. There is a rule of vowel harmony : the non-open vowels /i, e, u, o/ in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so hidung ("nose")

920-583: A railway system linking Batu Arang and Kuang was built to transport coal to the rest of the country. As coal output and demand increased, rail services to and from Kuala Lumpur expanded. The demand for coal from Batu Arang skyrocketed due to the First World War , which led to a reduction of coal imports. The local coal was frequently sold to the railway companies, power stations, tin mines, dredges, and end customers. During World War II , in 1942, British authorities halted mining operations, and destroyed

1012-431: A root word ( affixation ), formation of a compound word (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words ( reduplication ). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes , suffixes and circumfixes . Malay does not make use of grammatical gender , and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for 'he' and 'she' which

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1104-402: Is dia or for 'his' and 'her' which is dia punya . There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus orang may mean either 'person' or 'people'. Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as 'yesterday') or by other tense indicators, such as sudah 'already' and belum 'not yet'. On the other hand, there

1196-424: Is a cheaper and more attractive fuel. These problems led to the permanent closure of the coal mine on January 30, 1960. After the closure of the mine, many miners and workers moved out of town and many buildings became ruins, the coal mine filled with water, land faced soil erosion, and the railway line from Kuang was dismantled, effectively ended railway service in Batu Arang. Despite this, some residents remained in

1288-456: Is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods . Malay does not have a grammatical subject in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an agent and an object , these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive",

1380-430: Is allowed but * hedung is not. Pronunciation Pronunciation Pronunciation Study by Uri Tadmor which was published in 2003 shows that mutation of ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable is an areal feature. Specifically, it is an areal feature of Western Austronesia. Uri Tadmor classify those types into four groups as below. Malay is an agglutinative language , and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto

1472-568: Is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , and Singapore . It is also spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand . Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people (around 260 million in Indonesia alone in its own literary standard named " Indonesian ") across Maritime Southeast Asia . The language is pluricentric and a macrolanguage , i.e., several varieties of it are standardized as

1564-614: Is classified as tropical. Rainfall in the area is quite significant throughout the year. This climate is Af according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification . The temperature here averages 27.1 °C (80.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 2,549 mm (100.4 in). Precipitation is lowest in July, with an average of 126 mm (5.0 in). The average for November—the wettest month—is 301 mm (11.9 in). At an average temperature of 27.7 °C (81.9 °F), May

1656-486: Is deemed to be no longer safe for occupation. In 2011, as the 100th anniversary of Batu Arang's establishment approached, many residents appealed to authorities to give the town heritage status, citing the development of nearby towns such as Bandar Tasik Puteri and Bandar Kota Puteri, which was rapid and left Batu Arang town behind in terms of recent developments. They also urged that the town and its buildings be preserved to attract tourists, suggesting old buildings such as

1748-406: Is designated the bahasa persatuan/pemersatu ("unifying language" or lingua franca ) whereas the term "Malay" ( bahasa Melayu ) is domestically restricted to vernacular varieties of Malay indigenous to areas of Central to Southern Sumatra and West Kalimantan . Classical Malay , also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial Malacca and Johor Sultanates and so

1840-508: Is divided into 4 mukims , which are: Gombak is partly administrated by two different local governments completely within it, which fall under the state jurisdiction, not the district: The following is based on Department of Statistics Malaysia 2010 census. Gombak has one of the largest Hui Muslim Communities in Malaysia. Nearly 60% of Hui Chinese live in Gombak. National education

1932-482: Is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay; some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are Riau Malay , Langkat , Palembang Malay and Jambi Malay . Minangkabau , Kerinci and Bengkulu are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the Jakarta dialect (known as Betawi ) also belongs to the western Malay group. The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or creoles , are spoken in

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2024-623: Is not a tonal language . The consonants of Malaysian and also Indonesian are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic, Dutch and English, are shown in brackets. Orthographic note : The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: Loans from Arabic : Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six, with /i/ split into /i, e/ and /u/ split into /u, o/ . Many words are commonly pronounced variably, with either [i, u] or [e, o] , and relatively few words require

2116-569: Is not readily intelligible with the standard language , and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as Kedah Malay . However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close. Malay is now written using the Latin script , known as Rumi in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or Latin in Indonesia, although an Arabic script called Arab Melayu or Jawi also exists. Latin script

2208-595: Is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses Hindu-Arabic numerals . Rumi (Latin) and Jawi are co-official in Brunei only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the religious school, sekolah agama , which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have

2300-521: Is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition. Owing to earlier contact with the Philippines , Malay words—such as dalam hati (sympathy), luwalhati (glory), tengah hari (midday), sedap (delicious)—have evolved and been integrated into Tagalog and other Philippine languages . By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the lingua franca for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because

2392-436: Is subject to erosion caused by dripping water tables from mining activities. Although many traces of the area's mining past have disappeared, some structures are still visible, although some chimneys have trees growing in them. The railway track from Kuang to Batu Arang was removed in 1971, ending railway service in Batu Arang. Despite this, many local shops, restaurants, wet markets and other facilities continue to operate and

2484-624: Is the basic and most common word order. The Malay language has many words borrowed from Arabic (in particular religious terms), Sanskrit , Tamil , certain Sinitic languages , Persian (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub), and more recently, Portuguese , Dutch and English (in particular many scientific and technological terms). There is a group of closely related languages spoken by Malays and related peoples across Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Southern Thailand , Kampung Alor in East Timor , and

2576-456: Is the hottest month of the year. The coolest month is January, with an average temperature of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F). Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is 175 mm (6.9 in). Illegal dumping of materials containing toxic waste was discovered on January 15, 2004, and a lawsuit was filed against the responsible parties. Among the toxic materials found were paint, glues and chemicals that are used in

2668-525: Is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb pe and Ambon pu (from Malay punya 'to have') to mark possession. So 'my name' and 'our house" are translated in western Malay as namaku and rumah kita but kita pe nama and torang pe rumah in Manado and beta pu nama , katong pu rumah in Ambon dialect. The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially

2760-607: Is the site of the Orang Asli Museum . Gombak River merges with the larger Klang River in Kuala Lumpur. The meeting place of the two rivers is the birthplace of Kuala Lumpur. At the center of the confluence is the Masjid Jamek . Gombak (town) also refers to as a locality (town/area/suburb) in the northern and central portion of the Setapak subdistrict (both in Gombak and Kuala Lumpur ). Before 1974, Gombak

2852-553: Is under the purview of the Gombak District Education Office. As of 2014, there were 53 national type primary schools, eight national type (Chinese) primary schools, seven national type (Tamil) primary schools, 30 national type secondary schools (SMK), two national type secondary boarding schools (SM Berasrama Penuh), two national type secondary Islam religious school (SM Agama) and two national type secondary vocational schools (Kolej Vokasional) Gombak has

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2944-624: The Cham alphabet are used by the Chams of Vietnam and Cambodia . Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, Jawi gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under Dutch and British influence, Jawi

3036-654: The Tour de Langkawi and the Jelajah Malaysia , have been held in the town, where cyclists passed through it. Residents also organize cycling events to attract local cyclists and bring more attention to the heritage value of the town. Trail running events such as Deuter International Trail Run, which attracts 3,000 runners, have been held in Batu Arang. Some residents of Batu Arang also practice equestrianism and Silat . Several Chinese New Year films have been filmed in Batu Arang. A 2018 film, A House of Happiness ,

3128-505: The 1960s. The soccer field remains intact and continues to operate today, in addition to the nearby basketball court. A separate clubhouse catered for European residents; this was known as the European Club. The clubhouse provided facilities for billiards , table tennis , lawn tennis , dancing and swimming . The clubhouse was closed in the 1970s and the building has been converted into a residential house. Batu Arang has become

3220-637: The Indian clubhouse and confiscated communist items such as flags, caps, photographs of communist leaders, posters and documents on April 27, 1950. This incident caused the closure of 25 shops under emergency regulations on January 25, 1952. Since the closure of the coal mine, many miners and workers have moved out of Batu Arang and many of the town's buildings have been left to decay. Some of these buildings are scheduled to be demolished because they are unsafe for occupation or were built over cavities and old mining tunnels. The surface mining area filled with water and

3312-688: The Inspector of Mines at Kuala Kubu , who forwarded them to the Federated Malay States Geological Survey Department, which sent a geologist to investigate the location of discovery and discovered there are large deposits of coal in this location. There was strong demand in Federated Malay States Railway (FMSR)—especially the tin mining activity—to open up the country to private enterprise. Several interested parties bade for

3404-404: The Malay world of Southeast Asia, and was one of the oldest testimonies to the advent of Islam as a state religion in the region. It contains the proclamation issued by a ruler of Terengganu known as Seri Paduka Tuan, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. The classical Malay language came into widespread use as the lingua franca of

3496-493: The Malayan economy by introducing electricity to the Malayan state and improving tin mining through dredges, which outpaced Asian methods of mining tin. Coal production peaked in 1940, when Batu Arang produced 781,509 tons of coal. During World War II , the colonial official advised the mining company to evacuate Batu Arang on January 5, 1942; the mine's machinery was halted, and stores and portable equipment were handed over to

3588-1057: The Malayic languages spoken by the Orang Asli ( Proto-Malay ) in Malaya . They are Jakun , Orang Kanaq , Orang Seletar , and Temuan . The other Malayic languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include Riau-Johor Malay ( Malaysian and Indonesian ), Kedah Malay , Kedayan/Brunei Malay , Berau Malay , Bangka Malay , Jambi Malay , Kutai Malay , Natuna Malay, Riau Malay , Loncong , Pattani Malay , and Banjarese . Menterap may belong here. There are also several Malay-based creole languages , such as Betawi , Cocos Malay , Makassar Malay , Ambonese Malay , Dili Malay , Kupang Malay , Manado Malay , Papuan Malay , Pattani Malay , Satun Malay , Songkhla Malay , Bangkok Malay , and Sabah Malay , which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay. Due to

3680-523: The United States. The village then established to serve the coal mining industry, was named "Batu Arang" from the Malay word meaning "stone charcoal". The company hired mining engineer T. C. McCall to manage the mining operations. Federated Malay States Railway then agreed to build an additional railway line that spanned 7 mi (11 km) from Kuang to Batu Arang; the new line cost $ 1 million and

3772-681: The actual ancestor of Classical Malay. Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit, the classical language of India . Sanskrit loan words can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra , Indonesia, written in the Pallava variety of the Grantha alphabet and is dated 1 May 683. Known as the Kedukan Bukit inscription , it

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3864-504: The area. On July 12, 1948, the communist group seized the coal mine, occupied it for an hour, damaged mining equipment and killed five Chinese people before leaving the mine. The attack on the coal mine raised tensions during the initial period of the Malayan Emergency; there was a shortages of troops in the country to protect residents and to combat the communists. Eight days later, twenty people had been arrested in relation with

3956-469: The coal mine attack. Then on July 30, 1948, police and troops killed 22 members and arrested 47 members in their forest hideouts. The communists then derailed a train in Batu Arang on January 25, 1949. The air force launched an attack against communist guerrillas on July 20, 1949. A reward of $ 2,000 was offered for the capture of Chong Hoy Fong, who was wanted for the terrorist attack; Chong was killed by Scots Guards on January 16, 1950. The police later raided

4048-435: The coal-mining tender. John Archibald Russell initially tried to bid for mining activity under his firm J. A. Russell and Co. but the bid was awarded to Rawang Federated Malay States Coal Syndicate Ltd instead. The company start mining the coal using a diamond drill and hand boring tools but two years later, the company started to lose interest in Batu Arang after discovering the mine has no commercial value. The company then sold

4140-555: The colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In East Timor , which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its Constitution as a 'working language'.) Besides Indonesian , which developed from the Riau Malay dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia; they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in Sumatra and Borneo , which itself

4232-530: The company attempted to send all records and equipment to Australia, and open an office there, but the ship conveying them sank on its way to Australia. In Japanese-occupied Malaya , the Japanese hired many men to repair the damaged equipment at Batu Arang and continue mining activity. The resumed mining activity allowed the Japanese army to operate tin mines and run the railway system, allowing them to continue producing and exporting raw minerals from Malaya. Unlike

4324-747: The constitution as one of two working languages (the other being English ), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese . The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia , and became the sole official language in Peninsular Malaysia in 1968 and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in

4416-500: The construction industry. Four years later, another waste-dumping issue was discovered when two contractors dumped waste collected from a sewerage processing plant in Puchong into their palm oil estate in Batu Arang and left it to dry and become fertilizer . The waste generated strong odors that affected the lives of the town's residents. Since 2010, flooding has frequently occurred on an annual basis in some parts of town, especially

4508-516: The court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are

4600-421: The demolition of the factory building. It was later discovered the chimney and the brick factory were not gazette as a Batu Arang heritage site because the previous land owner had yet to sign an agreement with state government. The private owner stated he demolished the chimney because of safety concerns; the chimney itself has fallen into despair and he was planning to rebuild a replica of it. Batu Arang's climate

4692-486: The early settlement of a Cape Malay community in Cape Town , who are now known as Coloureds , numerous Classical Malay words were brought into Afrikaans . The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia , and became

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4784-474: The eastern part of the Malay or Nusantara archipelago and include Makassar Malay , Manado Malay , Ambonese Malay , North Moluccan Malay , Kupang Malay , Dili Malay , and Papuan Malay . The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word kita means 'we, us' in western, but means 'I, me' in Manado, whereas 'we, us" in Manado is torang and Ambon katong (originally abbreviated from Malay kita orang 'we people'). Another difference

4876-625: The economic prospects of its residents and to make it a tourist attraction, Despite this recognition, it was later reported by Sin Chew Daily that due to lack of local humanity cultivation and support from mapping companies, the development of Batu Arang as a tourism area had slowed; this was further exacerbated by Khalid Ibrahim's decision to move to Port Klang to contest the 2013 Malaysian general election . The 0.6 ha (1.5 acres) Christian cemetery in Batu Arang, where foreigners had buried their dead since 2011, has become controversial due to

4968-590: The far southern parts of the Philippines . They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayic languages are mutually intelligible to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases. Para-Malay includes the Malayic languages of Sumatra . They are: Minangkabau , Central Malay (Bengkulu), Pekal , Talang Mamak , Musi (Palembang), Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia), and Duano’ . Aboriginal Malay are

5060-420: The government of Malaya hired a consulting firm, Messrs Powell Duffryn Technical Services Limited, to investigate the future of Malayan coal; the firm concluded it was not feasible to proceed with coal mining activity due to high costs and inability to compete with petroleum. The Batu Arang mine was permanently closed on January 30, 1960. By this time, the mine had produced over 14,000,000 tons of coal. Batu Arang

5152-521: The highlands of Sumatra , Indonesia . Terengganu Inscription Stone (Malay: Batu Bersurat Terengganu ; Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو) is a granite stele carrying inscription in Jawi script that was found in Terengganu, Malaysia is the earliest evidence of classical Malay inscription. The inscription, dated possibly to 702 AH (corresponds to 1303 CE), constituted the earliest evidence of Jawi writing in

5244-439: The illegal burial of foreigners, usually of Asian origin, including Vietnamese , Thai and Cambodian , without burial permits and documents ; these burials occurred at night, which caught the attention of the cemetery coordinator and reported to police several times, claiming the cemetery is intended for the burial of local people only. These claims were later supported by Gombak district officer Datuk Nor Hisham Ahmad Dahlan, who

5336-560: The language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other Malayic languages . According to Ethnologue 16, several of the Malayic varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the Orang Asli varieties of Peninsular Malay , are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages (e.g. Ambonese Malay ) based on

5428-763: The languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities. Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related forms of speech known as the Malayic languages , which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The vernacular of Brunei— Brunei Malay —for example,

5520-460: The letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate , Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia , dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of Portugal , following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão . The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated Ternate language , a West Papuan language , as their first language . Malay

5612-409: The military and FMSR to be transported to Singapore by rail. The military then used explosives to destroy the power station and its main sub-station. The parent company J. A. Russell and Co. continued to operate in Kuala Lumpur until January 9, 1942, when they fled with their records to Singapore to establish emergency offices and continued to do business there. Once Japanese forces reached Singapore ,

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5704-528: The mine. The Malayan Union government then backed Malayan Collieries from April 1, 1946, until June 30, 1946, when all the properties were returned to the company, which faced several problems that would hamper its coal mining activity. Labor strikes in November 1946 and January 1947 caused the Malayan Government to take over the company under emergency legislation. The shipment of new machinery

5796-620: The mining company conveyed coal and other products to the FSMR system by operating 17 miles (27 km) of railway on its property. The main customers for Batu Arang coal were railways, power stations and tin mines , where in 1937, 700 tons of coal were sold to tin dredges , which was followed by the Perak River Hydro-Electric Company (500 tons), FMSR (450 tons), Bangsar Power Station (200 tons) and end customers (150 tons). Thus Batu Arang played an important role in

5888-557: The mining concession to John Archibald Russell in 1913. In the same year, however, the price of rubber decreased globally and many people who had been considering buying shares in rubber starting to lose interest. As a result, Russell had to sell some of his past investments and become a major shareholder of Malayan Collieries Limited with help from his associates on June 20, 1914. Malayan Collieries then appointed J. A. Russell and Co. to become general managers and secretaries, and his company issued $ 1,500,000 worth of capital, in which $ 500,000

5980-483: The national language ( bahasa kebangsaan or bahasa nasional ) of several nation states with various official names: in Malaysia, it is designated as either Bahasa Malaysia (" Malaysian ") or also Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Singapore and Brunei, it is called Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called Bahasa Indonesia (" Indonesian language ")

6072-431: The option of answering questions using Jawi. The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes. Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the Pallava , Kawi and Rencong scripts; these scripts are no longer frequently used, but similar scripts such as

6164-416: The police station, brick factory, mine shafts and town hall be renovated and maintained for future generations. In addition, they suggested the abandoned mines be converted for other purposes such as water sports and fishing. On October 16, 2011, during a carnival to celebrate the town's 100th anniversary, Selangor's head of government Khalid Ibrahim awarded heritage town status to Batu Arang to increase

6256-618: The power station and main sub-station as Japanese forces approached Batu Arang. When the Japanese occupied the area , they repaired the damaged equipment and hired more people to mine coal. Their mining methods, however, have left a devastating effect on the coal mine because they only focused on surface mining. When Japan surrendered at the end of World War II, Malayan Collieries resumed mining but were faced with problems such as improper mining methods by Japanese, delayed delivery for new equipment, labor strikes , fire, floods, increasing costs, rising coal prices and competition from petroleum , which

6348-519: The previous company, which focused on a balance between surface mining and underground mining, the Japanese only mined coal on the surface, which would affect future mining operations due to high operational costs. Prior to their surrender, the Japanese had mined 1,369,834 tons of coal. On September 11, 1945, the British Military Administration took over properties belonging to Malayan Collieries with Indian troops to manage

6440-541: The region during the Malacca Sultanate era (1402–1511). It was the period the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic , Sanskrit , and Tamil vocabularies, called Classical Malay . Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When

6532-406: The road that links the trunk road to the mining area. Bullock carts were used to carry mining equipment and stores to the mining area. The bullock cart was previously used to carry coal to local customers. The initial output was low; the mine produced an average of 60 tons of coal per day due to it being mined on a small scale and low demand; imported coal was readily available. Most of the coal

6624-604: The roundabout, which cut off access to schools, the police station and the fire station. It was caused by the aging drainage system, which had fallen into despair. More complains were filed by residents in 2019. To mitigate the flooding problem, a new drainage system was constructed in February 2020, and was completed in April 2020. Batu Arang is accessible via several roads that link Batu Arang with Bandar Tasik Puteri and Kampung Baru Kundang, Kundang and Rawang . Railway services to

6716-590: The sole official language in West Malaysia in 1968, and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In Singapore, Malay was historically the lingua franca among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains

6808-435: The status of national language and the national anthem , Majulah Singapura , is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay. Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of Thailand —a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called Pattani —speak a dialect of Malay called Yawi (not to be confused with Jawi), which

6900-608: The superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that in Malaysia. In the Philippines , Indonesian is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community concentrated in Davao City . Functional phrases are taught to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines as well as local students. Malay, like most Austronesian languages,

6992-621: The town and shops, facilities, and amenities continue to operate. On October 16, 2011, the town celebrated 100 years since its establishment and was granted heritage town status to boost economic prospects of its residents and make it one of the most important tourist attractions in Selangor. Coal was first discovered in Malaya in 1908 by Haji Abdul Hadi, a Malay man who was looking for tin near Rawang in Ulu Selangor . Samples were sent to

7084-513: The town continues to operate. A public clinic in Batu Arang was opened by the government in 1970 to provide medical services to Batu Arang residents. Residents can also access the clinics and hospitals in Kundang and Sungai Buloh via the free bus service provided by Smart Selangor, which stops at these medical facilities since the introduction of these new stations in June 2019. Batu Arang houses

7176-399: The town now has a multicultural population made up mostly of people with Chinese , Malay and Indian backgrounds. An underground coal-seam fire occurred on September 18, 2011; one family discovered the land behind their house was getting hotter for two weeks before thick, black smoke started emitting from the ground. The fire was extinguished but the family were displaced and that area

7268-401: The town were ended in 1971. In 2019, public transportation was again provided with a free bus service known as Bus Smart Selangor; the 31.3 km (19.4 miles) line runs from SK Batu Arang school to Sungai Buloh KTM – MRT railway station . Bicycle use in this town is widespread for both residents as utility cycling and non-residents who cycle for recreation , and the old bicycle shop in

7360-527: The venue for several cycling activities and the town has become popular among cyclists, who perceive it as an ideal place for cycling. The routes are suitable for beginners, with little traffic, clean air, good relationship between cyclists and drivers, and a cuisine haven. Residents of Batu Arang often show a warm welcome to visitors to their town. Most of the riders comes from Shah Alam , Kuala Selangor , Ijok and Rawang . Several international professional racing and UCI -sanctioned cycling events, including

7452-553: Was a conflict zone during the Malayan Emergency period, and the Communist Party of Malaya occupied the town. The attempted communist occupation of Batu Arang caused British authorities to declare it a "Black Area" until 1960 because it became a base for the communist insurgents: the hills and valleys around the town provided ideal hiding places for the communists, who could quickly launch small-scale attacks from

7544-478: Was a town before it became a district. Gombak was home to the settlements of the first Minangkabau immigrants in the 1800s and was established soon after. Old mosques in the Gombak area such as the Masjid Lama Batu 6 Gombak are still standing to this day. Today, Gombak can be referred to both the town and district itself but the locals usually refers Gombak as the town, not the district. Gombak District

7636-430: Was delayed and the restoration of coal mining was slowed down by the poor mining methods which had been used by the Japanese, and was further exacerbated by fire and floods in the coal mine. The company could not meet the demand for coal and the increasing operation costs coupled with the rising prices of coal from $ 12.50 per ton in 1946 to $ 35.00 per ton in 1959 caused many customers to abandon coal for petroleum . In 1954,

7728-635: Was discovered by the Dutchman M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra , on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the Musi River . It is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres (18 by 31 in). For centuries, Srivijaya , through its expansion, economic power and military prowess, was responsible for the widespread of Old Malay throughout the Malay Archipelago . It

7820-659: Was filmed in March 2017 for 13 days. Fight Lah! Kopitiam was filmed in Batu Arang in 2019 and was released in 2020. The red lanterns that were used during filming were the only items that remain in the filming location. Gombak District The main campus of the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM/UIAM) is also located here as well as the Batu Caves . Gombak is also home to an aboriginal Orang Asli settlement, and it

7912-456: Was gradually replaced by the Rumi script. Malay is spoken in Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , East Timor , Singapore and southern Thailand . Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use a common standard. Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct vernacular dialect called Brunei Malay . In East Timor , Indonesian is recognised by

8004-415: Was opened to traffic in 1915. The railway company also sold a locomotive designed for shunting to the mining company. In return, the mining company agreed to pay the construction costs of the sidings from Batu Arang station to the pit head . Initially, only one train ran daily between Batu Arang and Kuala Lumpur but the frequency increased as output and demand for coal grew. The mining company also built

8096-475: Was the working capital, where it was formed on a basis of coal deposits which estimated to be between 10 and 20 million tons of coal and the coal demand was estimated to be around 200,000 tons per year. The company leased 9,000 acres (3,600 ha) of coal deposits, of which 2,000 acres (810 ha) were used for surface plant and miners' housing. Mining machinery was ordered from the United Kingdom and

8188-621: Was the working language of traders and it was used in various ports, and marketplaces in the region. Other evidence is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters. This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text was produced in the Adityawarman era (1345–1377) of Dharmasraya , a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra . The laws were for the Minangkabau people , who today still live in

8280-403: Was told the illegal burial service costs RM 5,000 per session and would launch the investigation into this matter. The Christian cemetery was officially gazette by Gombak authorities on September 25, 2014, and any foreigners who wanted to bury their dead must first obtain permission from Batu Arang police department before doing so. On April 9, 2018, a century-old chimney previously belonging to

8372-423: Was used for the colliery's consumption and in 1916, coal from Batu Arang was supplied to two of the largest European tin mines in Malaya. The price of coal was relatively low; it sold at $ 5 per ton at Batu Arang station. During the First World War , the demand for Batu Arang coal soared as coal imports decreased and then stopped; thereafter, the mining company build new sidings to deal with renewed demand. As of 1939,

8464-928: Was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean , with a smaller number in continental Asia . Malagasy , a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean , is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language . There are many cognates found in

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