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36-644: Before the Fulani jihad the Bauchi region was inhabited by a large number of small tribes, some of whom spoke languages related to Hausa , and some of whom were Muslims. The province of Bauchi was conquered between 1809 and 1818 by jihadists inspired by Usman dan Fodio 's jihad in Sokoto and were led by a Hausa Islamic scholar, Yakubu. Yakubu was the only definite non-Fulani ruler in the Sokoto Caliphate . He

72-574: A classical scholar who spent several years in northern Nigeria in the 1850s, estimated the percentage of slaves in Kano to be at least 50%, most of whom lived in slave villages. From 1893 until 1895, two rival claimants for the throne fought a civil war. With the help of royal slaves, Yusufu was victorious over Tukur and claimed the title of emir. The British pacification campaign termed the Kano-Sokoto Expedition set off from Zaria at

108-523: A grandson of Yaqubu who had remained neutral during the conflict, as Bauchi's new Emir. The reign of Umaru was that of reconciliation between all those affected by the war. He rehabilitated the sons and brothers of those who had suffered a loss of position or property, welcomed back refugees who had fled, and secured the release of those enslaved by the Missau forces. Additionally, Umaru compensated Usman's brothers by appointing his younger brother Muallayidi to

144-455: A manner that allowed their subjects to live as good Muslims while criticizing corruption, hypocrisy, oppression of fellow Muslims, and tolerance of beliefs and practices in conflict with Islam. Originally, dan Fodio's preaching received the support of the leadership of Gobir; however, as his influence increased and as he began to advocate for self-defense arming by his followers, his favor with the leadership decreased. King Nafata of Gobir , placed

180-453: A prominent Islamic scholar and teacher, was exiled from Gobir by King Yunfa , one of his former students. Usman dan Fodio assembled an Islamic army to lead a jihad against Gobir and other Hausa Kingdoms of northern Nigeria. The forces of Usman dan Fodio slowly took over more and more of the Hausa kingdoms, capturing Gobir in 1808 and executing Yunfa. The war resulted in the creation of

216-468: A series of restrictions on preaching by dan Fodio's followers and by Usman himself. In 1801, Sarkin Gobir Yunfa, a former pupil of dan Fodio, replaced Nafata as king and increased the restrictions on dan Fodio, exiling him from Gobir to the village of Degel . A crisis developed later in 1803 when Yunfa attacked and captured many of the followers of a group associated with dan Fodio. Yunfa then marched

252-767: The Amir al-Mu'minin "Commander of the Faithful" and renounced their allegiance to Gobir. The earliest recorded mention of the Fulani in Kanem-Bornu dates back to the arrival of a group of Fulani envoys from the Emperor of Mali at the court of the Mai (ruler) of Kanem during the reign of Kashim Biri (r. 1242–1262). A steady flow of Fulani pastoralists and Islamic scholars continued to settle in Hausaland and Kanem-Bornu. By

288-634: The Fulani jihad when the Muslim Hausa -led Sultanate of Kano was deposed and replaced by a new emirate which became a vassal state of the Sokoto Caliphate . During and after the British colonial period , the powers of the emirate were steadily reduced. The emirate is preserved and integrated into modern Nigeria as the Kano Emirate Council . The Hausa Kingdom of Kano was based on an ancient settlement of Dala Hill . According to

324-547: The Kano Chronicle , while small chiefdoms were previously present in the area, Bagauda , a grandson of the mythical hero Bayajidda , became the first king of Kano in 999, reigning until 1063. Muhammad Rumfa ascended to the throne in 1463 and reigned until 1499. During his reign he reformed the city, expanded the Sahelian Gidan Rumfa (Emir's Palace), and played a role in the further Islamization of

360-940: The Sokoto Caliphate , initially headed by Usman dan Fodio himself, which became one of the largest states in Africa in the 19th century. His success inspired similar jihads in Western Africa. The ancient Kanem–Bornu Empire was losing power by the mid-18th century. There was large-scale immigration by Fulani pastoralists, leading to resource competition with more settled Hausa communities despite their shared religion. Several Hausa kingdoms previously tributary to Kanem-Bornu became independent and fought with each other. Rulers enforced harsh systems of conscription and taxation, while war caused social disruption, economic hardship, and enslavement of war captives. Fulani communities felt especially victimized by Hausa rulers' taxation and land control. Two prominent Hausa kingdoms that were central in

396-541: The battle of Alkalawa , and destroying large parts of the city. Furthermore, Abdullahi dan Fodio also took over the Kebbi Emirate the same year. With the capture of Gobir, the jihadists saw that they were part of a wider regional struggle. They continued with battles against several Hausa kingdoms, and the Sokoto Caliphate expanded over the next two years. The last major expansion of the jihadists

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432-538: The 19th century. The Sokoto Caliphate has continued to the present. Since the British conquest of the Caliphate in 1903, and later Nigerian independence under a constitutional government in 1960, the Caliphate's political authority has diminished. But the position still has considerable spiritual authority. Kano Emirate The Kano Emirate was a Muslim state in northern Nigeria formed in 1805 during

468-503: The Emir of Jama'are. Umaru, to avert retaliation from Sokoto, sent some of his booty to Abdur Rahman, who immediately released them and sent a message to Bauchi, Kano and Missau ordering the immediate release of all the Gwaram captives. Despite this, Umaru's actions in the conflict worsened his popularity. The emirate remained under the Caliphate until 1902 when a British expedition occupied

504-534: The Fulani in the 18th-century. In the late 18th-century, the Galadima of Bornu , Dunama, administered a large district in western Bornu, which contained numerous Fulani groups and encompassed portions of what later became the emirates of Hadejia , Katagum , Jamaare , and Misau . Three figures led the jihad in this area: Bi Abdur, Lerlima, and Ibrahim Zaki. Bi Abdur lived near Hadejia and, around 1800, persuaded

540-749: The Gobirawa and Dan Fodio armies were ethnically mixed. The Gobirawa had some Tuaregs and Fulanis from the Sullubawa clan while the Muslims had Hausa, Fulani and a few Iwellemmedan Tuaregs. The Tuaregs of the Muslim army consisted of Agali and Adagh muslims and possibly the sons of the Emir of Adagh . Although outnumbered, dan Fodio's troops were able to prevent Yunfa from advancing on Gunu and thus convince larger numbers of people to join his forces. In 1805,

576-474: The Jihad were Gobir, where Usman dan Fodio's parents settled in his childhood and where he lived until 1804, and Zamfara . Usman dan Fodio , born in 1754, joined a growing number of traveling Islamic scholars through the Hausa kingdoms in the 1770s and became quite popular in the 1790s. Much of his preaching focused on the obligations of Muslim rulers to promote Islam and to rule ethically and generously in

612-527: The Sarkin Hadejia (ruler of Hadejia) to appoint him as the leader of the local Fulani. He had considerable animosity towards the Galadima, who was responsible for his father's death. Lerlima, Bi Abdur's maternal cousin, was married to the Galadima's daughter and served in his administration, possibly as a tax collector. Ibrahim Zaki was a widely travelled mallam (Islamic teacher) and was familiar with

648-480: The capital without fighting. The British abolished the slave trade, which had flourished until then, and appointed a new emir, who died a few months later. In 1904 the emir who had succeeded took the oath of allegiance to the British crown. Rulers of the Bauchi state, titled Lamido , were: Fulani jihad Sokoto victory The Jihad of Usman dan Fodio was a religio-military conflict in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon . The war began when Usman dan Fodio ,

684-521: The city after heavy fight wherein the defenders sustained 70 casualties. News of the British capture of Kano in February 1903 sent the cavalry in a long march to retake the city. After successfully defeating the British in three encounters, on 27 February 1903, Ahmadu Mai Shahada, Grand Vizier of Kano, and much of the Kano cavalry was ambushed at Katarkwashi . The death of the vizier and subsequent capture and exile to Lokoja of Emir Aliyu Babba spelled

720-443: The city as he urged prominent residents to convert. The Hausa state remained independent until the Fulani conquest of 1805. At the beginning of the 19th century, Fulani Islamic leader Usman dan Fodio led a jihad affecting much of northern Nigeria, leading to the emergence of the Sokoto Caliphate . Kano became the largest and most prosperous province of the empire. It was one of the last major slave societies. Heinrich Barth ,

756-751: The civil war. Numerous refugees sought safety in neighboring emirates like Muri and Gombe . The manner with which Usman and his allies acted during the civil war further deepened the animosity the survivors of the war had on him and alienated the people who had initially supported him. This resentment continued even during the mid 1880s. Sarkin Musulmi Mu'azu approved Ibrahima's abdication but died shortly after. After repeated complaints from influential figures in Bauchi, his successor Umaru bin Ali ordered Usman to Sokoto and formerly dethroned and detained him there. To replace him, Umaru appointed Umaru dan Salamanu,

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792-957: The empire. These men were often veterans of the Fulani wars. Bello succeeded Usman dan Fodio as ruler of Sokoto and in 1817 adopted the title of sultan , an office that still exists, albeit stripped of most of its power by the British colonial government of Nigeria in 1903. The success of the jihad inspired a number of later West African jihadists, including Massina Empire founder Seku Amadu , Toucouleur Empire founder Omar Saidou Tall , Wassoulou Empire founder Samori , Adamawa Emirate founder Modibo Adama and Zabarma Emirate founder Babatu (warlord) . The consequences of this Jihad reached far beyond West Africa, influencing regions as far as South America. Many recently enslaved individuals taken from these areas, who were already trained in military tactics, were highly able to stage numerous revolts in Portuguese Brazil that occurred during

828-438: The end of January 1903 under the command of Colonel Thomas Morland , heading up a force of British officers and N.C.O.s and 800 African rank and file. Apart from a company of mounted infantry and a few gunners, the whole force consisted of infantry. They were supported, however, by four 75-mm. mountain guns, which could if necessary be dismantled and transported by porters, and by six machine guns. After sporadic fighting outside

864-544: The forces of dan Fodio, the jihadists , captured the Hausa kingdom of Kebbi. In 1807, the jihadists had taken over Katsina whose ruler, Magajin Halidu, committed suicide following the defeat. They then captured the Sultanate of Kano whose king ( Muhammad Alwali II ) was forced to flee to Zazzau , then the village of Burum-Burum where he was soon killed in battle. In 1808, the jihadists assaulted Gobir, killing Yunfa in

900-739: The important role of Chiroma, the heir apparent. Umaru aimed to strengthen the emirate's weakened central government following the conflict. While most districts were peacefully brought under control, force was used with the more resistant districts. He also took measures to contain the constant raids by Ningi , which also increased during the period of instability. However, this approach faced opposition from defiant district chiefs, resulting in their swift dismissal if they resisted Umaru's directives. In 1900, Umaru moved to depose and detain Gwaram 's chief, Muhammad Lawal. Lawal resisted, claiming insufficient grounds for his removal. Umaru's ground for this attempt

936-504: The prisoners through Degel, enraging many of dan Fodio's followers, who attacked the army and freed the prisoners. Yunfa gave dan Fodio the option of exile before destroying Degel, but Usman refused to abandon his followers, instead leading a large-scale hijra of the community to Gudu . So many people went with dan Fodio throughout the state that on February 21, 1804, Yunfa declared war on dan Fodio and threatened punishment to anyone joining him. Followers of dan Fodio declared him to be

972-406: The seven month siege against the district, he failed to capture Gwaram, mainly because most of his troops merely pretended to fight. The Emir of Missau, Muhammadu Manga threatened to fight alongside Lawal. To buy him off, Umaru promised him the "all the wealth in Gwaram" once it was successfully sieged. Lawal's father-in-law, the Emir of Jama'are , successfully persuaded him to capitulate arguing that

1008-624: The teachings of Shehu Usman. To the south of the empire, a similar situation existed. The jihad was primarily led by Fulani groups centered at Deya (today in Gujba , Yobe State ). During the late 18th-century, the local ruler of Deya, Muhammad Lafia, "because of his recalcitrant ways" was deposed by the Mai of Bornu, Ahmad. He was replaced with his younger brother, Muhammad Saurima, who the Mai hoped would be more cooperative. The local Fulani leadership, including two learned men, al-Bukhari and Goni Mukhtar ,

1044-560: The turn of the 19th-century, there were numerous Fulani groups living in Bornu. Before the jihad, most of these groups lived in relative peace with their Bornu neighbours. It was even customary for the Mais to go to war with other tribes to protect the Fulani from raids. However, perhaps due to the political ambitions of some of the Fulani, the Sayfawa princes developed a general hostility towards

1080-402: The walls of the fort, the British managed to penetrate the defensive parameters of the capital. Kano was mostly left defenseless at the time. The emir, Aliyu Babba , was away with its large contingent of cavalry for the autumn campaign at Sokoto . Madakin Kano, a local noble, rallied whatever troops there were still in the city to defend it. Despite his efforts, the British successfully took over

1116-496: The worst that could happen was deposition and the loss of property. Umaru swiftly executed Lawal despite receiving orders from Sarkin Musulmi Abdur Rahman Atiku to withdraw from Gwaram and pardon the chief. After Lawal's execution, the Emir of Missau was permitted to pillage the district, "capture all those he could, as many as nine thousand, and burn down the town." Manga sent some of his booty to Umaru and

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1152-492: Was a student of Usman dan Fodio prior to the start of the jihad. In 1881, the emirate experienced a bloody civil war which was brought about by the then emir, Ibrahima dan Yaqubu, who stepped down in favor of his son Usman. This decision was highly unpopular, especially among Yakubu's other sons. War eventually broke out when Salih, the Emir of Missau, tried to march towards the capital to support Usman as 'internal forces' seemed to be in favour of Halilu dan Yaqubu to be Emir, but

1188-541: Was displeased with Lafia's deposition as he had maintained friendly relations with the Fulani. Several minor skirmishes preceded the forces meeting at the Battle of Tsuntua . Although Yunfa was victorious and dan Fodio lost men, the battle did not diminish his force. He retaliated by capturing the village of Matankari , which resulted in the Battle of Tabkin Kwatto , a major action between Yunfa and dan Fodio's forces. Both

1224-402: Was stopped by the rural population enroute there. The war brought about the deaths of all of Yaqubu's sons except the ex Emir Ibrahima and one Aliyu Garga. Halilu was captured and executed, along with his supporters, primarily mallamai who endorsed him on account of his learning. Many people fled the town to avoid the destruction and enslavement carried out by the Missau forces during and after

1260-410: Was that the chief refused to hand over to him for enslavement a group of families who had migrated to Gwaram from Fali when they were still not Muslims. This group of families, however, had since embraced Islam and had intermarried with the people of Gwaram and thereby legally immune from enslavement. Branding Lawal a rebel, Umaru led an expedition against Gwaram, facing strong public backlash. Despite

1296-416: Was the toppling of the Sayfawa dynasty in 1846. Muhammed Bello , the son of Usman dan Fodio, transformed the semi-permanent camp of Sokoto into a city in 1809, during the Fulani war. Dan Fodio ruled from Sokoto as the religious leader of the Fulani jihad states from that point until 1815, when he retired from administrative duties. The Caliphate appointed various Emirs to govern the various states of

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