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48-678: The founder of the club was Anton Niederleuthner, senior judge in Passau . The foundation of the club in 1883 goes back to his meeting with foresters in Bodenmais . The Bavarian Forest Club was founded in Deggendorf Town Hall on 25 November 1883. The Bodenmais townsman, Bartholomäus Stölzl, was appointed as its first chairman. On 6 June 1885, Niederleuthner founded the Passau Branch, the club's first local branch. On 22 August he

96-482: A Jewish merchant. That building, in turn, was referred to as SA barracks . Beginning in 1940, Passau offered the building at Bräugasse 13 to Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle . During World War II, the city also housed three sub-camps of the infamous Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp : Passau I (Oberilzmühle), Passau II (Waldwerke Passau-Ilzstadt) and Passau III (Jandelsbrunn). From January to May 1945, refugees from East Prussia and Silesia passed

144-418: A bridge a little way up-stream, after which they assailed the barbarians from several sides at once and cut down many of them. (Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 60:20) It is uncertain how they were able to accomplish this feat. The late fourth century writer on Roman military affairs Vegetius mentions soldiers using reed rafts, drawn by leather leads, to transport equipment across rivers. But the sources suggest

192-702: A member of the German Hiking Association from June 2008 to the end of 2013. Passau Passau ( German: [ˈpasaʊ] ; Central Bavarian : Båssa ) is a city in Lower Bavaria , Germany . It is also known as the Dreiflüssestadt ("City of Three Rivers"), as the river Danube is joined by the Inn from the south and the Ilz from the north. Passau's population

240-686: Is about 50,000, of whom about 12,000 are students at the University of Passau , renowned in Germany for its institutes of economics, law, theology, computer science and cultural studies. In the 2nd century BC, many of the Boii tribe were pushed north across the Alps out of northern Italy by the Romans. They established a new capital called Boiodurum by the Romans (from Gaulish Boioduron ), now within

288-739: Is at a split in the Rhine, one arm being the Waal the other the Lower Rhine / Old Rhine (hence the Latin name Insula Batavorum , "Island of the Batavi"). Much later Tacitus wrote that they had originally been a tribe of the Chatti , a tribe in Germany also never mentioned by Caesar (unless they were his " Suebi "), who were forced by internal dissension to move to their new home. The time when this happened

336-512: Is contradicted by the archeological evidence, which shows continuous habitation from at least the third century BC onward. The strategic position, to wit the high bank of the Waal offering an unimpeded view far into Germania Transrhenana (Germania Beyond the Rhine), was recognized first by Drusus , who built a massive fortress ( castra ) and a headquarters ( praetorium ) in imperial style. The latter

384-826: Is notable for its gothic and baroque architecture . The city is dominated by the Veste Oberhaus and the Veste Niederhaus, both parts of the former fortress of the Bishop, on the mountain crest between the Danube and the Ilz. Tourism in Passau focuses mainly on the three rivers, the St. Stephen's Cathedral ( German : Der Passauer Stephansdom ) and the "Old City" ( Die Altstadt ). With 17,774 pipes and 233 registers,

432-583: Is now Upper and Lower Austria . From the 10th century the bishops of Passau also exercised secular authority as Prince-Bishops in the immediate area around Passau (see Prince-Bishopric of Passau  [ de ] ). Before the Holocaust , there was a small Jewish community present in Passau, with Jews being mentioned as early as the 10th century. In the Treaty of Passau (1552), Archduke Ferdinand I , representing Emperor Charles V , secured

480-461: Is unknown, but Caesar does describe forced movements of tribes from the east in his time, such as the Usipetes and Tencteri . Tacitus also reports that before their arrival the area had been "an uninhabited district on the extremity of the coast of Gaul, and also of a neighbouring island, surrounded by the ocean in front, and by the river Rhine in the rear and on either side". This view, however,

528-787: The Grafenau branch. Important annual events include the Bayerwaldtag (Bavarian Forest Day) and the art exhibition, Zwieseler Buntspecht , in Zwiesel. On the Oberbreitenau a youth education centre has been created in the Landshut House named after the Landshut branch. On 26 October 2008, the club celebrated its 125th anniversary in the festival hall of the old town hall of Deggendorf. Minister of State, Josef Miller, gave

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576-751: The High German consonant shift (b > p, t > ss). In the 16th-century emergence of a popular foundation story and origin myth for the Dutch people , the Batavians came to be regarded as their ancestors during their national struggle for independence during the Eighty Years' War . The mix of fancy and fact in the Cronyke van Hollandt, Zeelandt ende Vriesland (called the Divisiekroniek ) by

624-535: The 1920s for speeches. In addition, Heinrich Himmler spent some time there. In November 1933, the building of Nibelungenhalle (Hall of the Nibelungs) was announced. Intended to hold 8,000 to 10,000 guests, and another 30,000 in front of it, in 1935 the hall also became quarters for a unit of the Austrian Legion . Beginning in 1934, these troops had occupied a building that belonged to Sigmund Mandl,

672-625: The Augustinian friar and humanist Cornelius Gerardi Aurelius, first published in 1517, brought the spare remarks in Tacitus' newly rediscovered Germania to a popular public; it was being reprinted as late as 1802. Contemporary Dutch virtues of independence, fortitude and industry were fully recognizable among the Batavians in more scholarly history represented in Hugo Grotius ' Liber de Antiquitate Republicae Batavicorum (1610). The origin

720-569: The Batavi as the bravest of the tribes of the area, hardened in the Germanic wars, with cohorts under their own commanders transferred to Britannia . They retained the honour of the ancient association with the Romans, not required to pay tribute or taxes and used by the Romans only for war: "They furnished to the Empire nothing but men and arms", Tacitus remarked. Well regarded for their skills in horsemanship and swimming—for men and horses could cross

768-453: The Batavi were able to swim across rivers actually wearing full armour and weapons. This would only have been possible by the use of some kind of buoyancy device: Ammianus Marcellinus mentions that the Cornuti regiment swam across a river floating on their shields "as on a canoe" (357). Since the shields were wooden, they may have provided sufficient buoyancy The Batavi were used to form

816-662: The Bavarian Forest Club was the only major institution that placed the culture and nature of the Bavarian Forest at the centre of its activities. In 2016, the club comprised 60 branches and had about 20,000 members. The individual branches own important buildings and refuge huts. For example, Kollnburg Castle and Neunußberg Castle are owned by the Viechtach branch, and the Lusenschutzhaus by

864-543: The City of Passau was subdivided into eight statistical districts, which in general coincided with formerly separate municipalities. Since 2013, the city is divided in 16 so-called areas of open council ( German : Bürgerversammlungsgebiete ). Many river cruises down the Danube start at Passau and there is a cycling path all the way down to Vienna . It is on the designated heritage route, the Route of Emperors and Kings. Passau

912-411: The Empire when the conflict escalated to northern Gaul and Germania. The Roman army retaliated and invaded the insula Batavorum . A bridge was built over the river Nabalia , where the warring parties approached each other on both sides to negotiate peace. The narrative was told in great detail in Tacitus' History, book iv, although, unfortunately, the narrative breaks off abruptly at the climax. Following

960-563: The Innstadt district of Passau. Passau was an ancient Roman colony called Batavis , Latin for "for the Batavi ". The Batavi were an ancient Germanic tribe from area of the Rhine delta who frequently served in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Batavis (Passau-Altstadt) was a Roman castrum in the province of Raetia , while another late Roman castrum, Boiotro (Passau-Innstadt), was in

1008-569: The Jesuits church of St. Michael , the oldest parish church of St. Paul and the pilgrim church Mariahilf on the hill south of the rivers Inn and Danube. Before the cathedral is a large square (Domplatz) with the Lamberg-Palais, where the Peace of Passau was concluded. The medieval Old Residence south of the cathedral and the baroque New Residence further west at Residenzplatz were

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1056-614: The Rhine without losing formation, according to Tacitus. Dio Cassius describes this surprise tactic employed by Aulus Plautius against the "barbarians"—the British Celts— at the battle of the River Medway , 43: The barbarians thought that Romans would not be able to cross it without a bridge, and consequently bivouacked in rather careless fashion on the opposite bank; but he sent across a detachment of Germanic tribesmen, who were accustomed to swim easily in full armour across

1104-694: The Salii shortly before or after and, after having been expelled by another tribe (it has been proposed this was the Chamavi ), shared their subsequent migration to Toxandria . In the Late Roman army there was a unit called Batavi . The name of the Bavarian town of Passau descends from the Roman Batavis , which was named after the Batavi. The town's name is old as it shows the typical effects of

1152-527: The agreement of the Protestant princes to submit the religious question to a diet . This led to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. During the Renaissance and early modern period , Passau was one of the most prolific centres of sword and bladed weapon manufacture in Germany (after Solingen ). Passau smiths stamped their blades with the Passau wolf, usually a rather simplified rendering of the wolf on

1200-523: The bulk of the Emperor's personal Germanic bodyguard from Augustus to Galba . They also provided a contingent for their indirect successors, the Emperor's horse guards, the Equites singulares Augusti . A Batavian contingent was used in an amphibious assault on Ynys Mon (Anglesey) , taking the assembled Druids by surprise, as they were only expecting Roman ships. Numerous altars and tombstones of

1248-401: The city is called Jakarta , its inhabitants up to the present still call themselves Betawi or Orang Betawi , i.e. "People of Batavia" – a name ultimately derived from the ancient Batavians. The success of this tale of origins was mostly due to resemblance in anthropology, which was based on tribal knowledge . Being politically and geographically inclusive, this historical vision filled

1296-544: The city's coat-of-arms. Superstitious warriors believed that the Passau wolf conferred invulnerability on the blade's bearer, and thus Passau swords acquired a great premium. According to the Donau-Zeitung , aside from the wolf, some cabalistic signs and inscriptions were added. As a result, the whole practice of placing magical charms on swords to protect the wearers came to be known for a time as "Passau art". Other cities' smiths, including those of Solingen, recognized

1344-469: The city, after May, as the result of ethnic cleansing of neighboring Bohemia and Moravia of their German populace, further waves of refugees arrived in the city. On 3 May 1945 a message from Major General Stanley Eric Reinhart ’s 261st Infantry Regiment stated at 3:15 am: "AMG Officer has unconditional surrender of PASSAU signed by Burgermeister, Chief of Police and Lt. Col of Med Corps there. All troops are to turn themselves in this morning." It

1392-418: The cohorts of Batavi, dating to the second century and third century, have been found along Hadrian's Wall , notably at Castlecary and Carrawburgh . As well as in Germany, Yugoslavia , Hungary, Romania and Austria. Despite the alliance, one of the high-ranking Batavi, Julius Paullus, to give him his Roman name, was executed by Fonteius Capito on a false charge of rebellion. His kinsman Gaius Julius Civilis

1440-601: The country, Passau has become a major migrant entry point into Germany. Refugees and economic migrants from the Middle East, Asia and Africa who have reached Europe, often entering either overland via Greece or across the sea via the Mediterranean (see Operation Triton ), then head north and sometimes enter Germany. In 2015 the BBC reported that traffickers drive migrants and refugees through Austria and leave them on

1488-649: The creation of a dense network of hiking trails and the construction of refuge huts. Later they concentrated on the maintenance and waymarking of trails, the conservation of refuge huts and viewing towers as well as measures such as the protection of the Schachten , the historical grazing areas of the highlands. Until the founding of the Bavarian Forest Nature Park in 1967 and the Bavarian Forest National Park in 1970,

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1536-702: The marketing value of the Passau wolf and adopted it for themselves. By the 17th century, Solingen was producing more wolf-stamped blades than Passau was. In 1662, a devastating fire consumed most of the city. Passau was subsequently rebuilt in the Baroque style. Passau was secularised and divided between the Electorate of Bavaria and the Electorate of Salzburg in 1803. The portion belonging to Salzburg became part of Bavaria in 1805. From 1892 until 1894, Adolf Hitler and his family lived in Passau. The city archives mention Hitler being in Passau on four occasions in

1584-523: The modern Dutch Rhine delta in the area that the Romans called Batavia , from the second half of the first century BC to the third century AD. The name is also applied to several military units employed by the Romans that were originally raised among the Batavi. The tribal name, probably a derivation from batawjō ("good island", from Germanic bat- "good, excellent", which is also in the English "better", and awjō "island, land near water"), refers to

1632-525: The most turbulent streams. [...] Thence the Britons retired to the river Thames at a point near where it empties into the ocean and at flood-tide forms a lake. This they easily crossed because they knew where the firm ground and the easy passages in this region were to be found; but the Romans in attempting to follow them were not so successful. However, the Germans swam across again and some others got over by

1680-426: The needs of Dutch nation-building and integration in the 1890–1914 era. However, a disadvantage of this historical nationalism soon became apparent. It suggested there were no strong external borders, while allowing for the fairly clear-cut internal borders that were emerging as the society polarized into three parts. After 1945, the tribal knowledge lost its grip on anthropology and mostly vanished. Modern variants of

1728-458: The organ at St. Stephen's was long held to be the largest church pipe organ in the world and is today second in size only to the organ at First Congregational Church of Los Angeles , which was expanded in 1994. Organ concerts are held daily between May and September. St. Stephen's is a true masterpiece of Italian Baroque , built by Italian architect Carlo Lurago and decorated in part by Carpoforo Tencalla . Among many other churches are

1776-653: The palaces of the Prince-Bishops within the city. Right beside the 14th century Gothic city hall with its neo-Gothic tower and the big 19th-century former Hauptzollamtsgebäude (Main Customs Office) at the Danube is the Scharfrichterhaus , an important jazz and cabaret stage on which political cabaret is performed. Due to its location on the German–Austrian border, and in the south-east of

1824-542: The province of Noricum . During the second half of the 5th century, St. Severinus established a monastery here. The site was subject to repeated raids by the Alemanni . In 739, the recently consecrated English archbishop Boniface founded the diocese of Passau , which for many years was the largest diocese of the German Kingdom / Holy Roman Empire , covering territory in southern Bavaria and most of what

1872-603: The region's fertility, today known as the fruitbasket of the Netherlands (the Betuwe ). The Batavi themselves are not mentioned by Julius Caesar in his commentary Commentarii de Bello Gallico , although he is often thought to have founded his dynasty's Germanic bodyguard , which was at least in later generations dominated by Batavi. But he did mention the "Batavian island" in the Rhine river . The island's easternmost point

1920-470: The side of the autobahn . The migrants and refugees then often walk unaccompanied into Passau, the first German town northwards. This situation has caused the government of Passau to divert funds from flood prevention to housing and feeding the refugees and migrants, around 10% of whom are unaccompanied children. Passau is twinned with: Batavi (Germanic tribe) The Batavi [bäˈt̪äːu̯iː] were an ancient Germanic tribe that lived around

1968-638: The speech at the spot where the Bavarian Forest Club was founded on 25 November 1883. Since early 2016, the club has become a member of the German Hiking Association , to which it had already previously belonged until its departure on 31 December 2006. In the interim, the Interessensgemeinschaft Bayerischer Wald , consisting of the Dreiburgenland and Ruderting - Neukirchen branches, was

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2016-620: The uprising, Legio X Gemina was housed in a stone castra to keep an eye on the Batavians. The Batavi were still mentioned in 355 during the reign of Constantius II (317–361), when their island was already dominated by the Salii , a Frankish tribe that had sought Roman protection there in 297 after having been expelled from their own country by the Saxons. Constantius Gallus added inhabitants of Batavia to his legions, "of whose discipline we still make use." It has been assumed they merged with

2064-516: Was a fortified warehouse, where a tribe's treasures were stored and guarded. This centre was razed during the Batavian Revolt. The Smetius Collection was instrumental in settling the debate about the exact location of the Batavians. The first Batavi commander we know of is named Chariovalda , who led a charge across the Vīsurgis ( Weser ) river against the Cherusci led by Arminius during the campaigns of Germanicus in Germania Transrhenana . Tacitus ( De origine et situ Germanorum XXIX) described

2112-419: Was elected the first president and made Passau the base of the club. He managed the club for over 20 years and founded over 40 other local branches. The club emblem used today goes back to Niederleuthner. A club magazine, Der Bayerwald , was also launched. Its editor in the 1930s was the Nazi, Eugen Hubrich . The main goals of the club were the development of the Bavarian Forest as a hiking and holiday area,

2160-436: Was in use until the Batavian revolt. Archeological evidence suggests they lived in small villages, composed of six to 12 houses in the very fertile lands between the rivers, and lived by agriculture and cattle-raising. Finds of horse skeletons in graves suggest a strong equestrian preoccupation. On the south bank of the Waal (in what is now Nijmegen) a Roman administrative center was built, called Oppidum Batavorum . An Oppidum

2208-403: Was paraded in chains in Rome before Nero ; though he was acquitted by Galba , he was retained at Rome, and when he returned to his kin in the year of upheaval in the Roman Empire, 69, he headed a Batavian rebellion. He managed to capture Castra Vetera , the Romans' lost two legions, while two others (I Germanica and XVI Gallica) were controlled by the rebels. The rebellion became a real threat to

2256-440: Was perpetuated by Romeyn de Hooghe's Spiegel van Staat der Vereenigden Nederlanden ("Mirror of the State of the United Netherlands," 1706), which also ran to many editions, and it was revived in the atmosphere of Romantic nationalism in the late eighteenth-century reforms that saw a short-lived Batavian Republic and, in the colony of the Dutch East Indies , a capital that was named Batavia . Though since Indonesian independence

2304-410: Was the site of a post World War II American sector displaced persons camp . On 2 June 2013, the old town suffered from severe flooding as a result of several days of rain and its location at the confluence of three rivers. Peak elevations of floods as early as 1501 are displayed on a wall at the Old City Hall. Flood water reaches the base of that wall on average once every 5 years. Until 2013,

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