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82-529: "The riots broke out on Easter Monday, 23 March 1668, when a group attacked bawdy houses in Poplar. The next day crowds of about 500 pulled down similar establishments in Moorfields, East Smithfield, St Leonard's, Shoreditch, and also St Andrew's, Holborn, the main bawdy house districts of London. The final assaults came on Wednesday, mainly in the Moorfields area, one report claiming there were now 40,000 rioters - surely an exaggeration, but indicating that abnormally large numbers of people were involved. ... On all days

164-508: A Lenten calendar , fasting, abstaining from luxuries, and reading a daily devotional . The Lenten fast traditionally emphasizes eating simpler, vegetarian food, and refraining from food that would give undue pleasure; as such, Christians historically abstained from meat, eggs and lacticinia (dairy products) during the 40-day fasting season of Lent—a practice that continues in Eastern Christianity (in denominations such as

246-482: A national church which is not established (as the official religion of the nation), but is nonetheless recognised under civil law as being the country's acknowledged religious denomination. Whilst these are not Christian states, the official Christian national church is likely to have certain residual state functions in relation to state occasions and ceremonial. Examples include Scotland ( Church of Scotland ) and Sweden ( Church of Sweden ). A national church typically has

328-408: A secular state with guaranteed religious freedom . However, Orthodox Christians with 6,079,396 adherents comprise 84.5% of the country's population. The Serbian Orthodox Church is the largest traditional church of the country, adherents of which are overwhelmingly Serbs . The SOC directly or indirectly has cultural influence on both the decisions and positions of the state . Tonga became

410-674: A Christian state under George Tupou I in the 19th century, with the Free Wesleyan Church , a member of the World Methodist Council , being established as the country's state Church. Under the rule of George Tupou I, there was established a "rigorous constitutional clause regulating observation of the Sabbath ". The Church of Tuvalu , a Calvinist church in the Congregationalist tradition,

492-672: A Christian state. In the Middle Ages , efforts were made in order to establish a Pan-Christianity state by uniting the countries within Christendom . Christian nationalism played a role in this era in which Christians felt the impulse to also recover those territories in which Christianity historically flourished, such as the Holy Land and North Africa. The First Great Awakening , American Revolution , and Second Great Awakening caused two rounds of disestablishment among

574-469: A Lenten sacrifice, it is customary to pray for strength to keep it; many often wish others for doing so as well, e.g. "May God bless your Lenten sacrifice." During Shrovetide, many churches place a basket in the narthex to collect the previous year's Holy Week palm branches that were blessed and distributed during the Palm Sunday liturgies; on Shrove Tuesday, churches burn these palms to make

656-674: A broadly Christian character" that is widely flouted. The Church of the Faroe Islands is the state church of Faroe Islands . Georgia is one of the oldest Christian states. Article 8 of Georgian Constitution and the Concordat of 2002 grants the Georgian Orthodox Church special privileges, which include legal immunity to the Patriarch of Georgia . The Orthodox Church is the most trusted institution in

738-654: A decree went out in 1739 ordering that "Elementary schooling for all Norwegian children became mandatory, so that all Norwegians should be able to read the Bible and the Lutheran Catechism firsthand." The modern Constitution of Norway stipulates that " The Church of Norway , an Evangelical-Lutheran church, will remain the Established Church of Norway and will as such be supported by the State." As such,

820-402: A dual purpose of allowing Christians to repent of any sins they might have committed before the start of Lent on the next day Ash Wednesday and giving them the opportunity to engage in a last round of merriment before the start of the somber Lenten season, which is characterized by making a Lenten sacrifice , fasting , praying and engaging in various spiritual disciplines , such as marking

902-609: A form of the English word shrive , which means to give absolution for someone's sins by way of Confession and doing penance . Thus Shrove Tuesday was named after the custom of Christians to be "shriven" before the start of Lent. In the United Kingdom , Ireland and parts of the Commonwealth , Shrove Tuesday is also known as Pancake Day or Pancake Tuesday , as it became a traditional custom to eat pancakes as

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984-492: A meal. In Irish the day is known as Máirt Inide , from the Latin initium (Jejūniī) , "beginning of Lent ." Elsewhere, the day has also been called " Mardi Gras ", meaning "Fat Tuesday", after the type of celebratory meal that day. In Germany , the day is known as Fastnachtsdienstag , Faschingsdienstag , Karnevalsdienstag or Veilchendienstag (the last of which translates to violet [the flower] Tuesday). It

1066-490: A range of health and social care, training, education, and employment services in the UK for disabled people and others who are marginalised. Scarborough celebrates by closing the foreshore to all traffic, closing schools early, and inviting all to skip. Traditionally, long ropes were used from the nearby harbour. The town crier rang the pancake bell, situated on the corner of Westborough (main street) and Huntriss Row. Since 1996

1148-412: A relatively common festive tradition in the UK, especially England . Participants with frying pans race through the streets tossing pancakes into the air and catching them in the pan while running. The pancake race at Olney traditionally has women contestants who carry a frying pan and race over a 415-yard (379 m) course to the finishing line. The rules are strict: contestants must toss the pancake at

1230-518: A replica "pancake bell" situated at Newborough and North Street has been rung to initiate the day's festivities. Shrove Tuesday in England often involved a form of ritual begging, not dissimilar to wassailing , in which children and adolescents would go door-to-door asking for tidbits from the frying pan. If the household was not forthcoming, they could expect levels of mischief, including the pelting of their house, knock and run, or gate stealing. This

1312-567: Is "officially headed by the queen of Denmark". Furthermore, clergy "in the Church of Denmark are civil servants employed by the Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs" and the "economic base of the Church of Denmark is state-collected church taxes combined with a direct state subsidiary (12%), which symbolically covers the expenses of the Church of Denmark to run the civil registration and the burial system for all citizens." Barbara Yorke writes that

1394-429: Is a carnival day, the last day of "fat eating" or "gorging" before the fasting period of Lent. The tradition of marking the start of Lent has been documented for centuries. Ælfric of Eynsham 's "Ecclesiastical Institutes" from around 1000 AD states: "In the week immediately before Lent everyone shall go to his confessor and confess his deeds and the confessor shall so shrive him as he then may hear by his deeds what he

1476-469: Is a country that recognizes a form of Christianity as its official religion and often has a state church (also called an established church ), which is a Christian denomination that supports the government and is supported by the government. Historically, the nations of Aksum , Armenia , Makuria , and the Holy Roman Empire have declared themselves as Christian states, as well as

1558-463: Is a department of the state. Church affairs are governed by a central government ministry, while clergy are government employees. The registration of births, deaths and marriages falls under this ministry of church affairs, and normally speaking the local Lutheran pastor is also the official registrar. Over 82% of the population of Denmark are members of the Lutheran Church of Denmark, which

1640-669: Is celebrated with fancy dress and a partial school holiday. Similarly, in German American areas, such as Pennsylvania Dutch Country , it is known as Fastnacht Day . In the Netherlands , it is known as "vastenavond", or in Limburgish dialect " vastelaovend ", though the word " vastelaovend " usually refers to the entire period of carnival in the Netherlands . In some parts of Switzerland (e.g. Lucerne ),

1722-573: Is eaten. On the Portuguese island of Madeira , malasadas are eaten on Terça-feira Gorda (Fat Tuesday in English), which is also the last day of the Carnival of Madeira . Malasadas were cooked in order to use up all the lard and sugar in the house, in preparation for Lenten restrictions. This tradition was taken to Hawaii , where Shrove Tuesday is known as Malasada Day , which dates back to

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1804-787: Is held in North Somercotes in Lincolnshire , England. In London, the Rehab Parliamentary Pancake Race takes place every Shrove Tuesday, with teams from the British lower house (the House of Commons ), the upper house (the House of Lords ), and the Fourth Estate , contending for the title of Parliamentary Pancake Race Champions. The fun relay race is to raise awareness of Rehab, which provides

1886-796: Is much lower, standing at 65% of the population in 2021. Samoa became a Christian state in 2017. Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that “Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit”. Serbia as a territory became a Christian state during the time of Constantine the Great in Christianization of Eastern Roman Empire , according to the research and discoveries of artifacts left by

1968-451: Is observed by many Christians, including Anglicans , Lutherans , Methodists Western Orthodox Christians , and Roman Catholics , who "make a special point of self-examination, of considering what wrongs they need to repent, and what amendments of life or areas of spiritual growth they especially need to ask God's help in dealing with." This moveable feast is determined by the date of Easter . The expression "Shrove Tuesday" comes from

2050-573: Is often described as a "mid-winter sliding festival". Thin pancakes called blini are traditional in Christian festivals in Belarus , Ukraine and Russia also at this time of year ( Maslenitsa ). Shrove Tuesday is exactly 47 days before Easter Sunday, a moveable feast based on the cycles of the moon . The date can be between 3 February and 9 March inclusive. Shrove Tuesday occurs on these dates: Christian state A Christian state

2132-616: Is the name for Carnival in Denmark, held either on the Sunday or Monday before Ash Wednesday. This holiday occurs seven weeks before Easter Sunday, with children dressing up in costumes and gathering treats for the Fastelavn feast. The holiday is generally considered to be a time for children's fun and family games and on Shrove Sunday, "the churches hold a special family service where children are invited to wear fancy dress." In Estonia ,

2214-624: Is the state church of Tuvalu and was established as such in 1991. The Constitution of Tuvalu identifies Tuvalu as "an independent State based on Christian principles". Vatican City is a Christian state, in which the " Pope is ex officio simultaneously leader of the Catholic Church as well as Head of State and Head of the Government of the State of the Vatican City; he also possesses ( de jure ) absolute authority over

2296-530: Is to do [in the way of penance]". By the time of the late Middle Ages , the celebration of Shrovetide lasted until the start of Lent. During the liturgical season of Lent, believers have historically abstained from rich foods such as meat, eggs, lacticinia (dairy products), and alcohol—a practice that continues in Eastern Christianity (in denominations such as the Coptic Orthodox Church ) and among Western Christian congregations practicing

2378-496: The Coptic Orthodox Church ) and among Western Christian congregations practicing the Daniel Fast . Pancakes are associated with Shrove Tuesday, the day preceding Lent, because they are a way to use up rich foods such as eggs, milk, and sugar, before the fasting season of the 40 days of Lent. In Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island , small tokens are frequently cooked in the pancakes. Children take delight in discovering

2460-548: The Daniel Fast . Shrovetide provided Christians with the opportunity to use up these foods prior to the start of the 40-day fasting season of Lent. Prior to the 6th century, Lent was normatively observed through the practice of the Black Fast, which enjoins fasting from food and liquids, with the allowance of one vegetarian meal after sunset. The tradition of pancake breakfasts during Shrovetide, as well as that of pancake races, owes itself to this practice of "using up

2542-482: The Faroes ), England , Georgia , Greece , Hungary , Iceland , Liechtenstein , Malta , Monaco , Norway , Samoa , Serbia , Tonga , Tuvalu , Vatican City , and Zambia . A Christian state stands in contrast to a secular state , an atheist state , or another religious state, such as a Jewish state , or an Islamic state . The Armenian Apostolic Church church puts its founding at 301, with

Bawdy House Riots of 1668 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2624-526: The House of Lords . In characteristically British fashion, where the state is representative of civil society, it was Parliament that determined, in the Act of Establishment, that the monarch had to be Anglican . Christian religious education is taught to children in primary and secondary schools in the United Kingdom. English schools have a legal requirement for a daily act of collective worship "of

2706-630: The Hungarian Constitution of 2011 describes Hungary as "part of Christian Europe" and acknowledges "the role of Christianity in preserving nationhood", while Article VII provides that "the State shall cooperate with the Churches for community goals". However, the constitution also guarantees freedom of religion and separation of church and state. Around AD 1000, Iceland became a Christian state . The Encyclopedia of Protestantism states that: The majority of Icelanders are members of

2788-741: The Illyrians , Triballi and other kindred tribes. More research has since been made that perhaps prove the existence of Serbs living in the Balkans during Roman times in Ilyria . In the centuries that followed from the fourth- to the 12th-century, when Catholic Church was in a battleground between Serbia due the Eastern Orthodox Church , Serbia prevailed as Orthodox Christian state under his jurisdiction through Saint Sava . Serbia as modern state, defines in his constitution as

2870-705: The Kingdom of Denmark , the Church of Denmark is the established church of Greenland through the Constitution of Denmark : The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the Established Church of Denmark, and, as such, it shall be supported by the State. This applies to all of the Kingdom of Denmark, except for the Faroe Islands , as the Church of the Faroe Islands became independent in 2007. The preamble to

2952-617: The President of the Republic must be a Roman Catholic. In Armenia Christianity is the state religion and the Armenian Apostolic Church is the national church . Armenia is the first country who recognised Christianity as a state religion. The constitution of Costa Rica states that "The Catholic and Apostolic Religion is the religion of the State". As such, Catholic Christian holy days are recognized by

3034-998: The Roman Empire and its continuation the Byzantine Empire , the Russian Empire , the Spanish Empire , the British Empire , the Portuguese Empire , and the Frankish Empire , the Belgian colonial empire , the French empire . Today, several nations officially identify themselves as Christian states or have state churches. These countries include Argentina , Armenia , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Denmark (incl. Greenland and

3116-424: The " Carolingian Renaissance heightened appreciation within England of the role of king and church in a Christian state." As such, Since the 1701 Act of Establishment , England's official state church has been the Church of England , the monarch being its supreme governor and ' defender of the faith '. He , together with Parliament, has a say in appointing bishops , twenty-six of whom have ex officio seats in

3198-457: The "Norwegian constitution decrees that Lutheranism is the official religion of the State and that the King is the supreme temporal head of the Church." The administration of the Church "is shared between the Ministry for Church, Education and Research centrally and municipal authorities locally", and the Church of Norway "depends on state and local taxes". The Church of Norway is responsible for

3280-597: The "authorities of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church have the duty to teach which principles are right and which are wrong" and that "religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith shall be provided in all State schools as part of compulsory education". Article 9 of the Constitution of Monaco describes " La religion catholique, apostolique et romaine [the catholic, apostolic and Roman religion]" as

3362-576: The "maintenance of church buildings and cemeteries". In the mid-20th century, the vast majority of Norwegians participated in the Lutheran Church. According to a 1957 description, "[o]ver 90 percent of the population are married by state church clergymen, have their children baptized and confirmed , and finally are buried with a church service." However, current membership in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway

Bawdy House Riots of 1668 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3444-527: The 'poor whores' which stressed support for whores by Catholics , and by Anglicans leading the campaign against Nonconformist worship. And a satire made the point explicit in discussion of a bill to be passed in Parliament for a 'full Toleration of all Bawdy-houses' but for the suppression of 'all Preaching, Printing, Private Meetings, Conventacles, etc.' Prostitutes and brothel owners such as Damaris Page and Elizabeth Cresswell who had been affected by

3526-704: The Lenten fast, to abstain from eating meat. It is often celebrated with street processions or fancy dress. The most famous of these events has become the Brazilian Carnival in Rio de Janeiro . Venetians have long celebrated carnival with a masquerade . The use of the term "carnival" in other contexts derives from this celebration. In Spain, the Carnival Tuesday is named "día de la tortilla" ("omelette day"): an omelette made with some sausage or pork fat

3608-549: The Minister of Education. Liechtenstein 's constitution designates the Catholic Church as being the state Church of that country. In public schools, per article 16 of the Constitution of Liechtenstein , religious education is given by Church authorities. Section Two of the Constitution of Malta specifies the state's religion as being the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion. It holds that

3690-673: The Swedish semla ). The celebration often includes downhill sledging. In Poland , a related celebration falls on the Thursday before Ash Wednesday and is called tłusty czwartek ( Fat Thursday ). In some areas of the United States with large Polish-American communities, such as Chicago , Milwaukee , Detroit , and Buffalo , Tłusty Czwartek is celebrated with pączki or faworki eating contests, music and other Polish food. It may be held on Shrove Tuesday or in

3772-489: The ashes used during the services held on the very next day, Ash Wednesday. In the United Kingdom , as part of community celebration, many towns held traditional Shrove Tuesday " mob football " games, some dating as far back as the 17th century. The practice mostly died out in the 19th century after the passing of the Highway Act 1835 which banned playing football on public highways. A number of towns have maintained

3854-472: The attack on the property of brothel keeper Damaris Page , "the great bawd of the seamen", "the most Famous Bawd in the Towne." She was a deeply unpopular figure because of her practice of press-ganging her dock worker clientele into the navy, and her bawdy house was an early target of the riots. She appeared before a local magistrate, Robert Manley, as a victim of the riots who had lost significant property; she

3936-417: The celebrations, those who were unmarried were taunted with jeers and singing. In Fennoscandia , in particular in Sweden, Finland and Estonia, the day is associated with the semla , a type of almond paste -filled sweet roll . The day is known as Laskiainen in Finland and Vastlapäev in Estonia . It is a celebration of Balto-Finnic origins, which includes both pagan and ecclesiastic traditions, and

4018-405: The conversion of Tiridates and declaration of Christianity as the official state religion, although the date is disputed. In 380, three Roman emperors issued the Edict of Thessalonica ( Cunctos populos ), making the Roman Empire a Christian state, and establishing Nicene Christianity , in the form of its State Church , as its official religion. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in

4100-495: The country and its head, Patriarch Ilia II , the most trusted person. Greece is a Christian state, with the Greek Orthodox Church playing "a dominant role in the life of the country". Mount Athos and most of the Athos peninsula are governed as an autonomous region in Greece by the monastic community of Mount Athos , which is ecclesiastically under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople . Being an autonomous constituent country within

4182-571: The crowds were supposedly armed with 'iron bars, polaxes, long staves, and other weapons', presumably the sort of tools necessary for house demolition. The rioters organized themselves into regiments, headed by a captain, and marching behind colours." These were not the first anti-brothel riots in 17th-century London. Between 1603 and 1642, Shrove Tuesday riots (mostly involving attacks by apprentices on brothels and playhouses ostensibly to remove sources of temptation during Lent) had occurred at least twenty-four times. They were to some degree tolerated and

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4264-485: The day is called Užgavėnės . People eat pancakes ( blynai ) and Lithuanian-style doughnuts . In Sweden , the day is called Fettisdagen (Fat Tuesday), and is generally celebrated by eating a type of sweet roll called fastlagsbulle or semla . In Finland , the day is called laskiainen and is generally celebrated by eating green pea soup and a pastry called laskiaispulla (sweet bread filled with whipped cream and jam or almond paste, same as

4346-444: The day is called Güdeldienstag or Güdisdienstag (preceded by Güdismontag). According to the Duden dictionary, the term derives from "Güdel", which means a fat belly stuffed full of food. In Portuguese -, Spanish - and Italian -speaking countries, among others, it is known as Carnival (to use the English spelling). This derives from Medieval Latin carnelevamen ("the putting away of flesh") and thus to another aspect of

4428-407: The day is similarly called Vastlapäev and is generally celebrated by eating pea soup and whipped-cream or whipped-cream and jam-filled sweet-buns called vastlakukkel , similar to the Swedish fastlagsbulle or semla . Children also typically go sledding on this day. In Iceland , the day is known as Sprengidagur (Bursting Day) and is marked by eating salted meat and peas. In Lithuania ,

4510-431: The days immediately preceding it. In Slovenia , Kurentovanje is also the biggest and best known carnival. There are several more local carnivals usually referred to as Laufarija . In Hungary , and the Hungarian-speaking territories, it is called Húshagyókedd  [ hu ] ( lit.   ' the Tuesday leaving the meat ' ) and is celebrated by fancy dress and visiting neighbours. Shrove Tuesday serves

4592-443: The days of the sugar plantations of the 1800s. The resident Catholic Portuguese workers (who came mostly from Madeira and the Azores ) used up butter and sugar prior to Lent by making large batches of malasadas . In the Lutheran countries of Denmark and Norway , the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday is called Fetetirsdag ("Fat Tuesday"); the prior weekend is known as Fastelavn and is marked by eating fastelavnsboller . Fastelavn

4674-437: The debauchery in his court, were seen as one of the causes of the riots. Pepys mentions that the riots were perceived as anti-royal demonstrations by working-class apprentices centred on Moorfields , with echoes of the Puritanism of the Cromwellian era. He noted, "How these idle fellows have had the confidence to say that they did ill in contenting themselves in pulling down the little bawdy-houses, and did not go and pull down

4756-441: The first pancake. If the pancake fell on the floor, she would remain unmarried for the next 12 months. As marriages were not traditionally permitted during the Lenten period, as decreed by the Council of Trent , weddings on Shrove Tuesday were popular. In some parts of Ireland the holly from Christmas was saved and burnt in the fire for the pancakes. The night was also known as "Skellig Night" in Counties Cork and Kerry , during

4838-422: The government and "public schools provide religious education ", although parents are able to opt-out their children if they choose to do so. As early as the 11th century AD, "Denmark was considered to be a Christian state", with the Church of Denmark , a member of the Lutheran World Federation , being the state church. Prof. Wasif Shadid, of Leiden University , writes that: The Lutheran established church

4920-515: The great bawdy-house at Whitehall ." Shrove Tuesday Shrove Tuesday (also known as Pancake Tuesday or Pancake Day ) is the final day of Shrovetide , marking the end of pre-Lent . Lent begins the following day with Ash Wednesday . Shrove Tuesday is observed in many Christian countries through participating in confession ; the ritual burning of the previous year's Holy Week palms; finalizing one's Lenten sacrifice ; as well as eating pancakes and other sweets. Shrove Tuesday

5002-444: The history of the Church began when not just localised communities but nations became Christian. The stage is associated with the conversion of Constantine and the beginnings of a Christian Empire, but the Byzantine Emperor was not the first ruler to lead his people into Christianity, thus setting up the first Christian state. That honour traditionally goes to the church of Armenia. As a Christian state, Armenia "embraced Christianity as

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5084-485: The late 5th century, the Eastern Roman Empire under the emperor Justinian (reigned 527–565), became the world's predominant Christian state, based on Roman law, Greek culture, and the Greek language." In this Christian state, in which nearly all of its subjects upheld faith in Jesus, an "enormous amount of artistic talent was poured into the construction of churches, church ceremonies, and church decoration". John Binns describes this era, writing that: A new stage in

5166-438: The legislative, executive and judicial branches." Jeroen Temperman, a professor of international law at Erasmus University Rotterdam writes that: Zambia is officially a Christian state as well, though the legal ramifications clearly do not compare to the latter state. The Preamble of the Constitution of Zambia establishes Zambia as a Christian state without specifying "Christian" denominationally. It simply proclaims: "We,

5248-734: The objects, which are intended to be divinatory. For example, the person who receives a coin will be wealthy; a nail indicates that they will become or marry a carpenter. On the final day of Shrovetide, Shrove Tuesday, many traditional Christians, such as Anglicans , Lutherans , Methodists and Roman Catholics , "make a special point of self-examination, of considering what wrongs they need to repent, and what amendments of life or areas of spiritual growth they especially need to ask God's help in dealing with." As such, many churches offer Confession on Shrove Tuesday. On Shrove Tuesday, many Christians finalize their decision with respect to what Lenten sacrifices they will make for Lent. While making

5330-400: The observance of fasting at Lent continued up to the 20th century, with Shrove Tuesday ( Irish : Máirt na hInide , "Tuesday of the initium ") marking the last day of the consumption of meat for the Lenten period. This was later relaxed, but with three days of fasting observed, Ash Wednesday, Spy Wednesday , and Good Friday. It was a tradition that the eldest unmarried daughter would toss

5412-403: The people involved had rarely been punished severely. However, the 1668 riots were different in both size and duration, involving thousands of people and lasting for several days. In their aftermath, fifteen of the rioters were indicted for high treason, and four suspected ringleaders were convicted and hanged. Samuel Pepys recorded the events in his Diary on 24th and 25th March. He documented

5494-478: The people of Zambia...declare the Republic a Christian nation..." As far as state practice is concerned, it may be pointed out that the Government maintains relations with the Zambian Council of Churches and requires Christianity to be taught in the public school curriculum. After "Zambia declared itself a Christian nation in 1991", "the nation's vice president urged citizens to 'have a Christian orientation in all fields, at all levels'." A number of countries have

5576-414: The religion of the King, the nobles, and the people". In 326, according to official tradition of the Georgian Orthodox Church, following the conversion of Mirian and Nana , the country of Georgia became a Christian state, the Emperor Constantine the Great sending clerics for baptising people. In the 4th century, in the Kingdom of Aksum , after Ezana 's conversion to the faith, this empire also became

5658-414: The religion of the state. Church and state were formally separated in 2017 after a change to the constitution in 2012. A timeline for the relationship between church and state is provided on the Norwegian Government's official website. Cole Durham and Tore Sam Lindholm, writing in 2013, stated that "For a period of one thousand years Norway has been a kingdom with a Christian state church " and that

5740-409: The ringing of church bells to remind people to repent of their sins before the start of Lent. On Shrove Tuesday, churches also burn the palms distributed during the previous year's Palm Sunday liturgies to make the ashes used during the services held on the very next day, Ash Wednesday . In some Christian countries, especially those where the day is called Mardi Gras or a translation thereof, it

5822-486: The ringing of a church bell. On Pancake Day, "pancake races" are held in villages and towns across the United Kingdom. The tradition is said to have originated in 1445 when a housewife from Olney , Buckinghamshire , was so busy making pancakes that she forgot the time until she heard the church bells ringing for the service. She raced out of the house to church while still carrying her frying pan and pancake, tossing it to prevent it from burning. The pancake race remains

5904-463: The riots published The Poor Whores' Petition , a satirical letter addressed to King Charles II 's mistress Lady Castlemaine . It requested that she come to the aid of her "sisters" and pay for the rebuilding of their property and livelihoods, and sought to mock the extravagance and licentiousness of Lady Castlemaine and the royal court. The behaviour of the King, who had been engaged in a series of extra-marital affairs with well-known courtesans , and

5986-463: The season of Lent in the Christian liturgical calendar . In many Christian parish churches, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, a popular Shrove Tuesday tradition is the ringing of the church bells (on this day, the toll is known as the Shriving Bell) "to call the faithful to confession before the solemn season of Lent" and for people to "begin frying their pancakes". The word shrove is

6068-423: The start and the finish, and wear a scarf and apron. Since 1950, the people of Liberal , Kansas , and Olney have held the "International Pancake Day" race between the two towns. The two towns' competitors race along an agreed-upon measured course. The times of the two towns' competitors are compared to determine a winner overall. As of 2021, Liberal leads the competition with 38 wins to Olney's 31. A similar race

6150-693: The state church. Almost all children are baptized as Lutheran and more than 90 percent are subsequently confirmed . The church conducts 75 percent of all marriages and 99 percent of all funerals. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Iceland is a member of the Lutheran World Federation and the World Council of Churches . All public schools have mandatory education in Christianity , although an exemption may be considered by

6232-557: The states of the new United States , from 1776 to 1833. Article 2 of the Constitution of Argentina explicitly states that "the Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith" and Article 14 guarantees freedom of religion . Although it enforces neither an official nor a state faith, it gives Catholic Christianity a preferential status. Before its 1994 amendment , the Constitution stated that

6314-522: The surplus eggs, milk and butter" prior to Lent. As such, it was traditional in many societies to eat pancakes or other foods made with the butter, eggs and fat or lard that would need to be used up before the beginning of Lent. Similar foods are fasnachts and pączki . The specific custom of British Christians eating pancakes on Shrove Tuesday dates to the 16th century. Along with its emphasis on feasting, another theme of Shrove Tuesday involves Christians repenting of their sins in preparation to begin

6396-1067: The tradition, including Alnwick in Northumberland ( Scoring the Hales ), Ashbourne in Derbyshire (called the Royal Shrovetide Football ), Atherstone in Warwickshire (called simply the Atherstone Ball Game ), St Columb Major in Cornwall (called Hurling the Silver Ball ), and Sedgefield in County Durham ( Sedgefield Ball Game ). Shrove Tuesday was once known as a "half-holiday" in Britain. It started at 11:00 am with

6478-426: The upcoming forty days, are associated with Shrove Tuesday celebrations. The term Mardi Gras is French for "Fat Tuesday", referring to the practice of the last night of eating richer, fatty foods before the ritual fasting of the Lenten season, which begins on Ash Wednesday . Many Christian congregations thus observe the day through eating pancakes or, more specifically, the holding of pancake breakfasts , as well as

6560-488: The word shrive , meaning absolution following confession. Christians traditionally visit their church on Shrove Tuesday to confess their sins and clean their soul, thus being shriven (absolved) before the start of Lent. As this is the last day of the Christian liturgical season historically known as Carnival or Shrovetide , before the penitential season of Lent , related popular practices, such as indulging in food that one might give up as their Lenten sacrifice for

6642-519: Was known as Lent Crocking, Nicky-Nan Night, the Drawing of Cloam, Dappy-Door Night, or Pan Sharding. The children of the hamlet of Whitechapel , Lancashire , keep alive a local variant of this tradition by visiting local households and asking "please a pancake", to be rewarded with oranges or sweets. It is thought this local tradition arose when farm workers visited the wealthier farm and manor owners to ask for pancakes or pancake fillings. In Ireland,

6724-510: Was one of the main witnesses brought against Robert Sharpless, a central instigator of the riots. Her evidence was notably given significant weight during the court case, despite her being an unmarried woman and a brothel keeper. During the riots, attacks were made on the court , the Duke of York , and the bishops. Demands were made for religious toleration and protesters' slogans included "Liberty of Conscience!" Rioters drew up 'mock Petitions' from

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