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27-525: The road is named for the principal proponents of its construction. Jacob Bayley and Moses Hazen were among the founders of Newbury and nearby Haverhill, New Hampshire , and Hazen also had property interests at St. John's. The idea for the road featured prominently in several proposals (promoted primarily by Hazen to George Washington and the Second Continental Congress ) for invasions of Quebec by Continental Army forces following

54-639: A location at the Oxbow , an extension of the Connecticut River , that they decided to make their new home. In the summer of 1761, Bayley, Hazen and some hired hands cleared the fields around the Oxbow. The first four permanent settlers arrived in February 1762. On May 18, 1763, Benning Wentworth , colonial governor of the Province of New Hampshire , granted them charters for Newbury (named after

81-631: A poor area. Hull's Trace North Huron River Corduroy Segment is a section of corduroy road in Brownstown, Michigan that is on public display at the River Raisin National Battlefield Park . This segment is the only known extant portion of Hull's Trace, a military road that was built at the beginning of the War of 1812 from Urbana, Ohio , to Detroit . By the early 1800s, a corduroy road had been built along what

108-561: Is now King Street in Waterloo, Ontario in Canada; its remains were unearthed under the roadway in 2016. The road was probably built by Mennonite settlers between the late 1790s and 1816. A historian explained that the road had been built for access to a mill but was also "one of the first roads cut through (the woods) so people could start settling the area".   The puncheon or plank road uses hewn boards instead of logs, resulting in

135-743: The Bayley Hazen Military Road , then about the situation in Canada and a possible second invasion attempt. (The United States had unsuccessfully invaded Quebec in 1775 .) He and Moses Hazen built the Bayley Hazen Military Road, starting in 1776, to support a second invasion of Canada that never materialized. In 1777, he was appointed Commissary General of the Northern Department of the Continental Army. Bayley only saw action once in

162-570: The British and released on parole, but he violated his parole in 1782 to forewarn Bayley. (Ethan Allen was one of the Haldimand negotiators, further exacerbating his relationship with Bayley. ) There is a monument to General Bayley in the Newbury town common. Corduroy road A corduroy road or log road is a type of road or timber trackway made by placing logs , perpendicular to

189-402: The British for use in raiding expeditions in 1780; the raid against Royalton and other small Vermont communities may have included Peacham and nearby communities as targets. Strong local militia may have deterred the raiders from making an attack there. Jacob Bayley was also targeted by the British for kidnapping; at least one attempt was made using the road, which failed as Bayley was alerted to

216-568: The British soldiers and their dependents as they withdrew, killing many soldiers and capturing women, children, servants and slaves. Captain Bayley was among those who managed to escape. According to family tradition, he fled, running barefoot 12 miles (19 km) to Fort Edward ; the Provincial Assembly of New Hampshire awarded him £14, 11s, 6p for his losses during the retreat, which included his shoes. The war turned in favor of

243-478: The British were sending a force to stop the construction work. In addition, decision-makers came to the realization that a road could just as easily be used for a British invasion of the Thirteen Colonies. Even after construction was abandoned on the road, the blockhouses on the route were manned, and occasionally subjected to minor skirmishes and scouting actions. The road was apparently identified by

270-737: The British. Bayley participated in General Amherst 's capture of Fort Carillon and of Montreal in New France , which essentially ended the fighting in North America. By the end of the war, Bayley had been promoted, first to lieutenant-colonel, then to colonel. With the war over, in the fall of 1760 Bayley and three hometown friends and fellow officers — Captain John Hazen and Lieutenants Jacob Kent and Timothy Bedell — left Montreal to go home. On their travels, they found

297-493: The Pacific Northwest, roads built of spaced logs similar to widely spaced "army track" were the mainstay of local logging practices and were called skid roads. Two of these, respectively on the outskirts of the mill towns of Seattle and Vancouver , which had become concentrations of bars and logger 's slums, were the origin of the more widespread meaning of "skid road" and its derivative skid row , referring to

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324-801: The Wake who had taken refuge in the marshes on the Isle of Ely. Two contemporary sources say that the Normans built a corduroy road one mile long to try to reach him in 1071 but eventually succeeded in their attack using treachery. Corduroy roads were used extensively in the American Civil War between Shiloh and Corinth after the Battle of Shiloh , and in Sherman's march through the Carolinas . In

351-442: The direction of the road over a low or swampy area. The result is an improvement over impassable mud or dirt roads, yet rough in the best of conditions and a hazard to horses due to shifting loose logs. Corduroy roads can also be built as a foundation for other surfacing. If the logs are buried in wet, acidic , anaerobic soils such as peat or muskeg , they decay very slowly . A few corduroy road foundations that date back to

378-548: The early 20th century still exist in North America. One example is the Alaska Highway between Burwash Landing and Koidern, Yukon , Canada, which was rebuilt in 1943, less than a year after the original route was graded on thin soil and vegetation over permafrost , by using corduroy, then building a gravel road on top. During the 1980s, the gravel was covered with a chip-seal . The late 1990s saw replacement of this road with modern road construction, including rerouting of

405-591: The entire highway. In World War II corduroyed roads were used by both German and Soviet forces on the Eastern Front . In slang use, corduroy road can also refer to a road in ill repair, having many potholes , ruts, or surface swellings. This should not be confused with a washboard road . The earliest recorded use of a corduroy road in England was during the Norman attack on Saxon resistance leader Hereward

432-451: The failed 1775 invasion . After hostilities in the French and Indian War ended in 1760, several veterans of that war founded the communities of Haverhill and Newbury on either side of the Connecticut River in the far north of the British province of New Hampshire . The land on the west side of the river was the subject of disputes between New Hampshire and the province of New York , and

459-577: The fall of 1755 scouting the area around Lake Champlain . Promoted to captain, he raised a company that was among the defenders at the siege of Fort William Henry in August 1757. When the British surrendered on the promise by the French victors that they would be protected from the latter's Native American allies. However, the terms of capitulation were violated; the Native Americans attacked

486-552: The hometown of Bayley and the others) and Haverhill , on opposite sides of the Oxbow (Newbury on the west bank and Haverhill on the east bank). A dispute over land titles, which found Bayley and Ethan Allen on opposing sides, exacerbated by religious and other differences, resulted in mutual animosity. On May 22, 1776, the Committees of the Counties of Cumberland and Gloucester, New York, nominated then-Colonel Bayley for

513-693: The plan. In 1781, the Greensboro blockhouse was attacked "by Indians"; two scouts were killed. A memorial stone was erected near the site 160 years later. The road was the only road in the area, and became a route for migration and development of the Northeast Kingdom of Vermont. Little evidence of the original road exists, as much of its route has been taken over by state and local roads, but there have been reports of archaeologists locating isolated sections of corduroy . Jacob Bayley Jacob Bayley (July 19, 1726 – March 1, 1815 )

540-541: The position of brigadier-general of the state militia of those counties. The promotion was approved. Bayley, as a colonel and later as a brigadier general, corresponded with George Washington (63 letters can be read in their entirety at Founders Online, an official website of the United States government administered by the National Archives and Records Administration ), first regarding constructing

567-485: The road throughout the summer of 1779, extending it through the present-day communities of Cabot , Walden , Hardwick , Greensboro , Craftsbury , Albany , and Lowell . Blockhouses were also constructed along the route, at Peacham, Cabot, Walden, and Greensboro (on a site still called Block House Hill). Work was abandoned when the road reached the place now known as Hazen's Notch in Westfield , again on rumors that

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594-438: The snow, covering the 100 miles (160 km) to St. John's in 11 days. Several Continental Army regiments made their way along this trail that year, prompting Washington to order construction of a road. Jacob Bayley and 60 men constructed, apparently at Bayley's expense, about 6 miles (9.7 km) (into present-day Peacham, Vermont ) until rumors arrived that a British army was coming down the trail to stop them. The construction

621-693: The war, leading a division in the October 7, 1777, portion of the Battles of Saratoga He was stationed with 2000 New Hampshire militiamen north of Fort Edward. In the early 1780s, the British were conducting the secret Haldimand Negotiations with the Vermont Republic . Because of Bayley's implacable opposition to negotiations with the British, an attempt was made to take him prisoner and take him to Canada, but it narrowly failed. Bayley's neighbor, Colonel Thomas Johnson, had earlier been captured by

648-402: Was abandoned amid concerns of invasion in the small communities. (Only a small company of Canadiens came down the trail as far as Peacham.) It is unclear whether Bayley was ever repaid for this work. Moses Hazen, then colonel in the Continental Army, was directed by Washington in the spring of 1779 to renew construction of the road. His regiment and that of Colonel Timothy Bedel worked on

675-684: Was an officer, first serving with the British in the French and Indian War , then later as a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . After the French and Indian War, Bayley was one of the founders of Newbury, Vermont , and Haverhill, New Hampshire , He became wealthy from the proprietorship thereof, but during the Revolutionary War he paid for military expenses and soldiers' pay out of his own pocket, for which he

702-592: Was known then as the New Hampshire Grants ; this territory eventually became the state of Vermont . Work to develop the road occurred first in 1776. General George Washington, to support the Continental Army's 1775 invasion of Quebec, asked Thomas Johnson, a local landowner, to blaze a trail to St. John's on the Richelieu River near Montreal that army regiments could use to reach the area. On March 26, 1776, Johnson and four men set out through

729-582: Was never compensated, and he died an impoverished man. He was born in Newbury, Massachusetts . On July 19 ,1726, he married Prudence Noyes (1729–1809). The following year, they and their first child, Ephraim, moved to Hampstead, New Hampshire . At the first town meeting on February 5, 1749, he was elected one of the town's five selectmen. He was initially a lieutenant in the New Hampshire Provisional Regiment and spent

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