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57-470: Primary teeth start to form during the embryonic phase of human life . The development of primary teeth starts at the sixth week of tooth development as the dental lamina . This process starts at the midline and then spreads back into the posterior region. By the time the embryo is eight weeks old, there are ten buds on the upper and lower arches that will eventually become the primary (deciduous) dentition. These teeth will continue to form until they erupt in

114-444: A child if they are under the legal age of majority. Conversely, a legal adult may possess none of the maturity and responsibility that is supposed to define them; the mental and physical development and maturity of an individual has been proven to be greatly influenced by their life circumstances. Human organs and organ systems develop in a process known as organogenesis . This begins in the third week of embryonic development, when

171-522: A fitted crown . This can be made from a variety of different materials and attached using a range of methods. A common one used amongst children with caries is a preformed metal crown (PMC). This type of crown is pressed over a decayed tooth without any preparation, local anaesthetic or caries removal, also termed the Hall technique . Studies have shown that more dental practitioners prefer conventional fillings as opposed to PMC’s. However, studies have shown that

228-460: A key role in the formation of new bone cells. Adequate nutrient intake is essential for the production of these hormones, which are critical for proper bone growth. However, a lack of proper nutrition can hinder this process and result in stunted growth . Linear growth takes place in the epiphyseal growth plates (EGP) of long bones. In the growth plate, chondrocytes proliferate, hypertrophy and secrete cartilage extracellular matrix. New cartilage

285-567: A large study based on 5 birth cohorts in Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines and South Africa, faster linear growth at 0–2 years was associated with improvements in adult stature and school performance, but also an increased likelihood of overweight (mainly related to lean mass) and a slightly elevated blood pressure in young adulthood. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text by Marianne Sandsmark Morseth available under

342-632: A new (permanent) tooth (but not its own). The tradition of throwing a baby tooth up into the sky to the sun playfully asking for a better tooth to replace it is common in Middle Eastern countries (including Iraq , Jordan , Egypt and Sudan ). It may originate in a pre-Islamic offering and certainly dates back to at least the 13th century, when Izz bin Hibat Allah Al Hadid mentions it. In 17th and again in 19th century Britain , lost teeth were commonly burnt to destroy them. This

399-404: A one-celled zygote to an adult human being . Fertilization occurs when the sperm cell successfully enters and fuses with an egg cell ( ovum ). The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form a single cell called a zygote and the germinal stage of prenatal development commences. The embryonic stage covers the first eight weeks of development; at the beginning of the ninth week

456-408: A pathway for the permanent teeth to erupt. The primary teeth are important for the development of the child's speech, for the child's smile and play a role in chewing of food, although children who have had their primary teeth removed (usually as a result of dental caries or dental injuries) can still eat and chew to a certain extent. Dental caries, also known as tooth decay and cavities, is one of

513-414: A person's attitude formation. The Tanner stages can be used to approximately judge a child's age based on physical development. Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child 's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction . It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads : the ovaries in a girl, the testicles in a boy. In response to

570-553: A tradition similar to the fairy mouse: a white fairy rat who purchases the teeth with coins. In Afrikaans speaking families in South Africa, children leave their teeth in a shoe so that the Tandemuis (Tooth Mouse) can replace the teeth with money. Several traditions concern throwing the shed teeth. In Turkey , Cyprus , and Greece , children traditionally throw their fallen baby teeth onto the roof of their house while making

627-440: A visiting relative or guest to make a gift or donation to an infant upon the visitor's sighting of the infant's deciduous teeth. Hausa culture has it that a child with a fallen tooth should not let a lizard see the toothless gum because if a lizard does see it, no tooth will grow in its place. Other traditions are associated with mice or other rodents because of their sharp, everlasting teeth. The character Ratón Pérez appears in

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684-473: A wish. Similarly, in some Asian countries, such as India , Korea , Nepal , the Philippines , and Vietnam , when a child loses a tooth, the usual custom is that they should throw it onto the roof if it came from the lower jaw, or into the space beneath the floor if it came from the upper jaw. While doing this, the child shouts a request for the tooth to be replaced with the tooth of a mouse. This tradition

741-447: Is a stage in the human development considered to begin nine weeks after fertilization. In biological terms, however, prenatal development is a continuum, with many defining features distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. A fetus is also characterized by the presence of all the major body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional and some not yet situated in their final location. The fetus and embryo develop within

798-555: Is a treatment performed on a primary tooth with extensive decay and involving pulp in the root canal (radicular pulp with irreversible pulpitis or necrosis). The radicular pulp is removed, the pulp canals are filled with a medicament, and a filling is put on the tooth. Medicaments used in pulpectomy include resorbable materials so that they will undergo resorption (dissolution) along with the primary tooth root to allow for proper tooth loss (exfoliation) and replacement with permanent successor teeth. Decayed primary teeth can be restored with

855-565: Is a treatment that leaves the deepest carious tooth material (dentin) next to the pulp undisrupted to avoid exposing the pulp. The caries-affected dentin is covered with a biocompatible medicament to form a seal over the tooth. Medicaments used in IPC include calcium hydroxide and alternates including bonding agents and liners. Direct pulp capping (DPC) is a treatment performed when a pin-point or small pulp exposure of 1mm or less occurs after removal of carious tooth material (dentin) excavation. The pulp

912-410: Is based on the fact that the teeth of mice grow for their entire lives, a characteristic of all rodents. In Japan , a different variation calls for lost upper teeth to be thrown straight down to the ground and lower teeth straight up into the air or onto the roof of a house; the idea is that incoming teeth will grow in straight. Some parts of China follow a similar tradition by throwing the teeth from

969-489: Is covered with a medicament. This technique has limited use when pulp is exposed due to injury but is generally not accepted for managing carious pulp exposures in primary teeth, as it has been shown to have limited success. Medicaments used in DPC include calcium hydroxide and alternates such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Pulpotomy is a treatment performed on a primary tooth with extensive decay without involving pulp in

1026-418: Is debatable, and in invertebrates such as Arthropoda , is analogous at best. Childhood is the age span ranging from birth to adolescence . In developmental psychology , childhood is divided up into the developmental stages of toddlerhood (learning to walk), early childhood (play age), middle childhood (school age), and adolescence (puberty through post-puberty). Various childhood factors could affect

1083-440: Is influenced by genetic , hormonal , environmental and other factors. This continues throughout life : through childhood and adolescence into adulthood . Development before birth, or prenatal development (from Latin natalis  'relating to birth') is the process in which a zygote , and later an embryo , and then a fetus develops during gestation . Prenatal development starts with fertilization and

1140-452: Is known as precocious puberty , and puberty which starts later than usual is known as delayed puberty . Notable among the morphologic changes in size, shape, composition, and functioning of the pubertal body, is the development of secondary sex characteristics , the "filling in" of the child's body; from girl to woman, from boy to man. Biologically, an adult is a human or other organism that has reached sexual maturity. In human context,

1197-405: Is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for girls and 16 for boys. This can be due to any number of factors, including improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or exposure to endocrine disruptors such as xenoestrogens , which can at times be due to food consumption or other environmental factors. Puberty which starts earlier than usual

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1254-473: Is one in each quadrant, making a total of four of each tooth. All of these are gradually replaced by similarly named permanent counterparts except for the primary first and second molars; they are replaced by premolars . The erupting permanent teeth cause root resorption , where the permanent teeth push on the roots of the primary teeth, causing the roots to be dissolved by odontoclasts (as well as surrounding alveolar bone by osteoclasts) and become absorbed by

1311-457: Is subsequently remodeled into bone tissue, causing bones to grow longer. Linear growth is a complex process regulated by the growth hormone (GH) – insulin-like growth factor-1 ( IGF-1 ) axis, the thyroxine/triiodothyronine axis, androgens, estrogens, vitamin D, glucocorticoids and possibly leptin. GH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to hypothalamic, pituitary and circulating factors. It affects growth by binding to receptors in

1368-453: Is the grey discoloration of treated teeth, but this effect is purely esthetic and does not affect the success of pulp treatment. For pulpectomy, it is unclear whether any one medicament is superior. Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) may be the best choice for filling in the root canals after pulpectomy in primary teeth, but more evidence is needed to confirm the superiority. ZOE is effective, inexpensive, and reasonably safe for use in children. It

1425-436: Is unclear which pulp therapy (i.e. IPC, DPC, pulpotomy, pulpectomy) is the most effective, as there are no studies directly comparing these treatment options. The success rates are similar amongst the various therapies. The choice of therapy should be made based on the removal of caries-affected dentin, whether there is a pulp exposure, adverse effects, clinical expertise, and patient preference. In almost all European languages

1482-432: The embryo remains in a protein shell, the zona pellucida , and undergoes a series of rapid mitotic cell divisions called cleavage . A week after fertilization the embryo still has not grown in size, but hatches from the zona pellucida and adheres to the lining of the mother's uterus . This induces a decidual reaction , wherein the uterine cells proliferate and surround the embryo thus causing it to become embedded within

1539-404: The ovary of a female is penetrated by a sperm cell from a male. The resulting zygote develops through mitosis and cell differentiation , and the resulting embryo then implants in the uterus , where the embryo continues development through a fetal stage until birth . Further growth and development continues after birth, and includes both physical and psychological development that

1596-421: The respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and several glands . During childhood, the bones undergo a complex process of elongation that occurs in a specific area called the epiphyseal growth plates (EGP). This process is regulated by various hormones and factors, including the growth hormone, vitamin D, and others. These hormones promote the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which plays

1653-530: The uterus , an organ that sits within the pelvis of the mother . The process the mother experiences whilst carrying the fetus or embryo is referred to as pregnancy . The placenta connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to growing fetuses and removes waste products from

1710-545: The EGP, and inducing production and release of IGF-1 by the liver. IGF-1 has six binding proteins (IGFBPs), exhibiting different effects on body tissues, where IGFBP-3 is most abundant in human circulation. IGF-1 initiates growth through differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts, and regulates release of GH from the pituitary through feedback mechanisms. The GH/IGF-1 axis is responsive to dietary intake and infections. The endocrine system seems to allow for rapid growth only when

1767-428: The development of the early embryo, up until implantation. The germinal stage is over at about 10 days of gestation. The zygote contains a full complement of genetic material with all the biological characteristics of a single human being, and develops into the embryo. Embryonic development has four stages: the morula stage, the blastula stage, the gastrula stage, and the neurula stage. Prior to implantation,

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1824-453: The development of the mouth. The primary teeth maintain the arch length within the jaw, the bone and the permanent teeth replacements develop from the same tooth germs as the primary teeth. The primary teeth provide guidance for the eruption pathway of the permanent teeth. Also the muscles of the jaw and the formation of the jaw bones depend on the primary teeth to maintain proper spacing for permanent teeth. The roots of primary teeth provide

1881-405: The embryo is termed a fetus . The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization through the development of the early embryo until implantation is completed in the uterus . The germinal stage takes around 10 days. During this stage, the zygote begins to divide, in a process called cleavage . A blastocyst is then formed and implanted in the uterus . Embryonic development continues with

1938-465: The external sex organs. On average, girls begin puberty around ages 10–11 and end puberty around 15–17; boys begin around ages 11–12 and end around 16–17. The major landmark of puberty for females is menarche , the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 12 and 13; for males, it is the first ejaculation , which occurs on average at age 13. In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially girls, reach puberty

1995-465: The fetus has more recognizable external features and a set of progressively developing internal organs. A nearly identical process occurs in other species. Human embryonic development refers to the development and formation of the human embryo . It is characterised by the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development . In biological terms, human development entails growth from

2052-398: The fetus' blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the fetus' umbilical cord develops from the placenta. These organs connect the mother and the fetus. Placentas are a defining characteristic of placental mammals , but are also found in marsupials and some non-mammals with varying levels of development. The homology of such structures in various viviparous organisms

2109-433: The formation of the zygote , the first stage in embryonic development which continues in fetal development until birth . Fertilization occurs when the sperm successfully enters the ovum's membrane. The chromosomes of the sperm are passed into the egg to form a unique genome. The egg becomes a zygote and the germinal stage of embryonic development begins. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization, through

2166-498: The forming permanent teeth. The process of shedding primary teeth and their replacement by permanent teeth is called tooth exfoliation; normally without pain or bleeding. This may last from six to twelve years of age. By age thirteen, there usually are only permanent teeth remaining. However, it is not extremely rare for one or more primary teeth to be retained beyond this age, sometimes well into adulthood, often because its secondary tooth failed to develop. Primary teeth are essential in

2223-415: The gastrula forms three distinct germ layers , the ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm . The ectoderm will eventually develop into the outer layer of skin and nervous system . The mesoderm will form skeletal muscles , blood cells , the reproductive system , the urinary system , most of the circulatory system , and the connective tissue of the torso. The endoderm will develop into the epithelium of

2280-453: The lower jaw onto the roof and burying the teeth from the upper jaw underground, as a symbol of urging the permanent teeth to grow faster towards the right direction. The Sri Lanka , tradition is to throw the baby teeth onto the roof or a tree in the presence of an Indian palm squirrel . The child then tells the squirrel to take the old tooth in return for a new one. In some parts of India , young children offer their discarded baby teeth to

2337-411: The most prevalent chronic diseases among children worldwide. This oral condition involves bacterial infection which demineralizes and destroys tooth tissues. In primary dentition, extensive tooth decay is the most common dental disease. An extensive carious lesion affects at least half of a tooth and possibly involves the pulp. Tooth decay in primary teeth tends to progress quite quickly and often reaches

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2394-531: The mouth. In the primary dentition, there are a total of twenty teeth: five per quadrant and ten per arch. The eruption of these teeth (" teething ") typically begins around the age of six months and continues until 25–33 months of age during the primary dentition period. Usually, the first teeth seen in the mouth are the mandibular central incisors and the last are the maxillary second molars . The primary teeth are made up of central incisors , lateral incisors , canines , first molars , and second molars ; there

2451-562: The next stage of gastrulation , when the three germ layers of the embryo form in a process called histogenesis , and the processes of neurulation and organogenesis follow. In comparison to the embryo, the fetus has more recognizable external features and a more complete set of developing organs. The entire process of embryonic development involves coordinated spatial and temporal changes in gene expression , cell growth and cellular differentiation . A nearly identical process occurs in other species, especially among chordates . A fetus

2508-612: The organism is able to consume sufficient amounts of nutrients and signaling from key nutrients such as amino acids and zinc to induce production of IGF-1 is present. At the same time inflammation and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may cause GH resistance and a decrease in circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 which in turn reduces endochondrial ossification and growth. However, the EGP appears to conserve much growth capacity to allow for catch-up growth. Concerns have been raised about associations between catch-up growth and increased risk of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. In

2565-517: The primary teeth are called "baby teeth" or "milk teeth". In the United States and Canada, the term "baby teeth" is common. In some Asian countries they are referred to as "fall teeth" since they will eventually fall out. Although shedding of a milk tooth is predominantly associated with positive emotions such as pride and joy by the majority of the children, socio-cultural factors (such as parental education, religion or country of origin) affect

2622-410: The pulp of the tooth. In cases of extensive tooth decay, the pulp must be treated to maintain the health of the tooth and its supporting tissues. In pulp therapy, areas of decay and infected pulp tissue are removed, then the pulp is sealed with medicaments. Medicaments are medications placed over the pulp to maintain survival and promote repair. Treatment options include: Indirect pulp capping (IPC)

2679-462: The risk of both major and minor failures along with pain in the long term was comparatively lower using PMCs as opposed to conventional restorations. Patients who had crowns fitted using the Hall technique also experienced noticeably less discomfort at the time of the appointment, relative to fillings. However, the populations studied were limited to fit and healthy children, and additional research into

2736-473: The root canal (radicular pulp) (Cochrane). The entire coronal pulp is removed and the radicular pulp bleeding is stopped. The remaining radicular pulp is treated with a medicament. Pulpotomy is the most frequently used vital pulp therapy technique for deep dental caries in primary teeth. Medicaments used in pulpotomy include commonly formocresol , MTA and ferric sulfates and less commonly sodium hypochlorite, calcium hydroxide, and tricalcium silicate. Pulpectomy

2793-451: The signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate libido and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain, bones , muscle , blood , skin , hair , breasts , and sex organs . Physical growth —height and weight—accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when an adult body has been developed. Until the maturation of their reproductive capabilities, the pre-pubertal physical differences between boys and girls are

2850-526: The sun, sometimes wrapped in a tiny rag of cotton turf. In the Assam state of India, children throw their baby teeth to the roof of their house and urge a mouse to take it, to exchange with its teeth (permanent ones). Something similar occurs in the Dominican Republic where children will throw their baby teeth to the roof of a house with a thatched roof and ask a mouse to take it and replace it with

2907-694: The tale of The Vain Little Mouse . A Ratoncito Pérez was used by Colgate in marketing toothpaste in Venezuela and Spain. In Italy , the Tooth Fairy ( Fatina ) is also often replaced by a small mouse ( topino ), or by Saint Apollonia , patron saint of tooth complaints. In France and in French-speaking Belgium , this character is called la petite souris , 'The Little Mouse'. From parts of lowland Scotland comes

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2964-614: The term adult has additional meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a legal minor , a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of majority and is therefore regarded as independent, self-sufficient, and responsible. The typical age of legal majority is 18 years in most contexts, although the definition of majority may vary by legal rights and country. Human adulthood encompasses psychological adult development. Definitions of adulthood are often inconsistent and contradictory; an adolescent may be biologically an adult and display adult behavior but still be treated as

3021-560: The tolerance and outcomes of this treatment needs to be done for children with special needs. After direct pulp capping, it is unclear whether any one medicament is superior. After pulpotomy, MTA is the most effective medicament and formocresol is also effective. Both are more effective than calcium hydroxide, which is more likely to fail. While there are concerns about the toxicity of formocresol, currently there are no reports of toxicity related to formocresol use for vital pulp therapies in children. An undesirable effect of treatment with MTA

3078-509: The tooth and replace it with money or small gifts while they sleep. In some parts of Australia , Sweden and Norway , the children put the tooth in a glass of water. In medieval Scandinavia there was a similar tradition, surviving to the present day in Iceland, of tannfé , 'tooth-money', a gift to a child when it cuts its first tooth. In Nigeria , the Igbo in a similar custom expect

3135-404: The uterine tissue. The embryo, meanwhile, proliferates and develops both into embryonic and extra-embryonic tissue, the latter forming the fetal membranes and the placenta . In humans, the embryo is referred to as a fetus in the later stages of prenatal development. The transition from embryo to fetus is arbitrarily defined as occurring 8 weeks after fertilization. In comparison to the embryo,

3192-413: The various emotions children experience during the loss of their first primary tooth. Various cultures have customs relating to the loss of deciduous teeth. In English-speaking countries, the tooth fairy is a popular childhood fiction that a fairy rewards children when their baby teeth fall out. Children typically place a tooth under their pillow at night or on a bedside table. The fairy is said to take

3249-474: Was partly for religious reasons connected with the Last Judgement and partly for fear of what might happen if an animal got them. A rhyme might be said as a blessing: Old tooth, new tooth Pray God send me a new tooth Human development (biology) Development of the human body is the process of growth to maturity . The process begins with fertilization , where an egg released from

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