Bạc Liêu is a province of Vietnam . It is a coastal province, and is situated in the Mekong Delta region of the southern part of the country.
104-644: Bạc Liêu is subdivided into seven district-level sub-divisions: They are further subdivided into seven commune-level towns (or townlets), 50 communes, and seven wards. Bạc Liêu is located on Mekong Delta , although it is actually located slightly to the south of the Mekong 's main outflows. Bạc Liêu is around 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Cần Thơ , the largest city in the Mekong Delta. The most important parts of Bạc Liêu's economy are rice farming, fishing, food processing, and clothing manufacturing. After
208-425: A Nature Communications study using an improved measure of elevation estimation, found that the delta was much lower than previous estimates, only a mean 0.82 m (2 ft 8 in) above sea level, with 75% of the delta—an area where 12 million people currently live—falling below 1 m (3 ft 3 in). It is expected that a majority of the delta will be below sea level by 2050. The inhabitants of
312-593: A Chinese general Trần Thượng Xuyên (Chen Shangchuan) defeated the main Cambodian army at Bích Đôi citadel, king Chey Chettha IV took flight while his nephew Ang Em surrendered to the invaders as the Vietnamese captured Phnom Penh . As a result, Saigon and Long An were officially obtained by the Nguyễn, more Vietnamese settlers moved into the new conquered lands. In 1708, Mạc Cửu of Hà Tiên also pledged loyalty to
416-403: A ceasefire agreement was reached between King Chey Chettha V and Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát in 1756: Cambodia ceded Gò Công and Tân An to the Vietnamese, Chey Chettha V was deposed, while Ang Tong was restored as King of Cambodia. Ang Tong offered the Nguyễn two districts of Trà Vinh (Preah Trapeang) and Ba Thắc (Bassac) as tributes. In 1757, Ang Tong died and was succeeded Outey II . With
520-532: A characteristic of people or places independently of physical events. The report included two additional definitions, one of contextual vulnerability and one of outcome vulnerability. In the climate change context, exposure is defined as "the presence of people; livelihoods; species or ecosystems; environmental functions, services, and resources; infrastructure; or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected.". In earlier definitions of vulnerability to climate change (in
624-426: A community that is economically vulnerable is one that is ill-prepared for the effects of climate change because it lacks the needed financial resources. Preparing a climate resilient society will require huge investments in infrastructure, city planning, engineering sustainable energy sources, and preparedness systems. From a global perspective, it is more likely that people living at or below poverty will be affected
728-475: A programme for integrated coastal management that is supported by Germany and Australia. Additionally, international and local initiatives, including significant environmental funding and legislation like Resolution 120 in 2017, emphasize sustainable management and conservation of natural resources , focusing on nature-based solutions such as retrofitting dikes, mangrove restoration, and multi-value farming to mitigate environmental degradation. In August 2019,
832-552: A relationship between different levels of climate-related hazards (like extreme temperatures, sea-level rise, or intense precipitation) and the effects, or damages. Similarly as for climate risk assessment, tools for vulnerability assessment vary depending on the sector, the scale at which the study is being carried out, and the entity or system which is thought to vulnerable. Modelling and other participatory tools include WEAP for understanding water resource vulnerabilities and assessing adaptation options. The Vulnerability Sourcebook
936-564: A report for the whole country in 2017-18 while the Rochester, New York commissioned a much more local report for the city in 2018. Or, for example, NOAA Fisheries commissioned Climate Vulnerability assessments for marine fishers in the United States. In some cases vulnerability assessment is done in advance of preparing local climate adaptation plans or risk management plans. Global indices for climate change vulnerability include
1040-694: A report published in The Lancet found that the greatest impact tends to fall on the most vulnerable people such as the poor, women, children, the elderly, people with pre-existing health concerns, other minorities and outdoor workers. There can be "structural deficits related to social, economic, cultural, political, and institutional conditions" which would explain why some parts of the population are more impacted than others. This applies for example to climate-related risks to household water security for women in remote rural regions in Burkina Faso or
1144-698: A role in the difference of health outcomes amongst varying ethnic groups as a result of climate change. Reduced access to English media and important public health statements as a result of linguistic barriers. This may also lead to a reduction of adaptive behavior and can put some individuals in danger of experiencing heat-related illnesses or exacerbating existing conditions. As global temperatures rise, extreme weather events become more frequent, and air quality worsens due to climate change, older adults (aged 65 and above) face increased risks of heat-related illnesses, chronic disease, and infectious diseases. Both physiological vulnerabilities and sociological factors compound
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#17327763627591248-423: A set of standardized values. However, sometimes weighting is done according what are thought to be the most important determinants of vulnerability. Climate vulnerability tracking starts identifying the relevant information, preferably open access, produced by state or international bodies at the scale of interest. Then a further effort to make the vulnerability information freely accessible to all development actors
1352-506: A significant health hazard. It is also important to discuss occupational hazards when elaborating upon the impact of climate change on the health outcomes of varying racial and ethnic groups. Extreme heat can be detrimental to outdoor workers. Several studies have revealed that the agricultural workforce has been negatively affected by the growing effects of climate change. The majority of agricultural workers are from Latin America, with also
1456-659: A significant population who are also composed of Asian and Caribbean migrants, and people of Native American and African American descent. In the same analysis done on the 2006 heat wave in California, it was found that there was a significantly increased rate of hospitalization for cardiac-related illnesses amongst crop workers of Hispanic backgrounds as a result of occupational hazards. To mitigate this concern, more relevant occupational health and safety training programs should be set in place and working conditions should be more carefully monitored. Language barriers may also play
1560-402: A small expedition to annex Prei Nokor, renamed it to Gia Định , establishing Vietnamese administrative structures, and explore deep into the lower Mekong Delta from Mỹ Tho to An Giang . King Chey Chettha IV of Cambodia tried to stop the Vietnamese but was defeated by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh in 1700. In February 1700, he invaded Cambodia from An Giang. In March, the Vietnamese expedition under Cảnh and
1664-585: A study done in Los Angeles, California during a heat wave, it was found that African American populations were at greater risk of mortality. In fact, the mortality rate of African Americans during this 2006 heat wave was double that of the average population. Heat-related emergency department visits were also significantly increased for ethnic populations as there was a spike in emergency department visits found amongst Asian/Pacific Islander populations and African American populations. Although some may attribute
1768-426: A sustenance based lifestyle are also at greater risk. Around the world, climate change affects rural communities that heavily depend on their agriculture and natural resources for their livelihood. Increased frequency and severity of climate events disproportionately affects women, rural, dryland, and island communities. This leads to more drastic changes in their lifestyles and forces them to adapt to this change. It
1872-442: A system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes". Early studies focused on biophysical vulnerability to climate change. In other words, the effects of physical climate hazards such as a heat wave or heavy rain events. This direction of research was shaped by earlier natural hazards research and it emphasised physical changes and energy flows in
1976-461: A triangle stretching from Mỹ Tho in the east to Châu Đốc and Hà Tiên in the northwest, down to Cà Mau at the southernmost tip of Vietnam, and including the island of Phú Quốc . The Mekong Delta region of Vietnam displays a variety of physical landscapes, but is dominated by flat flood plains in the south, with a few hills in the north and west. This diversity of terrain was largely the product of tectonic uplift and folding brought about by
2080-465: Is a component of climate risk . Vulnerability will be higher if the capacity to cope and adapt is low. Climate vulnerability can include a wide variety of different meanings, situations, and contexts in climate change research. It has been a central concept in academic research and IPCC assessments since 2001. The concept was defined in the Third IPCC report (2001) as "the degree to which
2184-552: Is a concept that describes how strongly people or ecosystems are likely to be affected by climate change . Its formal definition is the " propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected" by climate change. It can apply to humans and also to natural systems (or ecosystems). Issues around the capacity to cope and adapt are also part of this concept. Vulnerability is a component of climate risk . It differs within communities and also across societies, regions, and countries. It can increase or decrease over time. Vulnerability
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#17327763627592288-679: Is a guide for practical and scientific knowledge on vulnerability assessment. Climate vulnerability mapping is also used to understand which areas are the most geographically vulnerable. A systematic review published in 2019 found 84 studies focused on the use of mapping to communicate and do analysis of climate vulnerability. All regions of the world are vulnerable to climate change but to a different degree. With high confidence, researchers concluded in 2001 that developing countries would tend to be more vulnerable to climate change than developed countries . Based on development trends in 2001, scientists have found that few developing countries would have
2392-483: Is also important in this case to note that social positions can be denoted by race or ethnicity. Therefore, there can exist a variance in health outcomes as a result of differences in exposure and accessibility to healthcare to mitigate the health damages caused by climate change. It is understood that increased exposure to high temperatures as a result of global warming can lead to acute heat-related illnesses such as heat stroke or can aggravate pre-existing conditions. In
2496-566: Is becoming more important for local and government agencies to create strategies to react to change and adapt infrastructure to meet the needs of those impacted. Various organizations work to create adaptation , mitigation, and resilience plans that will help rural and at risk communities around the world that depend on the earth's resources to survive. It has been estimated in 2021 that "approximately 3.3 to 3.6 billion people live in contexts that are highly vulnerable to climate change". The vulnerability of ecosystems and people to climate change
2600-420: Is between biophysical and social (or socioeconomic) vulnerability: Early studies focused on biophysical vulnerability to climate change. In other words, the effects of physical climate hazards such as a heat wave or heavy rain events. This direction of research was shaped by earlier natural hazards research and it emphasised physical changes and energy flows in the landscape. It aims to quantify and measure
2704-533: Is between biophysical and social vulnerability. Biophysical vulnerability is about the effects of climate hazards such as heat waves or tropical cyclones . Social vulnerability, on the other hand, is about the underlying political, institutional, economic and social factors within societies. These factors matter for how and why people are affected, and they put some people and places more at risk than others. People who are more vulnerable include for example people with low incomes, indigenous peoples , women, children,
2808-701: Is counteracted by coastal erosion and sea level rise . The Holocene history of the Mekong Delta shows delta progradation of about 200 km during the last 6 kyr. During the Middle Holocene the Mekong River was discharging waters into both the East Sea and the Gulf of Thailand . The water entering the Gulf of Thailand was flowing via a palaeochannel located within the western part of the delta; north of
2912-488: Is estimated to be 4.842 trillion Vietnamese đồng (approximately 342.6 million United States dollars ), making it the most expensive bridge in Vietnam. Life in the Mekong Delta revolves much around the river, and many of the villages are often accessible by rivers and canals rather than by road. The region is home to cải lương , a form of Kinh/Vietnamese folk opera. Cai Luong Singing appeared in Mekong Delta in
3016-686: Is generally a bigger problem for people in low-income countries than for those in high-income countries. Higher levels of vulnerability are found in areas with poverty , poor governance and conflict . Also, some livelihoods are more sensitive to the effects of climate change than others. Smallholder farmers, pastoralists , and fishing communities are livelihoods that may be especially vulnerable. Further drivers for vulnerability are unsustainable land and ocean use, inequity, marginalization, and historical and ongoing patterns of inequity and poor governance. There are many different notions of what it means to be vulnerable. An important distinction
3120-414: Is higher in some locations than in others. Certain aspects within a region increase vulnerability, for example poverty, governance challenges and violent conflict . Some types of livelihoods are regarded as particularly climate-sensitive, resulting in a higher level of climate change vulnerability. These include for example smallholder farmers, pastoralists and fishing communities. At its basic level,
3224-447: Is not the same everywhere: there are marked differences among and within regions (see regions that are particularly vulnerable below). Vulnerability can also increase or decrease over time. People who are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change than others include for example people with low incomes, indigenous peoples, women, children, the elderly. For example, when looking at the effects of climate change on human health ,
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3328-466: Is required. Vulnerability tracking has many applications. It constitutes an indicator for the monitoring and evaluation of programs and projects for resilience and adaptation to climate change. Vulnerability tracking is also a decision making tool in regional and national adaptation policies. Climate vulnerability curves are a method of assessing physical vulnerability on various sectors such as agriculture, infrastructure, health, and ecosystems. They show
3432-428: Is the economic center of the region and more industrialized than the other provinces. Long An has been the only province of the region to attract part of the manufacturing booming around Ho Chi Minh City and is seen by other provinces as an example of successful FDI attraction. Cà Mau province is home to a large industrial zone including power plants and a fertiliser factory. Accumulated foreign direct investment in
3536-438: Is understood as independent of exposure (and hazard) but is contextual. Second, it means that vulnerability assessment could focus on indicators for sensitivity and adaptive capacity to understand the current system weaknesses. For example, weaknesses such as the high ground slope of a farmland or marginalization of households in a community would make people or places sensitive to climate impacts. This makes it important to select
3640-489: Is useful to carry out vulnerability assessments in advance of preparing local climate adaptation plans or risk management plans. Global vulnerability assessments use spatial mapping with aggregated data for the regional or national level. Climate change vulnerability is defined as the "propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected" by climate change . It can apply to humans but also to natural systems ( ecosystems ), and both are interdependent. Vulnerability
3744-591: The 1954 Geneva Conference , Vietnam was split into two with South Vietnam inheriting the southern half of Vietnam becoming the State of Vietnam and eventually the Republic of Vietnam , also known as South Vietnam, with their own administrative states (see Category:Provinces of South Vietnam ). After 1975, the Mekong Delta ceased being a part of the Republic of Vietnam, succeeded by the current Vietnamese nation. Today,
3848-606: The Cape Cà Mau firmly came under Vietnamese control. In 1802 Nguyễn Ánh crowned himself emperor Gia Long and unified all the territories comprising modern Vietnam, including the Mekong Delta. Upon the conclusion of the Cochinchina Campaign in the 1860s, the area became part of Cochinchina , France's first colony in Vietnam, and later, part of French Indochina . Beginning during the French colonial period,
3952-465: The Chenla period. Angkor Borei is a site in the Mekong Delta that existed between 400 BC-500 AD. This site had extensive maritime trade networks throughout Southeast Asia and with India, and is believed to have possibly been the ancient capital to the civilization of Funan. In the early 15th century, Champa began mounting several incursions in the Mekong Delta. The declining Kingdom of Cambodia asked
4056-565: The East Sea . The river carries over 160 million tons of sediment, including 6.5 million tons of sand, each year. Historic sediment loads are estimated to be higher, but have been reduced due to damming for hydropower in the upper reaches of the Mekong River Basin , and sand mining in the riverbed. Sediment is the driving factor in building the delta seaward ( progradation ), and upward ( aggradation ) from seasonal flooding, and
4160-531: The Laotian rock rat , thought to be extinct. The low-lying coastal geography of the region makes it vulnerable to climate change caused sea level rise, alongside related issues such as coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion . The Mekong Delta was likely inhabited long since prehistory with the civilizations of Funan and Chenla maintaining a presence in the Mekong Delta for centuries. Archaeological discoveries at Óc Eo and other Funanese sites show that
4264-540: The ND-GAIN Country Index, which measures national climate vulnerability globally, INFORM Risk Index and the WorldRiskIndex , which include social vulnerability indices. Indicator approaches are also used at national and sub-national levels. They use a composite index of many individual quantifiable indicators. To generate the index value or 'score', most often a simple average is calculated across
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4368-471: The Third IPCC report and Fourth IPCC report ) vulnerability was defined as a function of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. This changed during the Fifth IPCC cycle. In this report, exposure was defined as one of the three interacting elements of climate risk , rather than as one of the external drivers of vulnerability. This change had two main implications. First, it means that vulnerability
4472-547: The Western Region (Vietnamese: Miền Tây ) or South-western region (Vietnamese: Tây Nam Bộ ), is the region in southwestern Vietnam where the Mekong River approaches and empties into the sea through a network of distributaries . The Mekong delta region encompasses a large portion of south-western Vietnam of over 40,500 km (15,600 sq mi). The size of the area covered by water depends on
4576-533: The situational variables (where they live, their health, who lives with them in the household, how much they earn). Geographic, or place-based vulnerability to climate change is an important dimension. The most geographically vulnerable locations to climate change are those that will be impacted by side effects of natural hazards, such as rising sea levels and by dramatic changes in ecosystem services , including access to food. Island nations are usually noted as more vulnerable but communities that rely heavily on
4680-613: The "degree of loss" on a scale of 0 (no loss) to 1 (total loss). In this framework, for example, physical vulnerability to surface water hazards in mountain areas has been widely studied. Social vulnerability is a more people-centred, holistic perspective on how and why people are affected by climate change. Vulnerability of ecosystems and people to climate change is driven by certain unsustainable development patterns such as "unsustainable ocean and land use, inequity, marginalization, historical and ongoing patterns of inequity such as colonialism , and governance". Therefore, vulnerability
4784-543: The Camau Peninsula. Upper Pleistocene prodeltaic and delta front sediments interpreted as the deposits of the palaeo-Mekong River were reported from central basin of the Gulf of Thailand . The Mekong Delta is the region with the smallest forest area in Vietnam. 300,000 ha (740,000 acres) or 7.7% of the total area are forested as of 2011. The only provinces with large forests are Cà Mau province and Kiên Giang province , together accounting for two-thirds of
4888-552: The Cham–Malay Muslims, who at the time were close allies of the Nguyễn lords. Using that pretext, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát launched a full-scale invasion of Cambodia in 1754, with the army under the command of general Nguyễn Cư Trinh . 10,000 Vietnamese troops divided into two groups, rolled into Cambodia and completely flattened Cambodian resistance and easily captured its capital Phnom Penh in summer of 1754. King Chey Chettha V fled to Longvek . The Muslims rose up and joined
4992-505: The Chinese Ming Empire for intervention in 1408 and 1414. Despite that, in 1421 Indravarman VI of Champa seized and annexed the eastern part of the Mekong Delta, including the marketplace town of Biên Hòa . He installed a statue of Tribhuvanākrānta (Visnu) there to mark the southern most extent of Champa. In 1757, Vietnamese lords had acquired control of Cà Mau . By the 1860s, French colonists had established control over
5096-458: The Fall of Saigon, 30 April 1975, Bạc Liêu province and Cà Mau province were merged into one new entity called Minh Hải province . In 1996, Minh Hải province was split into two, with the northeast becoming Bạc Liêu province and the southwest becoming Cà Mau province. Bac Lieu is renowned for its community of Teochew Chinese. Vọng cổ , an important song in the traditional music of southern Vietnam,
5200-690: The French patrolled and fought on the waterways of the Mekong Delta region with their Divisions navales d'assaut ( Dinassaut ) , a tactic which lasted throughout the First Indochina War , and was later employed by the US Navy Mobile Riverine Force . During the Vietnam War —also referred to as the Second Indochina War—the Delta region saw savage fighting between Viet Cong (NLF) guerrillas and
5304-689: The Indigenous peoples of the Arctic, such as the Inuit , Yupik , and Saami , who are particularly vulnerable. Traditional livelihoods, including hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding, are threatened by changes in ice conditions, wildlife migration patterns, and habitat availability. Additionally, thawing permafrost can damage infrastructure and contaminate water sources, posing health and safety risks to communities. Small island Developing States are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Partly this
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#17327763627595408-460: The Mekong Delta and established the colony of French Cochinchina . The Vietnamese acquisition of the Mekong Delta can be divided into two phases: In 1621, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên arranged a contract marriage between his daughter Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn and Cambodian king Chey Chettha II in exchange to the establishment of a Vietnamese trade port in town of Prei Nokor (now Ho Chi Minh City ) and tax exemptions for Vietnamese settlers moving into
5512-579: The Mekong Delta are used for agriculture, which is one fourth of Vietnam's total. Due to its mostly flat terrain and few forested areas (except for Cà Mau province ), almost two-thirds (64.5%) of the region's land can be used for agriculture. The share of agricultural land exceeds 80% in Cần Thơ and neighbouring Hậu Giang province and is below 50% only in Cà Mau province (32%) and Bạc Liêu province (42%). The region's land used for growing cereals makes up 47% of
5616-440: The Mekong Delta has been growing relatively slowly in recent years, mainly due to out-migration. The region's population only increased by 471,600 people between 2005 and 2011, while 166,400 people migrated out in 2011 alone. Together with the central coast regions, it has one of the slowest growing populations in the country. Population growth rates have been between 0.3% and 0.5% between 2008 and 2011, while they have been over 2% in
5720-624: The Mekong Delta region are predominantly ethnic Vietnamese . It is home to the largest population of Khmer outside of Cambodia. The Khmer minority population live primarily in the Trà Vinh , Sóc Trăng , and Muslim Chăm in Tân Châu , An Giang provinces. There are also sizeable Hoa (ethnic Chinese) populations in the Kiên Giang , and Trà Vinh provinces. The region had a population of 17.33 million people in 2011. The population of
5824-475: The Mekong Delta until 2011 was $ 10.257bn. It has been highly concentrated in a few provinces, led by Long An and Kiên Giang with over $ 3bn each, Tiền Giang and Cần Thơ (around 850m), Cà Mau (780m) and Hậu Giang (673m), while the other provinces have received less than 200m each. In general, the performance of the region in attracting FDI is evaluated as unsatisfactory by local analysts and policymakers. Companies from Ho Chi Minh City have also invested heavily in
5928-402: The Mekong Delta will be flooded by the year 2030. The most serious cases are predicted to be the provinces of Bến Tre and Long An , of which 51% and 49%, respectively, are expected to be flooded if the sea level rises by 1 m (3 ft 3 in). Plans are currently being made to breach dykes in the upper Mekong delta, as a sedimentation enhancing strategy . This will not only increase
6032-523: The Mekong Delta: Kiên Giang, Cà Mau, Đồng Tháp, An Giang, and Bến Tre. Despite the region's large offshore fishing fleet, 2/3 (2.13 million tonnes out of Vietnam's total of 2.93) of fishery output actually comes from aquaculture. December 2015, aquaculture production was estimated at 357 thousand tons, up 11% compared to the same period last year, bringing the total aquaculture production 3516 thousand tons in 2015, up 3.0% compared to
6136-488: The Nguyễn again militarily interfered Cambodian internal royal affairs, putting Prince Ang Nan into power. The Nguyễn invited fleeing Chinese refugees to settle in Mekong River entrance towns of Mỹ Tho and Biên Hoà In 1688, the Chinese revolted against Nguyễn lords . King Ang Nan died in 1691, and the revolt was soon resolved. After fully subjugating Champa in 1697, the Nguyễn lords sent marquis Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh and
6240-524: The Nguyễn lords. In the 18th century, the edges of the Mekong Delta bordering with Cambodia had been mainly inhabited by isolated communities of Shafi'i Chams and Islamic Cham– Malays collectively known as the Cham Barw or Côn Man ( Kunlun ) by Vietnamese sources, while most of the Delta remained under Cambodian control. Under the reign of king Chey Chettha V , in 1750 he began subduing and persecuting
6344-634: The South China Sea. When the South Vietnamese President Dương Văn Minh ordered unconditional surrender, both ARVN generals in Cần Thơ, General Lê Văn Hưng and Nguyễn Khoa Nam, committed suicide. At Binh Thuy Air Base some ARVN soldiers and air base personnel who defended the air base were evacuated by helicopters and several jet fighters to Thailand shortly after hearing Minh's surrender. Within hours, VC soldiers occupied
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#17327763627596448-769: The U.S Environmental Protection Agency has implemented projects region by region to ensure the development of environmental justice. These developments include but are not limited to population vulnerability, green space development locally as well as federally, and the reevaluation of environmentally disproportionate health burdens. Vulnerability assessment is important because it provides information that can be used to develop management actions in response to climate change. Climate change vulnerability assessments and tools are available at all scales. Macro-scale vulnerability assessment often uses indices. Modelling and participatory approaches are also in use. Global vulnerability assessments are based on spatial mapping using aggregated data for
6552-721: The US 9th Infantry Division and units of the United States Navy's swift boats and hovercraft ( PACVs ) plus the Army of the Republic of Vietnam 7th , 9th , and 21st Infantry Divisions . As a military region the Mekong Delta was encompassed by the IV Corps Tactical Zone (IV CTZ) . In 1975, North Vietnamese soldiers and Viet Cong soldiers launched a massive invasion in many parts of South Vietnam . While I , II , and III Corps collapsed significantly, IV Corps
6656-598: The VC but later either surrendered or disbanded when faced with VC counterattacks. In the late 1970s, the Khmer Rouge regime attacked Vietnam in an attempt to reconquer the Delta region. This campaign precipitated the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and subsequent downfall of the Khmer Rouge. The Mekong Delta, as a region, lies immediately to the west of Ho Chi Minh City (also called Saigon by locals), roughly forming
6760-528: The Vietnamese chasing the Cambodians. Due to heavy spring rain, the Muslim segment lost contact with the main army of Nguyễn Cư Trinh, and were surrounded by 10,000 Cambodians at Vô Tà Ân in early 1755. Muslim troops piled carts and wagons into a defensive perimeter and stood their ground against Cambodian attacks until being relieved by Nguyễn Cư Trinh. With the help of mediation by Mạc Thiên Tứ of Hà Tiên ,
6864-501: The area was an important part of the Funan civilization, bustling with trading ports and canals as early as in the first century AD and extensive human settlement in the region may have gone as far back as the 4th century BC. While there is no clear consensus on the ethnic makeup of those living in the region during the Funan, archaeologists suggest that they may have had connections to Austroasiatic people. Khmer inscriptions appear during
6968-420: The area. Vice versa, the Nguyễn will help Cambodia politically and militarily to counter against Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siamese) pressures. Earliest Vietnamese settlements in the Mekong Delta appeared and centered around Đồng Nai and Mỗi Xoài (today Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu ). In 1658, without any excuses, the Nguyễn invaded Cambodia and deposed the only Khmer Muslim king Ramathipadi I (Sultan Ibrahim). 16 years later,
7072-482: The base and captured those ARVN and air base personnel who didn't escape. In Mỹ Tho , Brigadier General Trần Văn Hai , who was in charged protecting National Highway 4 (now NH1A) from Saigon to Cần Thơ, committed suicide. Tran was one of the three ARVN generals who refused to be evacuated by American forces when the North Vietnamese soldiers invaded Saigon. Several ARVN soldiers continued to fight against
7176-429: The capacity to efficiently adapt to climate change. This was partly due to their low adaptive capacity and the high costs of adaptation in proportion to their GDP. The Arctic is extremely vulnerable to climate change. It was predicted in 2007 that there would be major ecological, sociological, and economic impacts in the region. Among those being disproportionately impacted by issues regarding climate change have been
7280-442: The city of Cần Thơ is expected to continue to rise from the current total of 72 inundated days per year to 270 days by 2030 and 365 days by 2050. This is attributed to the combined influence of sea-level rise and land subsidence , which occurs at about 1.1 cm (0.43 in) annually. Several projects and initiatives on local, regional and state levels work to counter this trend and save the Mekong Delta. For example, there exists
7384-455: The collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates about 50 million years ago. The soil of the lower Delta consists mainly of sediment from the Mekong and its tributaries, deposited over thousands of years as the river changed its course due to the flatness of the low-lying terrain. The present Mekong Delta system has two major distributary channels, both discharging directly into
7488-542: The cuisine of other regions of Vietnam. Nguyễn Ngọc Tư , an author from Cà Mau province , has written many popular books about life in the Mekong Delta such as: The 2004 film The Buffalo Boy is set in Cà Mau province. Some Vietnamese films on the topic of life in the Mekong Delta attract the attention of a large audience: Tình Mẫu Tử (Mother and child love, 2019), Phận làm dâu (Bride's fate, 2018), etc. Climate change vulnerability Climate change vulnerability
7592-555: The discrepancy in mortality and hospitalization rates among ethnic groups to physiological differences between populations, not enough evidence has been provided to support this statement. Rather, studies show that these differences in health outcomes amongst different racial and ethnic groups are more likely to be the result of socioeconomic variance. Racial minorities are more likely to be socioeconomically disadvantaged and are therefore more likely to take on underpaid high-risk occupations, live in hazardous areas, and have difficulty finding
7696-411: The early 20th century. Cai Luong Singing is often performed to the accompaniment of guitar and zither. Cai Luong is a kind of play telling a story. This often includes two main parts: the dialogue part and the singing part to express their thoughts and emotions. The Mekong Delta cuisine relies heavily on fresh products which is abundant in the new land with heavy use of seafoods and unique ingredients of
7800-517: The elderly. Tools for vulnerability assessment vary depending on the sector, the scale and the entity or system which is thought to vulnerable. For example, the Vulnerability Sourcebook is a guide for practical and scientific knowledge on vulnerability assessment. Climate vulnerability mapping helps to understand which areas are the most vulnerable. Mapping can also help to communicate climate vulnerability to stakeholders. It
7904-625: The entire Red River Delta . Only three provinces produce less than 1 million tonnes of rice ( Bạc Liêu province , Cà Mau province , Bến Tre province ). The Mekong Delta is also Vietnam's most important fishing region. It has almost half of Vietnam's capacity of offshore fishing vessels (mostly in Kien Gian with almost 1/4, Bến Tre, Cà Mau, Tiền Giang, Bạc Liêu). Fishery output was at 3.168 million tons (58.3% of Vietnam) and has experienced rapid growth from 1.84mt in 2005. All of Vietnam's largest fishery producers with over 300kt of output are in
8008-469: The factors that "put people and places at risk and reduce capacity to respond". See the section on 'Causes' below. In the Fifth IPCC report , the social context was emphasized. It noted factors such as wealth and employment, access to technology and information, societal values and the role of institutions to resolve conflicts or develop relations among states as important. Vulnerability was defined as
8112-467: The financial resources to maintain a healthy level of thermal comfort. A study done in Phoenix, Arizona highlighted that more heat distress calls were made in neighborhoods consisting of primarily African American and low-income Hispanic populations. It is found that financially disadvantaged communities, often which are composed of ethnic minorities, have a propensity to be warmer neighborhoods despite
8216-509: The goals of Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations. E.O 12898 states the goals of implementing federal environmental justice initiatives that work toward aiding minority and low-income communities that suffer from disproportionate environmental or human health impacts. To alleviate environmental and health challenges within many American communities
8320-617: The help of the Nguyễn Lords and the Principality of Hà Tiên , Outey II regained the throne from usurpers. He gave all remaining Mekong Delta lands to Mạc Thiên Tứ , and Mạc Thiên Tứ swapped all these areas to the Nguyễn in exchange for the Mạc clan's total autonomy in Hà Tiên. The new lands were divided into two districts: Rạch Giá and Cà Mau . By 1757, all of today's Mekong Delta including
8424-427: The impacts of an event on the environment and on people. It plays down the role of people themselves in managing these impacts. Since (biophysical) vulnerability is interpreted here as the negative outcome of climate change on people or places, it is also sometimes referred to as 'outcome vulnerability'. Physical vulnerability tends to focus on outcomes of monetary loss and disruptions. It is also sometimes defined as
8528-630: The lack of access to means of thermal regulation. The urban heat island effect emphasizes the fact that urban areas tend to be most impacted. During a heat wave in Oklahoma City, a study examined the urban island heat effect in varying communities. It was found that the hotter inner city region, one densely populated by minority residents, was severely inadequately equipped with air-conditioning. This inadequate access to resources that allow for thermal regulation in homes, coupled with overcrowded living spaces in low-income, minority communities can be
8632-434: The landscape. It aims to quantify and measure the impacts of an event on the environment and on people. Since (biophysical) vulnerability is interpreted here as the negative outcome of climate change on people or places, it is also sometimes referred to as 'outcome vulnerability'. An alternative framing focuses on social dimensions of vulnerability that set the context in which climate change happens. These dimensions include
8736-457: The most benefits for the poor, utilitarianism which seeks to find the most benefits for the most people, egalitarianism which attempts to reduce inequality, and libertarianism which emphasizes a fair share of burden but also individual freedoms. Examples of climate justices approach can be seen by the work done by the United States government on both federal and local levels. On a federal level, The Environmental Protection Agency works toward
8840-680: The most by climate change and are thus the most vulnerable, because they will have the least amount of resource dollars to invest in resiliency infrastructure. They will also have the least amount of resource dollars for cleanup efforts after more frequently occurring natural climate change related disasters. Vulnerability for people of a certain gender or age can be caused by "systemic reproduction of historical legacies of inequality ", for example as part of "(post)colonial, (post)apartheid, and poverty discrimination". Social vulnerability of people can be related to aspects that make people different from one another (gender, class, race, age, etc.), and also
8944-431: The most hazard-relevant indicators for any vulnerability assessment. For example, to assess the vulnerability of traditional coastal fishing communities to sea surge, ‘distance of dwellings from sea’ and ‘elevation of dwellings from sea level’ would be hazard-relevant indicators. Climate change vulnerability has a wide variety of different meanings and uses of the term have varied and evolved over time. The main distinction
9048-405: The national total, more than northern and central Vietnam combined. Most of this is used for rice cultivation. Rice output in 2011 was 23,186,000t, 54.8% of Vietnam's total output. The strongest producers are Kiên Giang province , An Giang province, and Đồng Tháp province , producing over 3 million tonnes each and almost 11 million tonnes together. Any two of these provinces produce more than
9152-419: The neighbouring southeastern region . Net migration has been negative in all of these years. The region also has a relatively low fertility rate , at 1.8 children per woman in 2010 and 2011, down from 2.0 in 2005. The Mekong Delta is by far Vietnam's most productive region in agriculture and aquaculture, while its role in industry and foreign direct investment (FDI) is much smaller. 2.6 million ha in
9256-489: The political, institutional, economic and social structures that interact with the physical climate changes. For example, water privatization might affect the ability of people to respond to drought. This direction of research was shaped by human security research and they focus on the current context or 'starting point' for the social and biophysical processes. They are sometimes also referred to as 'contextual vulnerability' approaches. Research in this area focuses on analysing
9360-488: The region comprises 12 provinces: Long An , Đồng Tháp , Tiền Giang , An Giang , Bến Tre , Vĩnh Long , Trà Vinh , Hậu Giang , Kiên Giang , Sóc Trăng , Bạc Liêu , and Cà Mau , along with the province-level municipality of Cần Thơ . The Mekong Delta has been dubbed a 'biological treasure trove'. Over 1,000 animal species were recorded between 1997 and 2007 and new species of plants, fish, lizards, and mammals have been discovered in previously unexplored areas, including
9464-404: The region such as palm sugar , basa fish and wild herbs and flowers such as điên điển , so đũa , kèo nèo . The history of the region being a newly settled area reflects on its cuisine, with Ẩm thực khẩn hoang or Settlers cuisine means dishes are prepared fresh from wild and newly-caught ingredients. The cuisine is also influenced by Khmer, Cham and Chinese settlers. This differs itself from
9568-518: The region's forest area, while forests cover less than 5% of the area of all of the other eight provinces and cities. From 1973 to 2005, the Mekong Delta's seaward shoreline growth decreased gradually from a mean of 7.8 m/yr to 2.8 m/yr, becoming negative after 2005, with a retreat rate of −1.4 m/yr. The net deltaic land area gain has also been slowing, with the mean rate decreasing from 4.3 km /yr (1973–1979) to 1.0 km yr (1995–2005), and then to −0.05 km /yr (2005–2015). Thus, in about 2005,
9672-549: The region. Their investment from 2000 to June 2011 accounted for 199 trillion VND (almost $ 10bn). The construction of the Cần Thơ Bridge , a cable-stayed bridge over the largest distributary of the Mekong River, was completed on April 12, 2010, three years after a collapse that killed 54 and injured nearly 100 workers. The bridge replaces the ferry system that currently runs along National Route 1 , and links Vĩnh Long province and Cần Thơ city. The cost of construction
9776-503: The regional or national level. Assessments are also done at sub-national and sectoral level, and also increasingly for cities on an urban district or neighbourhood scale. Vulnerability assessment is also done for local communities to evaluate where and how communities and livelihoods are vulnerable to climate change. Studies can vary widely in scope and scale— for example the World Bank and Ministry of Economy of Fiji commissioned
9880-478: The risk of negative health outcomes that older adults face from climate change. Vulnerability can be reduced through climate change adaptation measures. For this reason, vulnerability is often framed in dialogue with climate change adaptation. Furthermore, measures that reduce poverty, gender inequality, bad governance and violent conflict would also reduce vulnerability. And finally, vulnerability would be reduced for everyone if decisive action on climate change
9984-474: The same period. Although aquaculture production has increased overall, aquaculture still faces many difficulties coming from export markets. The Mekong Delta is not strongly industrialized, but is still the third out of seven regions in terms of industrial gross output . The region's industry accounts for 10% of Vietnam's total as of 2011. Almost half of the region's industrial production is concentrated in Cần Thơ , Long An province and Cà Mau province . Cần Thơ
10088-484: The season. Its wet coastal geography makes it an important source of agriculture and aquaculture for the country. The delta has been occupied as early as the 4th century BC. As a product of Khmer , Vietnamese , Chinese, and French settlement in the region, the delta and its waterways have numerous names, including the Khmer term Bassac to refer to the lower basin and the largest river branch flowing through it. After
10192-492: The subaerial Mekong Delta transitioned from a constructive mode to an erosional (or destructive) mode. Being a low-lying coastal region, the Mekong Delta is particularly susceptible to floods resulting from rises in sea level due to climate change . The Climate Change Research Institute at Cần Thơ University , in studying the possible consequences of climate change , has predicted that, besides suffering from drought brought on by seasonal decrease in rainfall, many provinces in
10296-412: The urban poor in sub-Saharan Africa . Climate change does not affect people within communities in the same way. It can have a bigger impact on vulnerable groups such as women, the elderly, religious minorities and refugees than on others. The extent to which climate change can negatively impact the health outcomes of populations may vary amongst different racial and ethnic groups across the globe. It
10400-401: The water retention capacity of the upper delta region, alleviating pressure on the lower delta, but also reintroduce sediment-rich water which may result in land elevation. Another problem caused by climate change is the increasing soil salinity near the coasts. Bến Tre province is planning to reforest coastal regions to counter this trend. The duration of inundations at an important road in
10504-415: Was attributed to their low adaptive capacity and the high costs of adaptation in proportion to their GDP. Climate change leads to more frequent and intense extreme weather events such as hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones. Small islands are especially susceptible to these events, which can cause widespread destruction, loss of life, and economic setbacks. In comparison, the climate vulnerability of Europe
10608-823: Was composed in Bạc Liêu around 1918 or 1919. Referring to Bac Lieu, many people immediately think of the homeland of Prince Bac Lieu (Công Tử Bạc Liêu) Trần Trinh Huy also called Ba Huy, or the Black Prince – was a famous player not only in Bac Lieu but even in Saigon and the South of Vietnam during the 1930s and 1940s. Mekong Delta The Mekong Delta ( Vietnamese : Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long , lit. 'Nine Dragon River Delta' or simply Đồng Bằng Sông Mê Kông , 'Mekong River Delta'), also known as
10712-429: Was still highly intact due to under Major General Nguyễn Khoa Nam overseeing strong military operations to prevent VC taking over any important regional districts. Brigadier General Lê Văn Hưng, the head of 21st Division commander, stayed office in Cần Thơ to continue defending successfully against VC. On 29 April 1975, the last U.S. Consul General Terry McNamara and his diplomats evacuated by marine boat from Cần Thơ to
10816-575: Was taken ( climate change mitigation ) so that the effects of climate change are less severe. Equity is another essential component of vulnerability and is closely tied to issues of environmental justice and climate justice . As the most vulnerable communities are likely to be the most heavily impacted, a climate justice movement is coalescing in response. There are many aspects of climate justice that relate to vulnerability and resiliency. The frameworks are similar to other types of justice movements and include contractarianism which attempts to allocate
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