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33-690: Addison Irving Bacheller (September 26, 1859 – February 24, 1950) was an American journalist and writer. He founded the first modern newspaper syndicate in the United States. Born in Pierrepont, New York , Irving Bacheller graduated from St. Lawrence University in 1882 after which he accepted a job with the Daily Hotel Reporter ; by 1883 he was working for the Brooklyn Daily Times . Two years later, he established

66-429: A pseudonym , or in effect a brand name; the accompanying picture may bear little resemblance to the actual author. The Athenian Mercury contained the first known advice column in 1690. Traditionally presented in a magazine or newspaper , an advice column can also be delivered through other news media, such as the internet and broadcast news media . The original advice columns of The Athenian Mercury covered

99-468: A war correspondent in Cuba during the insurrection against Spain; on the journey there, Crane's ship foundered off the coast of Florida, and he was stranded on a dinghy for two days. This experience resulted in his short story " The Open Boat ". Irving Bacheller began to write fiction, publishing The Master of Silence in 1892 and Still House of O'Darrow in 1894. Although he was appointed Sunday editor of

132-560: A business to provide specialized articles to the major Sunday newspapers. It was through the Bacheller Syndicate that he brought to American readers the writings of British authors such as Joseph Conrad , Arthur Conan Doyle , and Rudyard Kipling . He also established a working partnership with the young author and journalist Stephen Crane , whose novel The Red Badge of Courage became famous after it appeared in syndication. Several years later, Bacheller hired Crane to act as

165-629: A large industry. Syndication properly took off in 1896 when the competitors the New York World and the New York Journal began producing Sunday comic pages. The daily comic strip came into practice in 1907, revolutionizing and expanding the syndication business. Syndicates began providing client newspaper with proof sheets of black-and-white line art for the reproduction of strips." By 1984, 300 syndicates were distributing 10,000 features with combined sales of $ 100 million

198-452: A previously unpublished manuscript, titled Lost in the Fog , was published in 1990. Print syndication The syndicate is an agency that offers features from notable journalists and authorities as well as reliable and established cartoonists. It fills a need among smaller weekly and daily newspapers for material that helps them compete with large urban papers, at a much lesser cost than if

231-713: A score of newspapers in the U.S. northeast. By the end of the Civil War, three syndicates were in operation, selling news items and short fiction pieces. By 1881, Associated Press correspondent Henry Villard was self-syndicating material to the Chicago Tribune , the Cincinnati Commercial , and the New York Herald . A few years later, the New York Sun ' s Charles A. Dana formed

264-488: A syndicate to sell the short stories of Bret Harte and Henry James . The first full-fledged American newspaper syndicate was the McClure Newspaper Syndicate , launched in 1884 by publisher S. S. McClure . It was the first successful company of its kind, turning the marketing of columns , book serials (by the likes of Rudyard Kipling and Arthur Conan Doyle ), and eventually comic strips , into

297-465: A wide scope of information, answering questions on subjects such as science, history, and politics. John Dunton , the bookseller who established The Athenian Mercury , enlisted experts in different fields to assist with the answers. As more people read the columns, questions on relationships increased. In 1704, Daniel Defoe began a public affairs journal, A Review of the Affairs of France . He used

330-686: A year. With the 1960s advent of the underground press , associations like the Underground Press Syndicate , and later the Association of Alternative Newsmedia , worked together to syndicate material — including weekly comic strips — for each other's publications. Prominent contemporary syndication services include: IFA-Amsterdam (International Feature Agency) provides news and lifestyle content to publications. Cagle Cartoons offers newspaper editorial cartoons and columns. 3DSyndication comprises syndication service from India,

363-451: Is sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer , writing for Ask Dr. Ruth . Unlike the broad variety of questions in the earlier columns, modern advice columns tended to focus on personal questions about relationships, morals, and etiquette. However, despite the perception that sex was not a topic in advice columns early in the twentieth century, questions about sexual behavior, practices, and expectations were addressed in advice columns as early as

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396-484: The New York World in 1898, he soon chose to pursue a full-time career as a fiction writer and two years later left journalism for a while. Writing novels primarily concerned with early American life in the North Country of New York State, in 1900 his novel Eben Holden , subtitled A Tale of the North Country , proved a major success, and was the fourth best-selling novel in the United States in 1900. In 1901

429-1112: The New England Courant and later in the Pennsylvania Gazette . The popular columnist Dorothy Dix began her column in 1896. Marie Manning started "Dear Beatrice Fairfax" in 1898. In 1902, George V. Hobart wrote a humorous advice column, "Dinkelspiel Answers Some Letters", in the San Francisco Examiner . In 1906, a column called " A Bintel Brief " ran in the Jewish Daily Forward in New York, which answered questions from new immigrants. From 1941 to her death in 1962, Eleanor Roosevelt wrote an advice column, If You Ask Me , first published in Ladies Home Journal and then later in McCall's . A selection of her columns

462-530: The Tribune Content Agency and The Washington Post Writers Group also in the running. Syndication of editorial cartoons has an important impact on the form, since cartoons about local issues or politicians are not of interest to the national market. Therefore, an artist who contracts with a syndicate will either be one who already focuses their work on national and global issues, or will shift focus accordingly. An early version of syndication

495-442: The 1920s, although not in the explicit manner that can be found today. Many advice columns are now syndicated and appear in several newspapers. Prominent American examples include Dear Abby , Ann Landers , Carolyn Hax 's Tell Me About It , and Slate.com's Dear Prudence . In the 1970s, the Chicago Tribune and New York Daily News Syndicate estimated that 65 million people read "Dear Abby" daily. As recently as 2000, both

528-818: The Ann Landers and "Dear Abby" syndicated columns were published in over 500 newspapers. Internet sites such as the Elder Wisdom Circle offer relationship advice to a broad audience; Dear Maggie offers sex advice to a predominantly Christian readership in Christianity Magazine , and Miriam's Advice Well offers advice to Jews in Philadelphia. These days, men as advice columnists are rarer than women in print, but men have been appearing more often online in both serious and comedic formats. Advice columns were not simply informational; from

561-602: The India Today Group's Syndications Today , and Times Syndication Service of India. Advice columns An advice column is a column in a question and answer format. Typically, a (usually anonymous) reader writes to the media outlet with a problem in the form of a question, and the media outlet provides an answer or response. The responses are written by an advice columnist (colloquially known in British English as an agony aunt , or agony uncle if

594-601: The board of trustees of both St. Lawrence University and Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida where he built a home, called Gate o' the Isles, and spent his winters from 1919 through 1940. St. Lawrence's Gunninson Memorial Chapel bells are named "The Bacheller Memorial Chimes" in his honor. Additionally, the St Lawrence English department's honorary society is named for him, and one of the dining halls bears

627-644: The book was still ranked fifth for the year and his next novel issued that year titled D'ri and I was tenth in annual sales. Sixteen years later, Bacheller's work The Light in the Clearing was the second best-selling book in America and in 1920, A Man for the Ages was fifth. Although he continued to write novels, Bacheller also served as a war correspondent in France during World War I . In later years, he served on

660-418: The cartoons and strips in as many newspapers as possible on behalf of the artist. In some cases, the work will be owned by the syndicate as opposed to the creator. A syndicate can annually receive thousands of submissions from which only two or three might be selected for representation. The leading strip syndicates include Andrews McMeel Syndication , King Features Syndicate , and Creators Syndicate , with

693-575: The client were to purchase the material themselves. Generally, syndicates sell their material to one client in each territory. News agencies differ in that they distribute news articles to all interested parties. Typical syndicated features are advice columns (parenting, health, finance, gardening, cooking, etc.), humor columns , editorial opinion, critic 's reviews, and gossip columns . Some syndicates specialize in one type of feature, such as comic strips. A comic strip syndicate functions as an agent for cartoonists and comic strip creators, placing

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726-401: The columnist is male). An advice columnist is someone who gives advice to people who send in problems to the media outlet. The image presented was originally of an older woman dispensing comforting advice and maternal wisdom, hence the name "aunt". Sometimes the author is in fact a composite or a team: Marjorie Proops 's name appeared (with photo) long after she retired. The nominal writer may be

759-443: The days of The Athenian Mercury , they contributed to a sense of community in which readers not only learned from others' issues vicariously, but engaged with each other by offering their own answers to questions already published or by challenging advice given by the columnist. David Gudelunas, in his book Confidential to America , said "It was through reading columns such as "Dorothy Dix" and "Ann Landers" that Americans learned what

792-541: The help of Bacheller, from a tiny school with very little money, to a school with a multimillion-dollar endowment and a beautiful, thriving campus. In 1940, with Holt still president, Rollins College announced the creation of a professorship of creative writing in Irving Bacheller's name. Irving Bacheller died in White Plains, New York in 1950. In recent years, several of his works have been reprinted and

825-536: The interest of women, a key advertising demographic. An advice column for teenagers, "Boy Dates Girl" by Gay Head, started in Scholastic magazine in 1936. Advice columns specifically for teens became more common in the 1950s, such as "Ask Beth" which began in the Boston Globe and was then syndicated to 50 papers. More recently, advice columns have been written by experts in specific fields. One example

858-421: The lives of others, became a tool in ventures as disparate as children's counseling and teaching English as a second language. A male British columnist felt that his column served several useful purposes: referrals to public services, education, and reassurance. He also noted the cathartic value to the letter writers. Due their national reach and popularity, advice columns could also be a tool for activism. In

891-765: The most learned and ingenious of both universities, and of the Royal-Society . Della Manley, the first recorded woman editor in Britain, began a gossip sheet in 1709, the Female Tattler , which included advice to readers, making her the first Agony Aunt. Her advice column approach was soon mimicked in the Female Spectator , a women's magazine launched by Eliza Haywood . As Silence Dogood and other characters, Benjamin Franklin offered advice in

924-418: The name "Eben Holden". Bacheller had a major role in the development of Rollins College when, in 1925, he was named head of a search committee to find a new president for the school. He remembered a magazine editor he had known and admired in New York, Hamilton Holt , and he wrote to Holt offering him the job saying, "It's a cinch for a man of your capacity." Holt took the job and changed Rollins College, with

957-934: The name of a fictional society, the "Scandalous Club", as the "author" of a lighter section of the Review , and soon readers were sending 40–50 letters a week asking for advice from the Scandalous Club. At one point, Defoe complained of a backlog of 300 unanswered questions. Eventually, he spun off the letters-and-answers into a separate paper called the Little Review . A few years after the Little Review ended, The British Apollo newspaper provided advice to readers' questions in London. These have been compiled and published as The British Apollo: containing two thousand answers to curious questions in most arts and sciences, serious, comical, and humorous, approved of by many of

990-567: The other half was up to—no matter what half they themselves represented." When people wrote letters, they were writing not only to the columnist, but also to their peers who would read about their problems. By discussing shared issues, advice columns contribute to a common understanding of mores and communal values. For example, as a community dialog, "A Bintel Brief" provided Eastern European Jewish immigrants with advice on adjusting to American life and helped bridge their disparate national cultures. David Gudelunas states "Newspaper advice columns in

1023-423: The twentieth century are just as much about community discussions as they were in the seventeenth century." Readers took advantage of the anonymity of letters to advice columns to use it as a confessional. It gave them the opportunity to share information about themselves and their lives that, as many said in their letters, they were "too embarrassed" to tell people they knew. The advice column, with its views into

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1056-573: Was compiled in the book If You Ask Me: Essential Advice from Eleanor Roosevelt in 2018. An unusual advice column that foreshadowed internet forums was "Confidential Chat" in the Boston Globe . Launched in 1922 and published until 2006, readers both asked and answered questions without a columnist as intermediary. Advice columns proliferated in American newspapers early in the twentieth century as publishers recognized their value in capturing

1089-615: Was practiced in the Journal of Occurrences , a series of newspaper articles published by an anonymous group of "patriots" in 1768–1769 in the New York Journal and Packet and other newspapers, chronicling the occupation of Boston by the British Army. According to historian Elmo Scott Watson , true print syndication began in 1841 with a two-page supplement produced by New York Sun publisher Moses Yale Beach and sold to

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