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57-766: The Bachittar Natak is part of the Dasam Granth , the second holy scripture of Sikhism . The composition covers various aspects, including the lineage of Guru Gobind Singh, the persecution of Guru Tegh Bahadur , the author's own rebirth, and the defense and spread of dharma (righteousness). It also includes descriptions of battles, hunting expeditions, and journeys in Punjab and the Himalayan foothills . The Bachitar Natak consists of fourteen chapters, sometimes also called "Apni Katha" (meaning "my story"), which provides an autobiographical account of Guru Gobind Singh's life until

114-666: A defined area. The earliest are dated to the latter half of the 1st millennium BCE. The Dharma-shastras (law books), derivatives of the Dharma-sutras . Other examples were bhautikashastra "physics", rasayanashastra "chemistry", jīvashastra "biology", vastushastra "architectural science", shilpashastra "science of sculpture", arthashastra "economics" and nītishastra "political science". It also includes Tantras and Agama literature. The Puranas, which mean "history" or "old", are Sanskrit texts which were composed between 3rd century BCE and 1000 CE. The Puranas are

171-646: A different style and format appended to it in the mid 18th century. Other manuscripts are said to include the Patna Birs and the Mani Singh Vali bir all originated in mid to late 18th century. One of the 1698 CE Patna Manuscripts includes various apocryphal writings such as the Ugradanti and Bhagauti Astotar . Although the compositions of the Dasam Granth are traditionally accepted to be written by Guru Gobind Singh, there have been questions of

228-466: A few passages from Guru Gobind Singh's Ugardanti. In Hum Hindu Nahi (1898 ), the author Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha , believed that Ugardanti Bani was not written by Guru Gobind Singh but by Bhai Sukha Singh, a priest at Patna. However, Sukha Singh's works came into being after the Bansavalinama of Kesar Singh Chibbar. Nihang and Namdhari Sikhs believe it to be written by Guru Gobind Singh and

285-512: A plethora of writings attributed to Guru Gobind Singh that are not in the standardized Dasam Granth. These select writings are sometimes found in certain early manuscripts. These include but are not limited to: Hindu texts Divisions Sama vedic Yajur vedic Atharva vedic Vaishnava puranas Shaiva puranas Shakta puranas Traditional Hindu texts or Hindu scriptures are manuscripts and voluminous historical literature which are related to any of

342-500: A scholar of Sikhism and Sikh literature, modern copies of the Dasam Granth in Punjabi, and its English translations, often do not include the entire standard edition text and do not follow the same ordering either. Das Granthi (ਦਸ ਗ੍ਰੰਥੀ) is a small religious booklet containing only few selected compositions from Dasam Granth. Das stands for Ten and Granthi stands for booklet . It means Booklet of 10th Guru of Sikhism. This booklet

399-679: A shield against the attacks of Pride, Ignorance, Hatred, Hypocrisy and Delusions. The compositions within Dasam Granth play a huge role in Sikh liturgy, which is prescribed by Sikh Rehat Maryada : In the Nihang tradition – considered heretical by the Khalsa Sikhs, the Dasam Granth is given equal scriptural status as the Adi Granth (first volume). Chandi di Var is also an important prayer among Nihang and Namdhari Sikhs. Except for

456-536: A specific pattern, with Apni Katha discussing various avatars and their reinterpretation in line with Sikh thought and philosophy. The Bachitra Natak Granth is a part of the Dasam Granth, but the Dasam Granth is not solely the Bachitra Natak Granth. The confusion arises from the fact that many compositions within the Dasam Granth mention the words " Bachitra Natak Likhyate ," but there is more to

513-677: A vast genre of Hindu texts that encyclopedically cover a wide range of topics, particularly legends and other traditional lore. Composed primarily in Sanskrit, but also in regional languages, several of these texts are named after major Hindu deities such as Vishnu , Shiva , and Devi . The Puranic literature is encyclopedic, and it includes diverse topics such as cosmogony , cosmology , genealogies of gods, goddesses, kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, folk tales, pilgrimages, temples, medicine, astronomy, grammar, mineralogy, humor, love stories, as well as theology and philosophy. The content

570-587: Is a combined recension of the Adi Granth and Dasam Granth. It presents the Zafarnama and Hikayats in the Perso-Arabic Nastaliq script. The early Anandpuri, Patna, and Mani Singh manuscripts include writings that are disputed in the contemporary era, as well as sections such as the Ugradanti and Sri Bhagauti Astotra that were removed from the Dasam Granth codified in the 20th century by

627-656: Is a poetic composition said to be written by Guru Gobind Singh , after the creation of the Khalsa Panth at Anandpur Sahib . The composition is present in Dasam Granth Bir Patna Sahib. The bani contains information about the creation of the Khalsa Panth , the dress code of the Sikhs , and is strictly against ritualism. Etymologically, Ugardanti is a feminine term made of two words, Ugar means Fierce and Danti means Tooth. One having Fierce Tooth,

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684-638: Is a short composition of 10 stanzas which is part of daily liturgy among Sikhs ( Nitnem ). It was penned down by Guru Gobind Singh and is part of his composition Akal Ustat (The praise of God). This is an important composition which is read during Amrit Sanchar . This Bani appears in the Dasam Granth on pages 13 to 15, starting from Stanza 21 of Akal Ustat. Tavprasad means with thy grace . This composition strongly rejects idolatry , pilgrimages , grave worshiping , samadhis of yogis and other ritualistic beliefs of Hinduism , Jainism and Islam as being of no use in attaining God if performed without

741-949: Is a vast corpus of diverse texts, and includes but is not limited to Vedāngas , the Hindu epics (such as the Mahabharat and Ramayan), the Sutras and Shastras , the texts of Hindu philosophies , the Puranas , the Kāvya or poetical literature, the Bhasyas , and numerous Nibandhas (digests) covering politics, ethics, culture, arts and society. Many ancient Hindu texts were composed in Sanskrit and other regional Indian languages. In modern times, most ancient texts have been translated into other Indian languages and some in non-Indian languages. Prior to

798-503: Is called Ugardanti. Guru Gobind Singh Ji invokes Adi Shakti in the form of the Fierce Toothed Ugardanti, writing various attributes of Ugardanti and asking for blessings and protection for the prosperity of the new Panth which is free from hypocrisy, ritualism, casteism , human worship and worships only One Non-Dual God . In Bansavalinama Dasan Patshahian ka (1769), the author Kesar Singh Chibbar explains and quotes

855-803: Is diverse across the Puranas, and each Purana has survived in numerous manuscripts which are themselves voluminous and comprehensive. The Hindu Puranas are anonymous texts and likely the work of many authors over the centuries; in contrast, most Jaina Puranas can be dated and their authors assigned. There are 18 Maha Puranas (Great Puranas): Agni Purana , Bhagavata Purana , Bhavishya Purana , Brahmanda Purana , Brahmavaivarta Purana , Garuda Purana , Kurma Purana , Linga Purana , Markandeya Purana , Naradiya Purana , Padma Purana , Shiva Purana , Skanda Purana , Vamana Purana , Varaha Purana , Vayu Purana , and Vishnu Purana and 18 Upa Puranas (Minor Puranas), with over 400,000 verses. The Puranas do not enjoy

912-421: Is heard, and Smriti ( Sanskrit : स्मृति, IAST : Smṛti ) – that which is remembered. The Shruti texts refer to the body of most authoritative and ancient religious texts , believed to be eternal knowledge authored neither by human nor divine agent but transmitted by sages ( rishis ). These comprise the central canon of Hinduism . It includes the four Vedas including its four types of embedded texts –

969-732: Is known as Dusht Daman. The Bani (composition) starts with a praise of the Akal Purakh (the ultimate being) and then provides a genealogy of the Bedis and Sodhis, tracing their lineage back to Lava and Kush . It also includes the author's own biography and discusses significant events such as the Battle of Nadaun , "the Husaini Battle", and the arrival of Prince Muazzam in Punjab. The composition concludes around AD 1696. The Bachitar Natak contains 14 chapters. Historical sources from

1026-560: Is likely the Anandpuri Hazuri Bir (Not to be confused with the Anandpuri Marco Adi Granth ). It is dated to 1698 CE. A few folio pages were definitely added later ( Zafarnama and Hikayats), because they were composed after 1700 (circa 1705 CE), and are in a different style and format, and lack the folio numbers present on all pages elsewhere. These letters of Guru Gobind Singh may have been appended in

1083-431: Is not attributed to these texts. The origin language of these texts is Sanskrit. The Vedas are considered Shruti texts. The Vedas consist of four parts: Rig Veda , Sama Veda , Yajur Veda , and Atharva Veda . Each Veda is subcategorized into Samhitas , Brahmanas , Aranyakas , and Upanishads . The four Vedas ( Rig Veda , Sama Veda , Yajur Veda , and Atharva Veda ) are a large body of Hindu texts originating from

1140-490: Is part of their daily liturgy. It was and is read to inspire warriors to stand up for truth and righteousness in the face of tyranny and oppression. The Composition is divided into six verses called Chhands in which the syllables and the rhythm are arranged in a precisely controlled pattern. The Type of Chhandd used is Bhagvati Chhand. Tav-Prasad Savaiye ( Punjabi : ਤ੍ਵਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ਸ੍ਵਯੇ , pronunciation: [t̪ʋᵊəpɾʱəsäːd̪ sʋⁱ˸je] , lit. ‘exclusively you, in war song meter’)

1197-538: Is the classification of literature which includes various scriptures and Itihasa s (epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata ), Harivamsa Puranas , Agamas and Darshanas . This genre of texts includes the Sutras and Shastras of the six schools of Hindu philosophy : Samkhya , Yoga, Nyaya , Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta . The Sutras and Shastras texts were compilations of technical or specialized knowledge in

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1254-725: Is written almost entirely in Gurmukhi , except for the Guru Gobind Singh's letters to Aurangzeb — Zafarnama and the Hikaaitaan —written in the Persian alphabet . The Dasam Granth contains hymns, from Hindu texts , which are a retelling of the feminine in the form of goddess Durga , an autobiography, letter to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb , as well as reverential discussion of warriors and theology. The scripture

1311-476: The mukhya (main) or principal Upanishads . The ten mukhya Upanishads are: Isha , Kena , Katha , Prashna , Mundaka , Mandukya , Taittiriya , Aitareya , Chandogya , and Brihadaranyaka. The mukhya Upanishads are found mostly in the concluding part of the Brahmanas and Aranyakas and were, for centuries, memorized by each generation and passed down verbally . The early Upanishads all predate

1368-464: The Battle of Chamkaur in 1704. There were copiers available at the Guru's place who made several copies of the writings, and other writings may have been included too which may have led to authenticity issues. There is a theory that later, Bhai Mani Singh compiled all the available works under the title Dasam Granth . Traditionalist scholars claim that all the works in Dasam Granth were composed by

1425-750: The Braj Bhasha (Old western Hindi), with some parts in Avadhi, Punjabi , Hindi , and the Persian language . The script is almost entirely the Gurmukhi script except for the letter of the Sikh Guru to Aurangzeb – Zafarnama , and the Hikayat in the Persian script . The Dasam Granth has many sections covering a wide range of topics: Ath Rudra Avtar Kathan(n) ਚੌਪਈ ਸਾਹਿਬ Ugardanti ( Punjabi : ਉਗ੍ਰਦੰਤੀ , pronunciation: [ʊɡɾd̪aɛt̪iː] )

1482-602: The Dalai Lama quoted it while giving lessons on love. Tav-Prasad Savaiye is very important part of the Nitnem . Among other things Nitnem works as a shield for the Khalsa (Khalsa is a perfect human being, which is the vision of Guru Gobind Singh by the orders of Akal Purkh. Such a human is perfectly capable of defending himself and others from the attacks of enemy(both spiritual and temporal)). Specifically Savaiye act as

1539-868: The Samhitas , the Brahmanas , the Aranyakas and the Upanishads . Of the Shrutis , the Upanishads alone are widely influential among Hindus, considered scriptures par excellence of Hinduism, and their central ideas have continued to influence its thoughts and traditions. The Smriti texts are a specific body of Hindu texts attributed to an author, as a derivative work they are considered less authoritative than Shruti in Hinduism. The Smriti literature

1596-570: The Sodhak Committee . There is also a manuscript of the Dasam Granth attributed to Bhai Daya Singh with many Apocryphal Writings, as well as the 1765 Illuminated Patna Missal manuscript from Jammu . According to the Indologist Wendy Doniger , many orthodox Sikhs credit the authorship and compilation of the earliest Dasam Granth manuscript to Guru Gobind Singh directly, while other Sikhs and some scholars consider

1653-684: The Vedic period in northern India, the Rig Veda being composed c.  1200 BCE , and its Samhita and Brahmanas complete before about 800 BCE. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit hymns , the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism . Hindus consider the Vedas to be timeless revelation, apauruṣeya , which means "not of a man, superhuman" and "impersonal, authorless". The knowledge in

1710-549: The "last chapters, parts of the Veda " or "the object, the highest purpose of the Veda". The concepts of Brahman (Ultimate Reality) and Ātman (Soul, Self) are central ideas in all the Upanishads , and "Know your Ātman" their thematic focus. The central ideas of the Upanishads have had a lasting influence on Hindu philosophy. More than 200 Upanishads are known, of which ten are the oldest and most important and are referred to as

1767-812: The 18th century, such as Gur Sobha Granth, Gurbilas Patshai Dasvin, Bansavlinama Dasan Patshahian Ka, and Rahitnamas , mention the compositions of the Dasam Granth, including the Bachitra Natak. These sources attribute the writings to Guru Gobind Singh. The Bachitra Natak Granth refers to a large corpus of compositions within the Dasam Granth, the compositions referenced as part of the Bachitra Natak Granth include: 1. Apni Katha (the Bachittar Natak proper) 2. Chandi Charitra I 3. Chandi Charitra II 4. Chaubis Avatar 5. Brahma Avatar 6. Rudra Avatar These compositions follow

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1824-467: The Bhagavad Gita teaches Arjuna about atma (soul), God, moksha , and dharma. The Ramayana, an ancient Sanskrit text with the earliest part believed to have been composed in the 5th century BCE, is attributed to the sage Valmiki and contains over 24,000 verses. The epic covers the life journey of Rama , an incarnation of Vishnu, along with his wife Sita , and brother Lakshmana . Central to

1881-654: The Common Era, some in all likelihood pre-Buddhist (6th century BCE), down to the Maurya period . Of the remainder, some 95 Upanishads are part of the Muktika canon, composed from about the start of common era through medieval Hinduism . New Upanishads, beyond the 108 in the Muktika canon, continued being composed through the early modern and modern era, though often dealing with subjects unconnected to Hinduism. Smriti

1938-493: The Dasam Granth than just the Bachitra Natak. Dasam Granth The Dasam Granth ( Gurmukhi : ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ dasama gratha ) is a collection of various poetic compositions attributed to Guru Gobind Singh . The text enjoyed an equal status with the Adi Granth, or Guru Granth Sahib , in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and were installed side by side on the same platform. The Dasam Granth lost favor during

1995-604: The Gurmat Granth Pracharak Sabha was founded by Sikhs to study the Sikh literature. This organization, with a request from Amritsar Singh Sabha, established the Sodhak Committee in 1897. The members of this committee studied 32 manuscripts of Dasam Granth from different parts of the Indian subcontinent. The committee deleted some hymns found in the different old manuscripts of the text, merged

2052-411: The Guru himself, often on the basis of a letter attributed to Bhai Mani Singh. The veracity of this letter has been examined by scholars and found to be unreliable. Syan (2013) notes, "Neither in colonial nor post-colonial Sikhism has the issue of the Dasam Granth authorship been satisfactorily resolved. What is germane, however, is that pre-colonial Sikh society wholeheartedly accepted the Dasam Granth as

2109-410: The Vedas is believed in Hinduism to be eternal, uncreated, neither authored by human nor by divine source, but seen, heard and transmitted by sages. Vedas are also called shruti ("what is heard") literature, distinguishing them from other religious texts, which are called smṛti ("what is remembered"). The Vedas, for orthodox Indian theologians, are considered revelations, some way or other

2166-467: The authenticity of the entirety of Dasam Granth from time of compilation. There are three major views on the authorship of the Dasam Granth : In his religious court at Paonta Sahib and Anandpur Guru Gobind Singh had employed 52 poets, who translated several classical texts into Braj Bhasha. Most of the writing compiled at Paonta Sahib was lost while the Guru's camp was crossing the Sirsa river before

2223-669: The authority of a scripture in Hinduism, but are considered a Smriti . These Hindu texts have been influential in the Hindu culture , inspiring major national and regional annual festivals of Hinduism. The Bhagavata Purana has been among the most celebrated and popular text in the Puranic genre. The Bhagavata Purana emphasizes bhakti (devotion) towards Krishna. The Bhagavata Purana is a key text in Krishna bhakti literature. The Mahābhārata , which translates to " The Great Indian Tale ",

2280-558: The colonial period when reformist Singh Sabha Movement scholars couldn't contextualize the reworkings of Puranic stories or the vast collection of 'Tales of Deceit' Sri Charitropakhyan . The standard edition of the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections. These are set in the form of hymns and poems mostly in the Braj language (Old western Hindi), with some parts in Avadhi , Punjabi , Hindi and Persian . The script

2337-735: The diverse traditions within Hinduism . Some of the major Hindu texts include the Vedas , the Upanishads , and the Itihasa . Scholars hesitate in defining the term "Hindu scriptures" given the diverse nature of Hinduism , but many list the Agamas as Hindu scriptures, and Dominic Goodall includes Bhagavata Purana and Yajnavalkya Smriti in the list of Hindu scriptures as well. There are two historic classifications of Hindu texts: Shruti ( Sanskrit : श्रुति, IAST : Śruti ) – that which

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2394-585: The early 18th century. According to another view, the earliest surviving manuscript of the complete text is dated to 1713 CE (Bhai Mani Singh Manucscript), and the early manuscript versions have minor variations with apocryphal writings. Other important manuscripts include two Patna manuscripts both from 1698 CE found in Bihar, and the Mani Singh Vali Bir (1713 CE) in New Delhi. The Mani Singh Bir

2451-693: The early documented history of arts and science forms in India such as music , dance , sculptures , architecture , astronomy , science , mathematics , medicine and wellness . Valmiki 's Ramayana (500 BCE to 100 BCE) mentions music and singing by Gandharvas , dance by Apsaras such as Urvashi , Rambha , Menaka , Tilottama Panchāpsaras , and by Ravana 's wives who excelling in nrityageeta or "singing and dancing" and nritavaditra or "playing musical instruments"). The evidence of earliest dance related texts are in Natasutras , which are mentioned in

2508-443: The liturgical portions and some cherrypicked verses of the Dasam Granth that are widely shared and used, few Sikhs have read the complete Dasam Granth or know its contents. Most do not have access to it in its entirety, as the generic printed or translated versions do not include all its sections and verses. In its history, the entire text was in the active possession of the Khalsa soldiers. The oldest manuscript of Dasam Granth

2565-530: The love of God and all his creation . It is included in Nitnem , the daily morning prayers of Sikhs, and recited after completing Jaap Sahib . It starts with Sravag Sudh Samuh Sidhan Ke and goes up to Koor Kriya Urjheo Sab Hi Jag . Among many famous quotes from Tav-Prasad Savaiye, "Jin Prem Kiyo Tin Hi Prabhu Paayo" is widely quoted by different scholars of different religions. In Dialogues on Universal Responsibility and Education ,

2622-575: The others and thus created a 1,428-page version thereafter called the standard edition of the Dasam Granth . The standard edition was first published in 1902. It is this version that has predominantly been distributed to scholars and studied in and outside India. However, the prestige of the Dasam Granth was well established in the Sikh community during the Sikh Empire , as noted in 1812 by colonial-era scholar Malcolm. According to Robin Rinehart –

2679-563: The plot is the fourteen-year exile endured by Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana, during which Sita is abducted by Ravana of Lanka . Rama, accompanied by Lakshmana, Hanuman (a devotee of Rama), and an army, engages in a battle with Ravana, ultimately emerging victorious with Rama's slaying of Ravana. The epic concludes with Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana's return to Ayodhya , where Rama is crowned king and reigns over Ayodhya. Hindu texts for specific fields, in Sanskrit and other regional languages, have been reviewed as follows: The Hindu scriptures provide

2736-530: The start of the common era, the Hindu texts were composed orally, then memorized and transmitted orally, from one generation to the next, for more than a millennium before they were written down into manuscripts. This verbal tradition of preserving and transmitting Hindu texts, from one generation to next, continued into the modern era. The Shruti texts, defined as "that which is heard", are texts that are believed to be divine revelations of God and were heard by ancient rishis thousands of years ago. Thus, an author

2793-415: The text of Panini , the sage who wrote the classic on Sanskrit grammar , and who is dated to about 500 BCE. This performance arts related Sutra text is mentioned in other late Vedic texts, as are two scholars names Shilalin ( IAST : Śilālin) and Krishashva (Kṛśaśva), credited to be pioneers in the studies of ancient drama, singing, dance and Sanskrit compositions for these arts. Richmond et al. estimate

2850-537: The text to have been authored and compiled partly by him and partly by many poets in his court at Anandpur. Prior to 1902, there were numerous incomplete portions of manuscripts of Dasam Granth in circulation within the Sikh community along with the complete, but somewhat variant, major versions such as the Anandpuri and Patna birs. In 1885, during the Singh Sabha Movement , an organization called

2907-408: The war between two groups of cousins (the Pandavas and the Kauravas ) and the aftermath of the Kurukshetra War . The Mahabharata also teaches about dharma (duty), the stories of many key figures in Hinduism, and includes the Bhagavad Gita . The Bhagavad Gita is made up of 700 shlokas and is the discussion between Krishna and Arjuna on the battlefield before the start of the war. Krishna in

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2964-419: The work of Guru Gobind Singh." The following are historical books after the demise of Guru Gobind Singh which mention that the compositions in the present Dasam Granth was written by Guru Gobind Singh: The standard print edition of the Dasam Granth , since 1902, has 1,428 pages. The standard official edition contains 17,293 verses in 18 sections. These are set in the form of hymns and poems mostly in

3021-518: The work of the Deity . In the Hindu Epic the Mahabharata , the creation of Vedas is credited to the deity responsible for creation, Brahma . Each of the four Vedas have been subclassified into four major text types: The Upanishads are a collection of Hindu texts which contain the central philosophical concepts of Hinduism. The Upanishads are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought and its diverse traditions. The Upanishads are commonly referred to as Vedānta , interpreted to mean either

3078-446: The year 1696. The Bachitar Natak is partly an autobiography of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, in which he narrates the events and circumstances of the first 32 years of his life. It outlines the history and challenges faced by the Sikh community during that time. It states the author was meditating in the Himalayan foothills on a 7-peaked mountain before being called to take birth. This previous incarnation of Guru Gobind Singh

3135-452: Was created for beginners and lay readers for reading these compositions in daily liturgy for proper understanding. There is no standardization of this booklet and various sects in Sikhism have their own versions. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee contains eight texts namely, Jaap , Bachitra Natak , Chandi Charitra I, Shabad Hazare Patshahi 10 , Akal Ustati , Chandi Charitra 2, Gian Prabodh and Chandi di Var . There are

3192-405: Was probably compiled between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, with the oldest preserved parts not much older than around 400 BCE. The text probably reached its final form by the early Gupta period ( c.  4th century CE ). The composition is traditionally attributed to Vedavyasa and is made up of over 100,000 shlokas . The plot of the Mahabharata covers the events of

3249-467: Was recited in full within Nirmala Sikhs in the contemporary era. Parts of it are retold from Hindu Puranas , for the benefit of the common man, who had no access to Hindu texts of the time. Compositions of the Dasam Granth include Jaap Sahib , Tav-Prasad Savaiye and Kabiyo Baach Benti Chaupai which are part of the Nitnem or daily prayers and also part of the Amrit Sanchar or initiation ceremony of Khalsa Sikhs. Zafarnama and Hikayats in

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