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112-522: The National Shrine of Our Mother of Perpetual Help , also known as the Redemptorist Church ( Spanish : Iglesia Redentorista ) and colloquially as Baclaran Church ( Filipino : Simbahan ng Baclaran ), is a national shrine dedicated to Our Lady of Perpetual Help along Roxas Boulevard in Baclaran , Parañaque city of Metro Manila , Philippines . It is under the jurisdiction of
224-458: A coup d'état in faraway Paris . Within a few years he announced he was an emperor, planning to claim an empire. From 1803 the armies of France under his command fought almost every European power, and acquired control of most of continental Europe, whether by conquest or alliance. In 1806 the Grande Armée took over the city where Hofbauer and his team were working. The Duchy of Warsaw
336-597: A Catholic Mass at the shrine during a brief, unofficial stopover in Manila. On February 17, 1981, he returned as Pope John Paul II for his first Apostolic Visit to the country. The shrine was notably the refuge of several computer engineers from the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) during the controversial 1986 Snap Elections . Thirty-five technicians who were operating the COMELEC's electronic quick count staged
448-740: A Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer north of the Alps. But in Clement-Mary Hofbauer's homeland this was out of the question, given Emperor Joseph II's autocracy. He was not about to countenance an evangelical religious institute , founded barely a generation earlier in Scala , to spawn within his own realm. Aware of this, the two Redemptorists moved on to the part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that
560-615: A walkout from their headquarters at the Philippine International Convention Center to protest alleged electoral fraud by supporters of dictator President Ferdinand Marcos . Marcos's wife , Imelda , was a benefactress of the shrine and devotee, having often brought her children there to perform the Visita Iglesia during Holy Week . In 2015, a belfry was built as part of the shrine's redevelopment plan. The structure, which houses
672-473: A 24-bell carillon cast from the Grassmayr Bell Foundry , is far from the church itself. It was blessed on September 8 that same year by Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle , then- Archbishop of Manila . It was the first time the shrine had a bell tower since it was built. The carillon bells are automatically programmed to ring 15 minutes before every Mass or Novena service. On September 5, 2019,
784-692: A Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996. The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898. Saint Clement Hofbauer Clement Mary Hofbauer CSsR ( German : Klemens Maria Hofbauer ) (26 December 1751 – 15 March 1820)
896-515: A call to the priesthood, though a long and tortuous path lay ahead. When Hofbauer was just fourteen, extra studies ended abruptly with the death of the pastor. His replacement did not put aside time to continue the tuition. No longer studying, Hofbauer had to learn a trade. He was sent to become an apprentice in a bakery 8 km away in the local capital of Znojmo (in German called Znaim ) in 1767. In 1770, he went to work 9 km from Tasovice, in
1008-603: A considerable number of words from Arabic , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to
1120-477: A constitution". Were the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to grow in resilience, pressure would come to return what Prussia had recently purloined. The new constitution infuriated Empress Catherine. Poland's king was her former lover; she considered Poland a de facto protectorate. A chief author of Russian foreign policy, Alexander Bezborodko wrote "The worst possible news has arrived from Warsaw:
1232-522: A dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants , known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes , which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ). See History of Spanish (Modern development of
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#17327755563731344-482: A first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ( Ilustrados ). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing. Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after
1456-596: A hospital chaplain caring for the many wounded soldiers. The archbishop, seeing Hofbauer's zeal, asked him to care for a little Italian church in Vienna. He remained there for four years until he was appointed chaplain to the Ursuline Sisters in July 1813. Attending to the spiritual welfare of the nuns and lay people who came to their chapel, Hofbauer gained a reputation as a powerful preacher and gentle confessor. In
1568-478: A huge extent the work of Clement-Mary Hofbauer had been appreciated. For Hofbauer's years of dedicated service, the emperor was encouraged to reward him by sanctioning a Redemptorist foundation in Austria. Instead of a writ of expulsion, Clement-Mary Hofbauer found himself invited to an audience with Emperor Franz. A church was selected and refurbished to become the first Redemptorist foundation in Austria. However, it
1680-478: A long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty , hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce. According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of
1792-755: A person might hear no less than five sermons, in German and Polish. The week's programme involved three High Masses , the office of the Blessed Virgin Mary , public visits to the Blessed Sacrament, the Way of the Cross , vespers , prayer services, and litanies. To hear confession, a priest was available at any hour of the day or night. By 1793, Hofbauer had been appointed vicar-general of the Redemptorist Congregation north of
1904-508: A primarily Hassaniya Arabic -speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf ( Algeria ), where the Spanish language is still taught as
2016-617: A second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system. While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco , stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of
2128-531: A second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown. Spanish is also an official language of the African Union . Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization , it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as
2240-526: A short while he was prohibited from preaching. Because he had been communicating with his Redemptorist Superior General in Rome, he was threatened with expulsion. Before this could be enacted, the authorising document had to be signed off by the Austrian Emperor Franz . At the time, the emperor was on pilgrimage in Rome, where he visited Pope Pius VII . It was impressed upon the emperor to what
2352-625: A shrine: "As shrines the means of salvation are to be more abundantly made available to the faithful: by sedulous proclamation of the word of God, by suitable encouragement of liturgical life, especially by the celebration of the Eucharist and penance, and by the fostering of approved forms of popular devotion" (Can 1234 §1). "In shrines or in places adjacent to them, votive offerings of popular art and devotion are to be displayed and carefully safeguarded" (Can 1234 §2). Spanish language Spanish ( español ) or Castilian ( castellano )
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#17327755563732464-854: A year, the machinery of the new constitution had been wrecked by Russian armies allied with conservative Polish nobility. In the War in Defence of the Constitution Polish loyalist forces were routed. Another partition , as unsettling as the first, was to occur six years after Hofbauer arrived. This left 10 million (i.e. 71%) of the original population of 14 million disenfranchised; no longer under Polish rule. At yet another partition two years later (see Partitions of Poland ), Poland ceased to exist. Clement-Mary Hofbauer and his team had been in Warsaw twelve years when, on 19 November 1799, Napoleon led
2576-416: Is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent
2688-666: Is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain , and about 600 million when including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries , as well as one of the six official languages of
2800-621: Is depicted in the Redemptorist habit. His attribute is the cross. His liturgical feast is celebrated on 15 March. A few months after Hofbauer's canonisation, a parish church was established under his patronage at West 44th Street and 10th Avenue in New York City , which served the Polish community. It was closed in the late 1960s. Two years later, in 1911, the St.-Clemens-Kirche
2912-454: Is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language , making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers . An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language , making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also
3024-761: Is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil . In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President , making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law
3136-485: Is now Poland. On their journey, the two were joined by Peter Kunzmann, another trained baker. Hofbauer and he had pilgrimaged together. He was to become the first non-Italian Redemptorist lay brother . For more than two centuries the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been a large and unwieldy polity . After years of economic and military decline, vis-à-vis Russia in particular, there was turmoil when Hofbauer arrived in 1787. Under Catherine II's thumb, King Stanislaus II
3248-588: Is primarily financed by donations and Mass intention donations from Filipinos in the country as well as Overseas Filipinos , and in turn funds charitable social programs for the poor. When the early Redemptorists settled at Baclaran, they insisted that the church besides their convent will not become a parish but a mission station in order to free them from sacramental work, except for the Eucharist and Penance . Redemptorists chose this arrangement to concentrate on fostering devotion to Our Mother of Perpetual Help,
3360-732: Is related to Castile ( Castilla or archaically Castiella ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile , in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the Middle Ages , the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano ( romanz castellano , romanz de Castiella ), lenguaje de Castiella , and ultimately simply as castellano (noun). Different etymologies have been suggested for
3472-845: Is remembered as a saint in the Catholic Church . He is called the Apostle of Vienna , where he is a co- patron saint , along with St Colmán , St Leopold , and St Peter Canisius . He was born Johannes ("Hansl") Hofbauer on the feast of Saint Stephen (December 26) 1751, in Tasovice ), in the Znojmo District of the Moravian region of what is now the Czech Republic . He was the ninth of twelve children born to Maria Steer and Paul Hofbauer (Pavel Dvořák had changed
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3584-692: Is said he would stand before the Blessed Sacrament and cry out: "Lord, help! It's high time...". Hofbauer was loved not only by his pupils, but also in more intellectual circles. It is reported that he accompanied the struggles of his pupils, advising them, teaching them, feeding them and guiding them through everyday life. When the Redemptorists first opened their church they preached to empty benches. People apparently found it hard to trust these foreign priests. Many others had lapsed from Catholicism, some to adopt Freemasonry . To help restore
3696-463: Is said that the astounded men in the bar were so full of remorse that they gave Hofbauer all their winnings, more than 100 silver coins. When he saw a homeless boy on the street, Clement-Mary Hofbauer brought him to the rectory, cleaned him up, fed him, and then taught him a trade and instructed him in the Christian way of life. When the number of boys grew too large for the rectory, Hofbauer opened
3808-844: Is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off
3920-813: Is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico . The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles , Miami , San Antonio , New York , San Francisco , Dallas , Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor , as well as more recently, Chicago , Las Vegas , Boston , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Salt Lake City , Atlanta , Nashville , Orlando , Tampa , Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Although Spanish has no official recognition in
4032-608: The Assumption and St. Wenceslas ), Clement-Mary Hofbauer enrolled at the University of Vienna . Emperor Joseph's government had closed all seminaries. Students for the priesthood had to study at government-controlled universities. Theology courses permeated by Josephinism , rationalism etc. were frustrating. He was taught much that he found questionable. This notwithstanding, he had completed his philosophy studies by 1784. But he could proceed no further toward ordination :
4144-584: The Emperor Joseph II , a proponent of enlightened absolutism , abolished all hermitages in the Habsburg Empire . Hofbauer moved to Vienna, once more to earn his keep as a baker. In 1782, after a pilgrimage to Rome , Clement-Mary Hofbauer found his way to Tivoli , in Italy . He resumed the life of a hermit , at the nearby shrine of Our Lady of Quintiliolo. This was under the patronage of
4256-578: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Parañaque . The church enshrines the icon of Our Mother of Perpetual Help , and is one of the largest Marian churches in the Philippines. Devotion to Our Mother of Perpetual Help is popular amongst Filipino Catholics , who flood the church on Wednesdays to attend Mass and pray the Novena to Our Mother of Perpetual Help . In Manila, Wednesdays are popularly called "Baclaran Day" due to congested roads near
4368-568: The Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao ( ABC Islands ) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba)
4480-508: The Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under
4592-548: The United Nations . Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese ; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English , Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico . Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group , in which
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4704-480: The 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas. As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French , it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout
4816-404: The 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely. Aside from standard Spanish,
4928-533: The 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language . Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it
5040-696: The Alps. With Warsaw as centre, he founded new establishments of the Congregation in Germany and in Switzerland. Street battles were to reach Warsaw (see above). Hofbauer and his companions appealed for peace. This only served to fuel suspicion and they became labelled as traitors. Persecutions started in 1795, when Warsaw came under Prussian occupation. Hofbauer appealed directly to the Prussian king . Memoranda to him from Hofbauer record that attending
5152-460: The Catholic faith, Hofbauer and his companions set to work. As they began to learn Polish, the Redemptorists expanded their apostolate to others living in the area around their church. An expanded team (Hofbauer, five Redemptorist priests and three lay brothers) began a "Perpetual Mission". Weekday Mass gave way to a full-scale mission every day of the year. Attending St. Benno's any weekday
5264-495: The Child Jesus Refuge for his homeless boys. To keep the boys fed and clothed, he had to beg constantly. He did so unashamedly. Going into a bakery to buy a loaf of bread he came upon a master baker without an assistant. Hofbauer spent the day working at the dough trough and the oven, using all his old baking skills. He got bread for his boys that day, and for many days to come. In 1791, four years after their arrival,
5376-523: The Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages. Spanish
5488-577: The Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian and Gallaecian . The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages — Mozarabic ( Andalusi Romance ), Navarro-Aragonese , Leonese , Catalan/Valencian , Portuguese , Galician , Occitan , and later, French and Italian . Spanish also borrowed
5600-511: The Most Holy Redeemer , while the Cebu Province of the Redemptorists is headquartered in Cebu . The shrine's current rector is Rico John Bilangel. The shrine celebrates its annual feast day on June 27, the liturgical feast day of the icon. The Bantayog ng mga Desaparecido monument within the church compound was inscribed in 2019 in the CIPDH-UNESCO's Memorias Situadas, which maps international sites of memory linked to serious human rights violations. The Bantayog ng mga Desaparecido honors
5712-424: The Old Spanish sibilants) for details. The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to
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#17327755563735824-415: The Philippines during the Second World War , invading Imperial Japanese troops overran the church, and the priests dispersed. Australian and New Zealander priests were interred in the concentration camp at University of the Philippines – Los Baños . The icon was removed from the church and given to a family for safekeeping; their home was later burned and ransacked towards the end of the occupation. The icon
5936-429: The Polish king has become almost sovereign". For Poland's neighbours, the links of Polish reformers with the French National Assembly reeked of revolution; throwing down the gauntlet before the absolute monarchies. Catherine intervened. By chance, Russia had just extricated herself from separate entanglements with Turkey and Sweden. Support was lent to a Polish anti-reform group, the Targowica Confederation . After barely
6048-423: The Redemptorists enlarged the children's refuge into an academy. The number of orphan boys continued to grow steadily. A boarding school had been opened for young girls under the direction of some noble Warsaw women. Money came from some regular benefactors and many others willing to help, but Hofbauer still had to beg from door to door seeking help for his many orphans. When Clement-Mary Hofbauer felt overwhelmed it
6160-431: The Redemptorists. At the request of Marshal Davout , Napoleon signed an order (9 June 1808) that they be transported (20 June) to the fortress in Kostrzyn nad Odrą . They were released after a month, but not allowed to return to Poland. Clement-Mary Hofbauer arrived in Vienna that September. He remained there until his death almost 13 years later. In 1809, when the forces of Napoleon attacked Vienna, Hofbauer worked as
6272-609: The Russian commander, Alexander Suvorov . Along with all Warsaw's residents, the Redemptorists' lives were in constant danger. Crashing through the church roof where they were based, bombs failed to explode on no less than three occasions. Back in February 1787, when the trio reached Warsaw, it had almost 120,000 people. Despite some 160 churches and 20 religious houses, charitable work cried out for attention: lots of people were poor and uneducated, their houses in disrepair. They had arrived in Warsaw with no money; Clement-Mary Hofbauer had given their last three silver coins to beggars along
6384-461: The Sinirangan coffee shop at its base until the COVID-19 pandemic . The coffee shop is the present site of the Perpetual Help Center and Souvenir Shop. The shrine is under the territory of Santa Rita de Cascia Parish, located a few blocks away from the Redemptorist Church. Both are part of the Vicariate of Santa Rita de Cascia in the Diocese of Parañaque . The shrine is situated along Roxas Boulevard in Baclaran , Parañaque , Metro Manila . It
6496-424: The Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian), the language from the Kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian , Catalan/Valencian , Aragonese , Occitan and other minor languages. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of
6608-502: The U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico , where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English
6720-399: The administering of Sacrament of Penance, and mission work, particularly with the poor in Manila and wider Tagalog-speaking region. Canon Law of the Catholic Church defines a shrine as "a church or other sacred place which, with the approval of the local Ordinary, is by reason of special devotion frequented by the faithful as pilgrims (Can. 1230). Canon Law explains the implications of being
6832-399: The administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of
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#17327755563736944-466: The artist, Joseph von Pilat ( Metternich's private secretary), Zacharias Werner (later to be ordained and become a great preacher) and Frederick von Held. This last mentioned became a Redemptorist and was instrumental in the Congregation being founded in Ireland . It is very much thanks to Clement-Mary Hofbauer that Wessenberg's plan to include Vienna in a German national church failed. After an interval, Hofbauer again found himself under attack. For
7056-399: The bakery of the priory in Louka of the Premonstratensian canons regular , also known as the White Canons. At that time, war and famine had left many dependent on this priory for help. Hofbauer slaved around the clock to feed those at the priory door. He remained a servant at the priory until 1775, when he embarked on the life of a hermit. That, however, was aborted after eight years;
7168-566: The classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin , as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). Like the other Romance languages , the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin , which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War , beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages )—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages , and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in
7280-421: The community transferred to Baclaran. Denis Grogan, the builder, was dedicated to Saint Thérèse of Lisieux and made her patroness of the new church and parish house. However, the Ynchaustí family, long-time supporters and friends, donated a high altar on the condition that it enshrine the icon of Our Mother of Perpetual Help. When the church opened, the shrine became very popular. During the Japanese occupation of
7392-446: The consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v . Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary , and found in a small area of Calabria ), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it
7504-404: The country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in
7616-449: The early days of the 19th century, Vienna was a major cultural centre of Europe. Hofbauer enjoyed spending time with the students and the intellectuals. Hofbauer took care of young people, especially students at the university. He was always ready to offer support, both spiritual and material. Students came, singly and in groups, to his quarters to talk, share a meal, or get advice. A good many of them later became Redemptorists. A coterie of
7728-415: The elementary school were 256 boys and 187 girls; that this was Warsaw's only school for girls; that the children were poor and receiving their tuition free; that many were homeless and orphans, housed at school free of charge. All to no avail. The decree arrived to close the school. In time St. Benno's became the thriving centre of the Catholic Church in Warsaw. By the year 1800, growth was palpable, both in
7840-430: The embodiment of all that was enlightened and progressive in Poland’s past, a permanent reproach to the tyranny of the partitioning powers.” It “sought to create a modern, centralized republic.”. It was too late, however, to withstand the encircling hostile forces of autocracy. Such fears were voiced by the Prussian statesman Ewald von Hertzberg : "The Poles have given the coup de grâce to the Prussian monarchy by voting
7952-519: The emperor had forbidden religious communities from accepting new candidates. On the feast of Saint Joseph , 19 March 1785, Hofbauer and Hübl were clothed in the Redemptorist habit, publicly professing vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience . Ten days later, at the Cathedral of Alatri , they were ordained to the priesthood. A few months after their ordination the first two Germanic Redemptorists were summoned by their Superior General , Fr. Francesco Antonio De Paola. They were to return and establish
8064-455: The endeavours of Tadeusz Kościuszko . Soon after his victory at Racławice , the fighting engulfed Warsaw during Holy Week of 1794. There followed the massacre of Warsaw's Praga district . Whether in reprisal or revenge, the Russian imperial army killed up to 20,000 civilians, regardless of gender and age. "The whole of Praga was strewn with dead bodies, blood was flowing in streams" wrote
8176-547: The family name from the Czech "Dvořák" to the German "Hofbauer"). His father was a grazier and butcher. Clement-Mary Hofbauer's father died when he was six years old. In those days the ninth of a dozen children of a poor widow in a small village could have had little hope of getting into a seminary , nor of joining a religious order. Latin studies nevertheless started with the local parish priest , apparently signalling already
8288-683: The following table: Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants ( geminates ) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año , and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo ). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably " fortified " to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with
8400-466: The former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras ) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language. Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched
8512-604: The grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire." From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America . Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). In
8624-516: The icon, the Australian Redemptorist Gerard O'Donnell introduced the novena to Baclaran. Linguist Leo J. English conducted the first Baclaran Novena with 70 participants on Wednesday, June 23, 1948, giving rise to Wednesday's local moniker of "Baclaran Day". The present Modern Romanesque church is the third to be built on the same site. It was designed by architect César Concio. It took six years to build because most of
8736-594: The language is also known as Castilian ( castellano ). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in
8848-549: The language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra . Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . Today,
8960-525: The learned and educated among the Viennese gathered around Clement-Mary Hofbauer. Through them there developed a redeeming influence on others, fuelling religious revival in Austria. Notable and artistic people he shepherded into the Catholic Church included Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel , Dorothea von Schlegel (daughter of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn ), Friedrich August von Klinkowström
9072-467: The local bishop , Barnabas Chiaramonte (later Pope Pius VII ), who clothed him in the religious habit of a hermit. This was when Hofbauer took the name of Clement Mary: Clement, most likely after St. Clement of Rome , and Mary in honour of the Virgin Mary . As a hermit, Hofbauer focused on oversight in prayer , appealing for himself and anyone who might neglect to pray. He made himself useful at
9184-694: The majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America . Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure —of Argentina , Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní ), Peru (co-official with Quechua , Aymara , and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay , and Venezuela . Spanish language has
9296-427: The money came from small donations—the suggestion from the pulpit was 10 Philippine centavos per week—that often ran out, requiring construction to stop. The foundation stone was laid on January 11, 1953, and on December 1, 1958, the new church was consecrated. The church was dedicated on December 5, 1958, and has been open 24 hours ever since. In February 1973, Archbishop of Kraków , Cardinal Karol Wojtyła offered
9408-734: The northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century , and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as
9520-574: The original Icon was brought down from the altar for restoration and was returned upon its completion on November 27 of the same year. On June 27, 2023, the feast day of Our Mother of Perpetual Help, the shrine was declared an Important Cultural Property by the National Museum of the Philippines . The Modern Romanesque building has a full seating capacity of 2,000, but as many as 11,000 people (including those standing ) can fit inside during Masses. The baldachin , made of marble, serves as
9632-654: The other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano . The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. The term castellano
9744-533: The population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education). In Western Sahara , formerly Spanish Sahara ,
9856-493: The process of canonisation with beatification , and 21 years later Clement-Mary Hofbauer was recognised as a saint by Pope St. Pius X . Acknowledging Hofbauer's 21 most fruitful years in Warsaw, his inclusion in the catalogue of Polish saints was enacted by the Polish Episcopate . Besides being a patron saint of bakers and waiters, he is one of the patron saints of Warsaw. In his iconography Clement-Mary Hofbauer
9968-484: The shrine's centerpiece and is where the icon is enshrined. The ceiling design is patterned on two hands joined as the prayer posture. The belfry, which has mosaics of the icon on its four faces, is built closer to Roxas Boulevard some distance from the shrine. It is topped by a finial in the shape of a simplified Redemptorist coat-of-arms, particularly the Cross , Spear , and sponge on a stick of hyssop . It also hosts
10080-430: The shrine, assisting pilgrims arriving there. After less than six months, however, he left Quintiliolo; while the force of praying for mankind could not be gainsaid, persistent was a call to the priesthood. Hofbauer returned to the priory at Louka; to make himself useful baking bread again, and to resume studying Latin. At age 29, sponsored by two ladies he met while serving at Mass in the priory's basilica (dedicated to
10192-764: The shrine. The original icon enshrined above the main altar came from Germany before priests of the Redemptorist Order brought it to what was then the United States territory of the Philippine Islands in 1906. Since 1958, the shrine has been authorised by the Holy See to remain open 24 hours a day throughout the year. The wider shrine complex also serves as the headquarters of the Manila Vice Province of Congregation of
10304-550: The state were often admixed with mutual mistrust whether within Catholicism or between members of different Christian confessions. Whatever might have been the immediate cause, the Redemptorists' presence in Austria came to an end. Lost in the mêlée were the provincial archives of the order, and documents relating to Clement-Mary Hofbauer's activities. Hofbauer's mortal remains were exhumed in 1862 and transferred to Vienna's Redemptorist church . In 1888, Pope Leo XIII started
10416-537: The term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula . There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that
10528-444: The theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal , local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos , and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese , and, according to some authors,
10640-768: The third most used language on the Internet , after English and Chinese. Spanish is the official language of Spain . Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing
10752-461: The victims of the brutal Marcos dictatorship . The shrine and its attached convent were initially dedicated to Saint Thérèse of Lisieux ; a grotto statue of the saint on the shrine grounds memorializes her patronage. The first Redemptorists came to the Philippines in 1906 and set up a community at Opon, Cebu . The Redemptorist community first went to Malate in 1913, where they built a small, popular shrine to Our Mother of Perpetual Help. By 1932,
10864-493: The way. They met the apostolic delegate, Archbishop Saluzzo. With bad roads and wintery weather, he signalled his guests should stay in the capital for the time being. The bishop of Poznań , in whose diocese Warsaw lay, entrusted them with the church dedicated to St Benno , to serve the German-speaking people of Warsaw. Hofbauer and his companions were also charged with the interim care of a former Jesuit church . This
10976-585: The whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages "). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), on
11088-445: The work at the church and in the Redemptorist community. Reception of the sacraments had risen from 2,000 (in 1787) to over 100,000. From among the boys under his care, Clement-Mary Hofbauer started to recruit future Redemptorists. After ensuring they got into junior high schools, he himself undertook teaching them philosophy and theology, maintaining this until presented for ordination. He had seven priests after eight years. A novitiate
11200-638: The world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences . Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English. Spanish is used as an official language by many international organizations , including the United Nations , European Union , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , African Union , among others. In Spain and some other parts of
11312-688: Was a Moravian hermit and later a priest of the Redemptorist congregation . He established his congregation, founded in Italy , north of the Alps . For this he is considered a co-founder of the congregation. He was widely known for his lifelong dedication to care of the poor during a tumultuous period in Europe , that had left thousands destitute. He laboured in the care of the Polish people until expelled, when he moved to Austria . Clement-Mary Hofbauer
11424-477: Was also founded. There were 18 priests by 1803. In 1808 there were 36 Redemptorists. After the French took over in 1806 a law was passed that forbade local pastors from letting the Redemptorists preach missions in their parishes. There followed an even harsher prohibition from preaching and hearing confessions in their own church of St. Benno's. King Frederick Augustus I was powerless to stop those who wished rid of
11536-581: Was developed in the cities of Toledo , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid , from the 1570s. The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages , including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in
11648-622: Was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages ). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus , much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language
11760-505: Was established as a client state. The impact of King Frederick Augustus' rule was subordinated to French requirements. What little remained in the Warsaw Duchy was now to resource military ambitions elsewhere. Throughout Hofbauer's 21 years in Warsaw, he can have counted upon neither public security nor institutional stability. The three partitions of Poland brought about great bloodshed. Enemy forces were overwhelming, notwithstanding
11872-713: Was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h- , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f -/ h - doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make")
11984-790: Was initially thought lost until a De La Salle brother found it among other valuable objects that the Japanese had seized and abandoned at the Old Bilibid prison . Contrary to popular belief, the Perpetual Help Novena did not originate in Baclaran, but at the Redemptorist Church dedicated to Saint Clement Hofbauer in La Paz, Iloilo City , first held on May 6, 1946. After witnessing the devotion of Ilonggos to
12096-569: Was next to the cathedral ; after the dissolution of the Jesuits in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth fourteen years earlier, the church had fallen into disrepair. At the same time, an orphanage and a school for the families of manual craftsmen were put under their care. Charged with all this, Hofbauer and his companions had to see things through. They ended up remaining in Warsaw. After an audience with King Stanisław August Poniatowski , Hofbauer and his companions gained material assistance. Help
12208-528: Was promised also from the Commission of National Education , and the Sejm (Parliament) in Grodno. This notwithstanding, sometimes Clement-Mary Hofbauer had to seek alms. The story goes that on one occasion he went begging at a local pub. When he asked for a donation, one of the customers scornfully spat beer into Hofbauer's face. Wiping off the beer, he responded, "That was for me. Now what do you have for my boys?" It
12320-462: Was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period . Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in
12432-509: Was to be started without Hofbauer. He fell ill in early March 1820, and had died by 15 March. Clement-Mary Hofbauer's funeral was a big event in Vienna. Revolution broke out in Vienna on 13 March 1848. The State Chancellor Metternich was overthrown. The press was released from censorship. A constitution was proclaimed. Within six months, all feudal obligations on peasants were abolished. In the lead up to 1848, polarisation between and within organised religions had long been pervasive. Tensions with
12544-454: Was virtually a puppet. Fifteen years earlier, a partition had been forced on the country, land being distributed between Austria, Russia, and Prussia. In 1791, a parliamentary constitution was promulgated; historically the second written constitution after that of the United States in 1787. The constitution “assumed a symbolic importance… It was the Bill of Rights of the Polish tradition,
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