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30-569: There is known to be a temple of the deity Kittum at Bad-tibira. It has been suggested that Ninsheshegarra, an aspect of the goddess Geshtinanna who is sister of Dumuzid , was worshiped in the temple Esheshegarra at Bad-tibira. According to the Sumerian King List , Bad-tibira was the second city to "exercise kingship" in Sumer before the flood, following Eridu . These kings were said to be En-men-lu-ana , En-men-gal-ana and Dumuzid

60-458: A cone, of which there are many exemplars, from the site records the friendship pact of Entemena , governor of Lagash , and Lugal-kinishedudu , governor of Uruk. It identifies Entemena as the builder of the temple E-mush to Inanna and Dumuzid, under his local epithet Lugal -E-mush. "For the goddess Inanna and the god Lugal-emush, En-metena, ruler of Lagash, Built the E-mush (“House — Radiance [of

90-573: A deity from the circle of Adad who was also associated with justice. In the Neo-Babylonian period both of them were additionally grouped with Ūmu and Dajjānu. It is possible that she was among the deities worshiped in Ebabbar, the temple of Shamash located in this city. Outside Sippar, the pair Kittum and Misharu is also attested in the Tākultu ritual from Assur . References to this pair as

120-488: A grand fashion the great wall of Bad-tibira". Isin ruler Lipit-Ishtar , "the shepherd of Nippur ", claimed to have built the "House of Righteousness" there. The city was under the control of Larsa during the long reign of Rim-Sîn I . During the reign of Rîm-Anum , a ruler of Uruk during the Old Babylonian period, a šagina-official of Bad₃-tibira is recorded as being received by military scribes at Uruk. The site

150-515: A survey (generally known as the Warka Survey) was conducted the region, marking Tell Jidr as site WS-004. The ancient city of Adab lay just to the northwest. Two inscribed bricks of Gudea , ruler of Lagash were found at the site. The surface of the main two mounds is dominated with the remains from the Parthian and Sassanian periods. The northeast mound is 1300 meters by 1000 meters and

180-505: A temple to the goddess Inanna in Zabala. After the fall of Akkad, Zabala came into the sphere of the city-state of Isin as reported by the year names of several rulers including Itar-pisa and Ur-Ninurta. The town was later subject to Abisare of Larsa , whose year name reported the building of the "Favorite of Inanna of Zabalam" canal. During the Ur III period, Zabala was controlled by

210-715: A text referring to her as a "daughter" is now known. She is also attested in the god list An = Anum and in Šurpu . An illness called "hand of Iqbi-damiq" is mentioned in a medical text alongside "hand of Nanaya " and "hand of Kanisurra ." Sources from the Old Babylonian period attest the existence of two temples of Kittum, one in Bad-tibira and another in Raḫabu, a settlement located near Larsa . Their ceremonial names are presently unknown, and available documents simply refer to both as É Ki-it-tim . In offering lists from Sippar , Kittum commonly appears alongside Mīšaru ,

240-615: Is an itinerary of the Uruk ruler Utu-hengal in his campaign against the Gutian ruler Tirigan and the fact that during the Ur III empire Karkar was part of the province of Umma (the city of Umma lies 17 kilometers northwest of Tell Jidr). From 2016 to 2018 the QADIS regional survey conducted satellite, drone, surface survey, soundings, and geoarchaeological boring at Tell Jidr (QD013). It found that

270-412: Is known. The deities Mamu and Sisig were regarded as her siblings. Iqbi-damiq functioned as Kittum's sukkal. Instances of a sukkal having a sukkal of their own, while known, should be regarded as an anomaly according to Richard L. Litke. Iqbi-damiq's name means "she said 'it is fine!'" Wilfred G. Lambert 's earlier translation, "he spoke, it is pleasant," presumed Iqbi-damiq was male. However,

300-742: Is my joy". She is also one of the Mesopotamian deities who appear in Akkadian theophoric names from Susa from the same period. Zabalam Zabala , also Zabalam ( 𒍝𒈽𒀕𒆠 zabalam , Sumerian - MUŠ 3 .UNU , modern Tell Ibzeikh (also Tell el-Buzekh or Tell Ibzaykh), Dhi Qar Governorate , Iraq ) was a city of ancient Sumer in Mesopotamia , located in what is now the Dhi Qar governorate in Iraq . In early archaeology this location

330-590: The Jemdet Nasr period including a list of early sites - Ur, Nippur, Larsa, Uruk, Kes, and Zabalam. The earliest historical record, a bowl inscription, indicates that Zabala was under the control of Lugalzagesi of Umma . This is further supported by tablets from that period. The city is also known to have been under the control of Me'annedu, father of Lugalzagesi. In the Sargonic Period, Rimush of Akkad reports Zabala as attempting to rebel against

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360-678: The Ur governor in Umma which was the capital of Umma Province. Cuneiform texts state that Hammurabi built Zabala's temple Ezi-Kalam-ma (House of the Life of the Land) to the goddess Inanna. The temple of Inanna in Zabalam is the subject of hymn 26 from a collection known as Temple Hymns , traditionally attributed to Enheduanna . The roughly rectangular site, which covers an areas of about 61 hectares,

390-491: The "attendants of Ekur " ( mazzāz Ekur ) are also known from Neo-Assyrian sources. Theophoric names invoking Kittum are known from Larsa and Ur , two examples being Kittum-lizziz and Apil-Kittum. She is also attested in women's theophoric names from Old Babylonian Mari . She is one of the seven goddesses appearing in names with the element - šimhī , the other six being Annu , Admu , Ishtar , Išḫara , Aya and Tabubu. The name Kittum-šimhī can be translated as "Kittum

420-536: The E-mush (“House — Radiance [of the Land]”) of Pa-tibira, his beloved temple, restoring it. ...". Pa-tibira appear to be an alternate spelling of Bad-tibira. In the Isin-Larsa Period possession of the city passed between Larsa and Isin . Larsa ruler Sin-Iddinam (c. 1785- 1778 BC) claimed, on a cone thought to be from the site, to have built the great wall of Bad-tibira "by means of his triumph he built in

450-469: The Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences worked at the site. The following list should not be considered complete: "Then Eridu fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira." "3 kings; they ruled for 108,000 years. Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larak ." Kittum Kittum , also known as Niĝgina , was a Mesopotamian goddess who was regarded as

480-462: The Land]”), their beloved temple, and ordered (these) clay nails(?) for them. En-metena, who built the E-mush temple — is personal god is the god Sul-MUS×PA. At that time En-metena, ruler of Lagash, and Lugal-kinishe-dudu, ruler of Uruk, established a brotherhood (pact) (between themselves)." A foundation tablet of En-metena from the site, with multiple exemplars, also mentioned the building of E-Mush "... At that time, En-metena built for Lugalemush,

510-561: The Shepherd . The early Sumerian text Inanna 's descent to the netherworld mentions the city's temple, E -mush-kalamma(a temple to Lulal ). In this tale, Inanna dissuades demons from the netherworld from taking Lulal , patron of Bad-tibira, who was living in squalor. They eventually take Dumuzid, who lived in palatial opulence at Uruk . This Dumuzid is called "the Shepherd", who on the King List resides at Bad-Tibira in contrast to

540-556: The control of the Akkadian Empire : "Rimuš, king of the world, in battle over Adab and Zabalam was victorious, and 15,718 men he struck down, and 14,576 captives he took. Further, Meskigala , governor of Adab, he captured, and Lugalgalzu , governor of Zabalam, he captured. Their cities he conquered, and their walls he destroyed. Further, from their two cities many men he expelled, and to annihilation he consigned them" Shar-kali-sharri and Naram-Sin both reported building

570-574: The embodiment of truth . She belonged to the circle of the sun god Utu /Shamash and was associated with law and justice. Kittum's name means "truth" in Akkadian and she was regarded as a divine hypostasis of this concept. Kittum's Sumerian counterpart, Niĝgina, is not attested before the Old Babylonian period , and it is possible that the Akkadian name was older, which would make Niĝgina an artificial translation. A possible forerunner to

600-548: The extended site covered 430 hectares. Two inscribed bricks of the Ur III ruler Ur-Nammu were found which contained a dedication to Ishkur which would support the identification of the location as Karkar. It is difficult to confirm at this point if the bricks have not been re-used from another location, especially in the case of the Gudea bricks. The site is heavily pitted from robbers looking for coins, glass, and jewelry. in March 2023

630-399: The first of his daughters, but some copies instead refer to her as his sukkal (divine vizier), and one lists Kittum and Niĝgina as two separate deities, with the former referred to as a son and the later as a daughter of Utu. Jacob Klein argues that Kittum was regarded as the sun god's "primary" daughter. He points out a text describing her as the "beloved daughter of Utu" ( dumu kiag Utu )

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660-498: The idea of a goddess embodying truth are proverbs or dialogues copied in scribal schools in which truth was personified . Names with the element niĝgina are already attested in sources from the Ur III period , one example being Niĝginaidug ("truth is good"), but there is no indication that they were necessarily theophoric , and the word is written without the dingir sign which preceded divine names. Kittum could alternatively be equated with another of Utu's courtiers, Nigzida, but

690-457: The meaning of the latter name was not identical, and terms like " fidelity " or " righteousness " are considered more accurate translations. Kittum was one of the deities associated with law and justice. She could be invoked in legal texts as a divine witness. There are differences regarding the position of Kittum in Utu 's court between individual copies of An = Anum . She usually appears as

720-543: The post-diluvian Dumuzid, the Fisherman , who reigns in Uruk. A cone found at the site marked the construction by Ur-Nammu (c. 2100 BC), a ruler of the Ur III empire, of the Iturungal canal. "For the goddess Inanna, [la]dy of Eanna, his lady, Ur-Nammu, mighty man, king of Ur, king of the lands of Sumer and Akkad, dug for her the Iturungal canal, her beloved canal" The "brotherhood text" in cuneiform inscriptions on

750-653: The somewhat lower southeast mound is 1400 meters by 700 meters. At various locations around the site remains of the Ubaid, Uruk, Early Dynastic I, Kassite, and into the Sassanian period (without evidence of Neo-Babylonian or Achaemenid on the surface). The ruins of the Early Islamic site of Imam Dhahir lies adjacent. At various times a number of city names have been proposed for the site including Karkar, Irisaĝrig , KI.AN, Kesh , and Dabrum. The primary evidence for Karkar

780-688: The surface of the large mound bore witness to the city's destruction by fire. In 1965 Vaughn E. Crawford of the Metropolitan Museum of Art visited the site, noting that surface pottery indicated occupation until about 1500 BC. The site, on the Tigris River in modern Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate in Iraq, lay on the ancient Iturungal canal which also connected Adab, Umma, and Zabalam. In particular it lies between Adab and Zabalam . At its maximum extent it covered an area of 130 hectares. In 1967

810-477: Was also called Tel el-Buzekh. Locally it is called Tell Bzikh. Zabala was at the crossing of the ancient Iturungal and Ninagina canals, 10 kilometers to the northwest of Umma . The city's deity was Inanna of Zabala . A cuneiform tablet from Zabala contains one of only a few metro-mathematical tables of area measures from the Early Dynastic Period . The first mentions of Zabala are in seals from

840-486: Was first identified during the South Mesopotamian Mound Survey in 1954. It consists of three main mounds, east, west, and south. It is surrounded by a wall which was "built of brick and clay with plaster material, and is decorated with buttresses and recesses". Beginning in the early 1900s, a great deal of illegal excavation occurred in Zabala. An example of writing from the time of Hammurabi

870-607: Was removed from Zabala during this period. This activity reached a new height in the 1990s, at which time the Iraqi State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage authorized an official excavation, the first at the site. Two seasons of excavation, in 2001 and 2002, occurred under the direction of Haider Al-Subaihawi. Several public and religious buildings were uncovered, a number of cuneiform tablets and an inscribed stone foundation cylinder of Warad-Sin , king of Larsa were found. A bronze sculpture ( canephor , which

900-526: Was visited in 1927 by Raymond P. Dougherty for a day. He reports that the site covered about a square mile with the western mound being the largest with low extensions bearing off a mile to the north. Numbers baked bricks were seen along with door sockets, flint saw blades, and a bronze needle. Some badly effaced half-bricks on the surface of the mound bore the inscription of Amar-Sin , of the Third Dynasty of Ur . Pieces of vitrified brick scattered over

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