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61-596: The establishment of the BKR was a change from the results of the PPKI session on 19 August 1945 that had previously planned the formation of the national army. The amendment was finally decided on 22 August 1945 not to form a national army. This decision is based on various political considerations. The leaders of the time chose to take more diplomacy to gain recognition of the newly proclaimed independence. The armed Japanese occupation troops, complete with falling mental defeat, became

122-565: A wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention . Sumatra has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest since 1980. Many species are now critically endangered , such as the Sumatran ground cuckoo , the Sumatran tiger , the Sumatran elephant , the Sumatran rhinoceros , and the Sumatran orangutan . Deforestation on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as

183-491: A 9.2 earthquake shook Bengkulu and Western Sumatra. Both events caused large tsunamis . Earthquakes are very common throughout the coastal area of the west and center of the island, and tsunamis are common due to the high seismicity in the area. By population, Medan is the largest city in Sumatra. Medan is also the most visited and developed city in Sumatra. Sumatra supports a wide range of vegetation types that are home to

244-538: A Japanese defeat seemed imminent. After receiving several months of training, the Heiho troops were considered to have better military capabilities than PETA troops. On that basis, Heiho members were reassigned to air defence , field artillery , armor , mortar , and logistics units. The recruitment of Heiho into the Japanese army was followed by their recruitment as Kenpeihō (憲兵法, "Auxiliary military police") for

305-569: A consideration as well, to avoid clashes when a national army was immediately formed. Members of the BKR at that time were young Indonesians who had previously received military education as Heiho soldiers, Pembela Tanah Air (PETA), the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) and others. The central BKR headquarters was located in Jakarta, led by Moefreni Moekmin. Through official decree on 5 October 1945,

366-549: A meeting was held to form BKR which was attended by Moestopo , Jonosewojo, Soengkono, and Sukarno. The result of the meeting was a September 10, 1945 resolution to the former members of PETA, Heiho, and other youths, and indirectly to veterans of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, calling on them to answer the call to service, joining battalions of the PSA in their communities. The announcement of

427-528: A rich variety of species, including 17 endemic genera of plants. Unique species include the Sumatran pine which dominates the Sumatran tropical pine forests of the higher mountainsides in the north of the island and rainforest plants such as Rafflesia arnoldii (the world's largest individual flower), and the titan arum (the world's largest unbranched inflorescence ). The island is home to 201 mammal species and 580 bird species. There are nine endemic mammal species on mainland Sumatra and 14 more endemic to

488-675: A stiff economic decline as the heritage of the Srivijaya empire was superseded by the economic policy of the Singhasari and Majapahit . The Palembang sultanate experienced a terminal decline in the early 19th century. With the coming of the Dutch Empire , the many Sumatran princely states gradually fell under their control. Aceh posed major obstacles, as the Dutch were involved in the long and costly Aceh War (1873–1903). During

549-495: Is also an area in the archipelago that received the spread of Islam first compared to other islands or other areas. The island of Sumatra became the first area to receive the spread of Islam because of the position of the island of Sumatra which is close to the Malacca strait. The initial process of Islamization related to trade and also the formation of the kingdom. Islam entered Sumatra through pious Arabs and Tamil traders in

610-521: Is also used as an inter-ethnic means of communication in some parts of Aceh province. Religion in Sumatra (2023) The majority of people in Sumatra are Muslims (87.12%), while 10.69% are Christians, and less than 2.19% are Buddhists and Hindus. Sumatra is one of seven geographical regions of Indonesia , which includes its adjacent smaller islands. Sumatra was one of the eight original provinces of Indonesia between 1945 and 1948. Including adjacent archipelagoes normally included with Sumatra (such as

671-583: Is the largest producer of Indonesian coffee . Small-holders grow Arabica coffee ( Coffea arabica ) in the highlands, while Robusta ( Coffea canephora ) is found in the lowlands. Arabica coffee from the regions of Gayo, Lintong and Sidikilang is typically processed using the Giling Basah (wet hulling) technique, which gives it a heavy body and low acidity. Sumatra is a highly seismic island. Huge earthquakes have been recorded throughout history. In 1797, an 8.9 earthquake shook Western Sumatra, and in 1833,

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732-489: The Kenpeitai and Kaigun Heiho (海軍兵補, "Navy auxiliaries") for the Japanese navy. Heiho were not led by ethnic Indonesian commanders, but were under the command of Japanese officers. The training given was not related to organizational or military theory, but solely to physical fitness , the concept of seishin (精神, "spirit"), and the fostering of death-defying courage. By the end of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia,

793-529: The 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake and the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami . Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred around 74,000 years ago, representing a climate-changing event. The most important rivers in Sumatra belong to the catchment area of the South China Sea . Heading north to south, the Asahan , Rokan , Siak , Kampar , Indragiri , Batanghari flow into

854-404: The 2013 Southeast Asian haze which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries Malaysia and Singapore . The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an ecocide . Several unconnected railway networks built during Netherlands East Indies exist in Sumatra, such as

915-871: The Barisan Mountains in the west and swampy plains in the east. Sumatra is the closest Indonesian island to mainland Asia. To the southeast is Java , separated by the Sunda Strait . To the north is the Malay Peninsula (located on the Asian mainland), separated by the Strait of Malacca . To the east is Borneo , across the Karimata Strait . West of the island is the Indian Ocean . The Great Sumatran fault (a strike-slip fault), and

976-702: The Imperial General Headquarters on 2 September 1942 and began recruiting members on 22 April 1943. The Japanese Sendenbu (宣伝部, "Publicity Department") propagated that Heiho was an opportunity for young people to serve their homeland and people. The requirements to become a member of Heiho were to be between 18–25 years old, have a minimum height of 1.10 m (3 ft 7 + 1 ⁄ 2  in), an average weight of 45 kg (99 lb), be physically and mentally healthy, be well-behaved, and have completed at least primary education . The selected youths were promised to become members of

1037-623: The Java -based " Defenders of the Homeland " (PETA; Indonesian : Pembela Tanah Air , Japanese : 郷土防衛義勇軍 , romanized :  Kyōdo Bōei Giyūgun ). Indonesian youths who joined the Heiho were never given high ranks or positions, contrasted by the young people who were members of PETA or other Giyūgun and often received appointments and promotions. This discrimination carried over into public life, where Heiho members had to salute any Japanese citizen , both civilians and military. The name

1098-532: The Malacca Strait , while the island's largest river, the Musi , flows into the sea at Bangka Strait in the south. To the east, big rivers carry silt from the mountains, forming the vast lowland interspersed by swamps. Even if mostly unsuitable for farming, the area is currently of great economic importance for Indonesia. It produces oil from both above and below the soil – palm oil and petroleum . Sumatra

1159-573: The People's Security Agency (BKR; Indonesian : Badan Keamanan Rakyat ). Sumatra Sumatra ( / s ʊ ˈ m ɑː t r ə / ) is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia . It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km (182,812 mi. ), including adjacent islands such as

1220-584: The Second World War , Japan invaded Sumatra in 1942. The Free Aceh Movement fought against Indonesian government forces in the Aceh Insurgency from 1976 to 2005. Security crackdowns in 2001 and 2002 resulted in several thousand civilian deaths. The island was heavily impacted by both the 1883 Krakatoa eruption and the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami . Sumatra’s population as of 2023 was estimated to be about 60,795,669 ; it has about

1281-478: The Simeulue , Nias , Mentawai , Enggano , Riau Islands , Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago . Sumatra is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest–southeast axis. The Indian Ocean borders the northwest, west, and southwest coasts of Sumatra, with the island chain of Simeulue , Nias , Mentawai , and Enggano off the western coast. In the northeast, the narrow Strait of Malacca separates

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1342-577: The Sunda megathrust (a subduction zone ), run the entire length of the island along its west coast. On 26 December 2004, the western coast and islands of Sumatra, particularly Aceh province, were struck by a tsunami following the Indian Ocean earthquake . This was the longest earthquake recorded, lasting between 500 and 600 seconds (8.33–10 minutes). More than 170,000 Indonesians were killed, primarily in Aceh. Other recent earthquakes to strike Sumatra include

1403-479: The 13th century. In terms of economic development the port of Banda Aceh only started to face competition in the 18th century when more ports were constructed in Sumatra for maritime transport . Nevertheless, major pepper suppliers used the port of Banda Aceh at the beginning of the 19th century. The port in Medan grew swiftly in the late 19th and early 20th century. Meanwhile the medium sized port of Palembang faced

1464-1250: The 2010 census (including Riau Islands , Bangka Belitung , Nias , Mentawai , Simeulue and islands around it) There are over 52 languages spoken, all of which (except Chinese and Tamil) belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, they are divided into several sub-branches: Chamic (which are represented by Acehnese in which its closest relatives are languages spoken by Ethnic Chams in Cambodia and Vietnam), Malayic ( Malay , Minangkabau and other closely related languages), Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands ( Batak languages , Gayo and others), Lampungic (includes Proper Lampung and Komering ) and Bornean (represented by Rejang in which its closest linguistic relatives are Bukar Sadong and Land Dayak spoken in West Kalimantan and Sarawak ( Malaysia )). Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands and Lampungic branches are endemic to

1525-477: The 6th and 7th centuries AD. At the beginning and end of the 13th century the formation of the kingdom, the king of the Samudra kingdom had converted to Islam. Marco Polo visited the island in 1292, and his fellow Italian Odoric of Pordenone in 1321. Aceh in the north of Sumatra became known in the 16th century as trading centre for the pepper trade by shipping quality piperaceae ( pepper ). Aceh became

1586-655: The Assisting Defense Agency ( Indonesian : Badan Pembantu Pembelaan ), or BPP. BPP already existed during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies and was responsible for maintaining the welfare of PETA and Heiho. But on August 18, 1945, four days before the formation of BKR, Japan disbanded PETA and Heiho. The responsibility to accommodate former PETA and Heiho members was handed to BPKKP. President Sukarno on 23 August 1945 announced

1647-781: The BKR Center in Jakarta. BKR Jakarta is led by Moefreni Moekmin assisted by Priyatna, Soeroto Koento , Daan Yahya , Daan Mogot , Sujono, and Latief Hendraningrat. In Bogor, BKR was formed in October 1945 and was pioneered by former PETA members Husein Sastranegara and Ibrahim Adjie. In Parahyangan , a BKR group was formed on August 28, 1945, and led by Arudji Kartawinata (former Daidan PETA in Cimahi ) and Pardjaman (former Daidan PETA in Bandung ). The establishment of BKR Parahyangan

1708-558: The BKR of the Central Bandung Railway Station ( Indonesian : Balai Besar Kereta Api Bandung ) and other railway stations. Due to limited communication facilities at that time, not all regions in Indonesia know the formation of BKR. In eastern Sumatra and Aceh , BKR never formed. But generally, the youths in the area formed an organization that would form the core of the army. In Aceh, youth established

1769-543: The BKR was changed to the People's Security Forces (TKR) and, after several name changes, eventually became the Indonesian National Armed Forces . On 19 August 1945 in the PPKI session, two PPKI members Abikoesno Tjokrosoejoso and Oto Iskandar di Nata proposed the raising of a national defense force for the new republic. However, the proposal was rejected because it could provoke clashes with

1830-547: The Imperial Army or Imperial Japanese Navy . In practice, however, Heiho were mostly put to work performing menial labor for the Japanese Army; constructing fortifications, digging trenches, and guarding prisoners. As a result, Heiho quickly became a lightly-armed labor force as the only weapons handed out to the auxiliaries were taiken (隊剣, "corps sword"). Later, the Heiho members were given firearms when

1891-540: The Indonesian Youth Force (API; Indonesian : Angkatan Pemuda Indonesia ), and youths in Palembang formed the People's Security Guard (PKR; Indonesian : Penjaga Keamanan Rakyat ) or the People's Security Guard Agency (BPKR; Indonesian : Badan Penjaga Keamanan Rakyat ). The youth who disagreed with the establishment of the BKR formed separate resistance organizations that generally supported

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1952-508: The Indonesian government announced a plan to protect Sumatra's remaining forests. The island includes more than 10 national parks, including three which are listed as the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Site – Gunung Leuser National Park , Kerinci Seblat National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park . The Berbak National Park is one of three national parks in Indonesia listed as

2013-639: The Japanese were being pushed back by the Allies . They would also be sent to the front lines with Japanese forces and became involved in combat on several battlefields of the Pacific War , including in the Philippines , Thailand , Morotai (in present-day Indonesia ), Rabaul ( Papua New Guinea ), Balikpapan (Indonesia), and Burma . Due to lack of training, they were more often than not used as cannon fodder or "martyred" as suicide bombers when

2074-607: The Nanpo Koku Kabusyiki and veterans of the Imperial Army and Navy, as well as Indonesian servicemen from these services. Heiho Heiho ( 兵補 , Heiho , " Auxiliaries ") were units raised by the Imperial Japanese Army during its occupation of the Dutch East Indies in World War II . Alongside the Heiho , the Japanese organized Giyūgun (義勇軍, "Volunteer army"), such as

2135-686: The Portuguese throughout the 16th and 17th century. When the Dutch were weakened in the 18th century the British empire began to actively intervene in Aceh, establishing close relations between Banda Aceh and Penang . In the 17th and 18th century the Aceh Sultanate battled the Siak sultanate in the south of Sumatra. The port city of Banda Aceh was recorded in European historical writings since

2196-563: The Riau Islands, Nias and the Bangka-Belitung group), it now covers ten of Indonesia's 38 provinces , which are set out below with their areas and populations. The longest axis of the island runs approximately 1,790 km (1,110 mi) northwest–southeast, crossing the equator near the centre. At its widest point, the island spans 435 km (270 mi). The interior of the island is dominated by two geographical regions:

2257-519: The backbone of the island, while the northeastern area contains large plains and lowlands with swamps, mangrove forest and complex river systems. The equator crosses the island at its centre in West Sumatra and Riau provinces. The climate of the island is tropical , hot, and humid. Lush tropical rain forest once dominated the landscape. Sumatra has a wide range of plant and animal species but has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest in

2318-640: The establishment of BKR was also greeted enthusiastically by the youths who served in the marine sector, ex-Indonesian personnel of the Imperial Navy and the Royal Netherlands Navy, the employees of Jawa Unko Kaisha and the students and teachers of the High School of Sailing. They took the initiative to maintain order and security in port towns and cities. Pioneered by Mas Pardi, the youths held meetings. The result of these meetings

2379-668: The establishment of BKR. The President made a speech by inviting youth volunteers, former members of PETA, Heiho, and the Imperial Japanese Navy to gather on August 24, 1945, in their respective regions. In Jakarta, youth and former PETA successfully formulated the BKR structure by the territorial structure of the Japanese occupation. These youths call themselves BKR administrators at the central level consisting of Kaprawi, Sutaklasana, Latief Hendraningrat, Arifin Abdurrachman, Machmud, and Zulkifli Lubis . Meanwhile,

2440-690: The formation of BKR outside Jakarta was spearheaded by Arudji Kartawinata ( West Java ), Drg Mustopo ( East Java ), and Sudirman ( Central Java ). In addition to BKR Land, BKR Sea was also formed which was spearheaded by former students and teachers from the High School of Sailing ( Indonesian : Sekolah Pelayaran Tinggi ) and the sailors from the Shipping Service ( Indonesian : Jawatan Pelayaran ) consisting of Mas Pardi , Adam, Eddy Martadinata and R Suryadi. Especially in West Java, Hidayat, and Kartakusumah as former KNIL officers joined and led

2501-849: The independence cause. In Bandung there was the Indonesian Youth Student Association (P3I; Indonesian : Persatuan Pemuda Pelajar Indonesia ), in Surabaya , there was the Indonesian Young Generation (AMI; Indonesian : Angkatan Muda Indonesia ), in Padang there is the Indonesian Youth Information Center (BPPI; Indonesian : Balai Penerangan Pemuda Indonesia ), and in South Kalimantan , there

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2562-417: The individual Heiho soldier. The monthly salary of a Heiho was only 30 rupiah for bachelors and 35 rupiah for married members. Still, many youths hoped that recruitment into Heiho would serve as a stepping stone for a military career to improve their social standing, receive Japanese salaries, and avoid the rōmusha forced labor system. The auxiliary force was formed by order of the army section of

2623-695: The island from the Malay Peninsula , which is an extension of the Eurasian continent. In the southeast, the narrow Sunda Strait , containing the Krakatoa Archipelago , separates Sumatra from Java . The northern tip of Sumatra is near the Andaman Islands , while off the southeastern coast lie the islands of Bangka and Belitung, Karimata Strait and the Java Sea . The Bukit Barisan mountains, which contain several active volcanoes, form

2684-678: The island. Like all parts of Indonesia, Indonesian (which was based on Riau Malay) is the official language and the main lingua franca. Although Sumatra has its own local lingua franca, variants of Malay like Medan Malay and Palembang Malay are popular in North and South Sumatra, especially in urban areas. Minangkabau (Padang dialect) is popular in West Sumatra, some parts of North Sumatra, Bengkulu, Jambi and Riau (especially in Pekanbaru and areas bordered with West Sumatra ) while Acehnese

2745-590: The lands of the new republic. On August 20, 1945, the Family Assistance Service for Victims of War (BPKKP; Indonesian : Badan Penolong Keluarga Korban Perang ), was established and on August 22, 1945, the People's Security Agency (BKR; Indonesian : Badan Keamanan Rakyat ), was formed, which was part of BPKKP, which was originally called the Assistant Maid Agency ( Indonesian : Badan Pembantu Prajurit ) and later became

2806-635: The last 35 years. Many species are now critically endangered , such as the Sumatran ground cuckoo , the Sumatran tiger , the Sumatran elephant , the Sumatran rhinoceros , and the Sumatran orangutan . Deforestation on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as the 2013 Southeast Asian haze which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries Malaysia and Singapore . The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an ecocide . Sumatra

2867-413: The main commercial centre of the Aceh Sultanate and trading routes were established to the Mediterranean via the Red Sea to rival the Portuguese shipping lanes . The reign of Iskandar Muda is known as the golden age of Sumatra because he extended the cultural influence of the Aceh Sultanate to Padang and Johor . The Aceh Sultanate sustained the rivalry with the Johor sultanate , the Dutch, and

2928-405: The milestone of Kepaksian Sekala Brak in the 13th century AD with the Dalom building. At the same time, the spread of Islam in Indonesia occurred gradually and indirectly, starting from the western regions such as the Sumatra area which became the first place for the spread of Islam in the archipelago, then Java, then to the eastern regions of Indonesia, Sulawesi and Maluku. The island of Sumatra

2989-432: The name for the entire island. By the year 692 , the Melayu Kingdom was absorbed by Srivijaya . Srivijaya's influence waned in the 11th century, specifically in the year 1025, after suffering defeat at the hands of the Chola Empire in southern India By the end of the 12th century, Srivijaya had been reduced to a kingdom, and its dominant role in South Sumatra ended with the last king, Ratu Sekekhummong, who founded

3050-416: The nearby Mentawai Islands . There are about 300 freshwater fish species in Sumatra. There are 93 amphibian species in Sumatra, 21 of which are endemic to Sumatra. The Sumatran tiger , Sumatran rhinoceros , Sumatran elephant , Sumatran ground cuckoo , Sumatran orangutan and Tapanuli orangutan are all critically endangered, indicating the highest level of threat to their survival. In October 2008,

3111-442: The number of Heiho troops was estimated to be 42,000 men (24,873 on Java, 2,504 on Timor , and c. 15,000 in other areas). The Heiho was dissolved by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI; Indonesian : Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia , Japanese : 独立準備委員会 , romanized :  Dokuritsu Junbi Iinkai ) after the surrender of Japan and a number of auxiliaries went on to become members of

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3172-399: The occupying Imperial Japanese Army who were still armed and invited the intervention of Allied troops who would disarm the Japanese army after the Surrender of Japan . The 344,000 Japanese troops throughout Indonesia were mentally devastated by losing the war. With an unstable mental state, they were given the task by the allied forces to maintain security in Indonesia until they arrive in

3233-503: The relationship between India and the Indonesian archipelago. In the late 13th century, Marco Polo referred to the kingdom as Samara , while his contemporary fellow Italian traveller Odoric of Pordenone used the form Sumoltra . Later in the 14th century the local form "Sumatra" became popular abroad due to the rising power of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai and the subsequent Sultanate of Aceh . From then on, subsequent European writers mostly used Sumatra or similar forms of

3294-473: The same number of inhabitants as South Africa , making it the fifth-most populous island in the world . Yet because it is such a large island, it is not densely populated: it has an average of about 126 people per km . The largest indigenous ethnic groups in Sumatra are Malays, Minangkabaus, Bataks, Acehnese, and Lampungs. Other major non-indigenous ethnic groups are Javanese , Sundanese , and Chinese . Below are 11 largest ethnic groups in Sumatra based on

3355-428: The tenth through thirteenth centuries, in reference to a kingdom near modern-day Banda Aceh which was the first landfall for traders. The island has also been known by other names, including Andalas or Percha Island . Scholars suggest that mention of Suwarnadwipa in the Hindu Epic the Ramayana may be a reference to Sumatra. According to experts on The Ramayana , the epic is one of the first sources to document

3416-414: Was followed by the formation of BKR groups in Garut , Tasikmalaya , Ciamis , Majalengka , and Purwakarta . BKR Lembang is led by Amir Machmud while BKR Sumedang is led by Umar Wirahadikusumah . BKR groups were also established in other regions of Indonesia. In Central Java, BKR Purwokerto was led by Soedirman , while BKR Surakarta was led by GPH Djatikoesoemo . In Surabaya on August 24, 1945,

3477-451: Was known in ancient times by the Sanskrit names of Svarṇadvīpa ('Island of Gold') and Svarṇabhūmi ('Land of Gold'), because of the gold deposits in the island's highlands . The earliest known mention of the current form "Sumatra" was in 1017, when the local king Haji Sumatrabhumi ("king of the land of Sumatra") sent an envoy to China . Arab geographers referred to the island as Lamri ( Lamuri , Lambri or Ramni ) in

3538-399: Was mostly used to point about Indonesian units of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces, although over time it had become coined as the term to refer to any unit the collaborated with Japan regardless of ethnicity. In addition, there was also a difference in salary, accommodation, and food with the heitai (兵隊, "soldiers") of the Giyūgun , which were adjusted according to the social status of

3599-418: Was spearheaded by former Dutch and Japanese aviators in the air base areas and assisted by youth who had never served in the field of aviation. The former Dutch aviators were former members of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force , the Netherlands Naval Aviation Service and the Volunteer Fir Corps ( Dutch : Vrijwillig Vliegers Corps ). In addition there were former Japanese aviators who served in

3660-473: Was the September 10, 1945 formation of the BKR Navy Center led by Mas Pardi and then endorsed by the Central Indonesian National Committee. After getting the approval from the CINC BKR Navy personnel would later take over the Jawa Unko Kaisha building and buildings in Port of Tanjung Priok . The BKR Navy Center also issued instructions to youth sailors in the area to immediately establish a BKR Sea group in their respective areas. The formation of BKR Air Force

3721-404: Was the Youth League of the Republic of Indonesia (BPRI; Indonesian : Barisan Pemuda Republik Indonesia ). All these independent regional formations formed the basis of the Laskar groups that served as auxiliaries to the armed forces. On 29 August 1945, the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) was established and authorized by the government. Then KNIP endorsed the establishment of

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