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27-436: It was declared a national monument of Spain in 1931. Badajoz was founded by Abd-al Rahman Ibn Marwan in 875. After he had led several rebellions, he was expelled by Mérida but was given the chance to found a new city. Here, on a hill commanding the new city, he built a large citadel which granted Badajoz a strategic role in controlling the passage from Portugal to central Iberia . The current line of walls date mostly from

54-510: A Basque rebellion in 867 and, much later, a Galician one as well. He conquered Porto and Coimbra in 868 and 878 respectively. In about 869, he formed an alliance with the Kingdom of Pamplona , and solidified this link by marrying Jimena, who is thought to have been daughter of king García Íñiguez , or less likely, a member of the Jiménez dynasty , and also married his sister Leodegundia to

81-575: A central arch connecting two square towers with irregularly place windows; the palace has a trapezoidal plan and a cloister. It is currently home to the Provincial Archaeological Museum. Among the towers, the most significant is the Espantaperros Tower ( Spanish : Torre de Espantaperros or Torre de la Atalaya ), built in 1169 and with a height of 30 metres (98 ft). It has an octagonal plan, and

108-550: A prince of Pamplona. The following year, 867, Alfonso had to attend to an uprising in the eastern part of the kingdom, in Alava, according to the Chronicle of Albeda. According to the Chronicle of Sampiro, the revolt was led by Count Eylo. Sampiro describes these events as follows: A messenger arrived from Álava, announcing that their hearts had inflated against the king: hearing that, the monarch decided to march there. Driven by

135-528: Is now northern Portugal and settled near Mérida . In 868, leading a host of Muwallads and Mozarabs , he rebelled against Emir Muhammad I of Córdoba and after a heroic resistance he received honourable surrendering terms from the Emir and was granted what would become the town of Badajoz , which he started to fortify. Anticipating an incoming attack by the Emirate forces, he fled northwards, settling in

162-529: Is surmounted by a small temple added in Mudéjar style in the 16th century. Other towers include: Gates include: The Alcazaba includes also a large park. Ibn Marwan ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Marwān al-Jillīqī ( Arabic : عبد الرحمن بن مروان الجليقي , died c.  889 ), also known as simply al-Jillīqī ( lit.   ' the Galician ' ), was a Muwallad whose family had come from what

189-660: The Almohad age, although there are traces of earlier work from 913 and 1030; in 1169 the Almohad caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf rebuilt the fortress, giving it its current appearance. The last Muslim restoration was carried on by Abu Yahya ibn Abi Sinan in the 13th century, few years before the capture of the city by the Christian King Alfonso IX of León . During the Peninsular War (1805-1813) the citadel

216-610: The Banu Dānis from Coimbra . Between 876 and 877 he also erected the Castle of Marvão , in Portugal, a place already known in the 10th century as Amaia de Ibn Maruán or Fortaleza de Amaia . His dynasty lasted until 930. This biographical article about Al-Andalus is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Alfonso III of Le%C3%B3n Alfonso III ( c.  848  – 20 December 910), called

243-577: The Guadiana river and to the east by the Rivillas torrent. The less steep parts of the slopes and other strategically weak points are defended by towers. The whole line of walls features a parapet, while the barbican and the ditch which once added protection have disappeared. In the towers area was the palace of the lords of Badajoz, featuring several baths and mosques. After the Christian conquest,

270-413: The cathedral of Tours . In 909, Alfonso moved the seat of his government to Oviedo. According to Sampiro , his sons ( García , Ordoño , Gonzalo, Fruela and Ramiro) conspired against him, under the influence of García's father-in-law. Alfonso had García imprisoned but the conspirators were able to free him and he fled to Boiges. However, Alfonso later convinced García to join him in a campaign against

297-526: The Emir of Córdoba, sent him to ingratiate himself with him to the Minister of this, Hashim ibn Abd al-Aziz. Accordingly, in 878, Al-Mundir directed his armies back to Leon and Astorga, while Salid ben Ganim reached the Órbigo. Alfonso, hoping to prevent the union of both armies, went out to meet the second, which he defeated in the battle of Polvoraria, at the confluence of the Órbigo and Esla rivers. Al-Mundir then withdrew, but Alfonso III intercepted him in

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324-567: The Great ( Spanish : el Magno ), was king of Asturias from 866 until his death. He was the son and successor of Ordoño I . After his death, the Kingdom of Asturias was split between his sons, with García inhereting León, Ordoño inhereting Galicia, and Fruela inhereting Asturias. In later sources, he is the earliest to be called " Emperor of Spain ." He was also titled "Prince of all Galicia" ( Princeps totius Galletiae ). Alfonso's reign

351-636: The Guadiana River. As revenge, Mohamed attacked the kingdom of Zaragoza in 882, where Alfonso had sent his son Ordoño to be educated with the Banu Qasi, sons of Musa, advancing through the ancient Roman road to Leon. There was an exchange of prisoners and the Cordovans withdrew. They repeated the campaign in 883 with the same result. In 884 Mohamed I and Alfonso III signed a peace, since both began to have serious internal problems. The great king

378-656: The Moors. Alfonso died in Zamora of natural causes in 910, having reigned for 44 years. Ibn Hayyan likewise tells of an uprising, but says that Alfonso himself was imprisoned. Following his death, the kingdom was divided among his sons: his eldest son, García, became king of León; the second son, Ordoño, reigned in Galicia ; and Fruela received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. These lands would be reunited when García died childless and León passed to Ordoño, while on Ordoño's death

405-918: The Muslim palace which was converted after the Christian conquest was the Military Hospital, now home to the Library of Extremadura. Another building in the Alzacaba is the Palace of the Dukes of Feria , built by the Grand Master of the Order of Santiago , Lorenzo Suárez de Figeroa (1387–1410). Built in Renaissance style with Mudéjar elements, it was restored in the 17th century. The façade features

432-560: The castle of Karkar (now Carquere, near Lamego , Portugal). Afterwards, at Ibn Marwân's request, King Alfonso III of León sent him auxiliary troops and the combined army defeated the Emirate forces. Returning to Badajoz, now a well-fortified city, he established his rule throughout the whole of the Gharb al-Andalus . Together with his ally Sāʿḍūn al-Ṣurunbāqī, the other important Muwallad rebel leader in Gharb al-Andalus, Ibn Marwân expelled

459-404: The emir of Cordoba, Mohammad I, who had started an attack against Porto. After defeating the emir's forces and expelling the Muslim inhabitants of Coimbra and Oporto, Gutiérrez' Christian troops occupied and repopulated other cities, such as Braga, Viseo and Lamego, with men taken from Galicia. Coimbra, Lamego and Viseo were conquered again after 987 by Almanzor and it was not until 1064 when Coimbra

486-418: The fear of their arrival, they quickly recognized their obligations and supplicants, lowered their heads before him and promised that they would remain faithful to his kingdom and authority, and that they would do what was commanded. In this way he submitted to his power an Alava lying before him, and Eylo, who presented himself as his count, brought him to Oviedo loaded with iron. His father, Ordoño, had begun

513-460: The largest, the Great Mosque, was turned into a church, Santa María de Calatrava , which acted as the cathedral of Badajoz until the construction of the current one . The Great Mosque had five naves separated by arches supported by columns, and external buttresses . For its construction elements of Roman and Visigoth edifices were used, such as capitals and columns. Another building of

540-520: The resettlement of the border territories and Alfonso continued with it. His first successes were in Portuguese lands, where King Alfonso's troops succeeded in locating the southwestern frontier on the Mondego river. Count Vimara Perez in 868 conquered Porto and resettled the district. In 878, the army of King Alfonso III, with Count Hermenegildo Gutiérrez in command, faced the Muslim forces led by

567-548: The valley of Valdemora, where he defeated him. Mohamed was forced to pay ransom and sign a three-year truce, the first time that Córdoba had asked for peace. Both kings considered the truce as a pause while preparing for the next assault: Mohamed raised a fleet to attack Galicia, but it was destroyed by a storm. Alfonso and Ibn Marwan descended through the Tagus Valley and defeated the Cordovan army on Mount Oxifer, next to

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594-491: The writing of three chronicles which held the theory that the kingdom of Asturias was the rightful successor of the old Visigothic kingdom. Alfonso was also a patron of the arts, like his grandfather before him. He built the church of Santo Adriano . According to a letter of disputed authenticity dated to 906, the Epistola Adefonsi Hispaniae regis , Alfonso arranged to purchase an "imperial crown" from

621-637: Was defeated and killed in battle on what is known as the Day of Zamora . In those years, the emirate of Cordoba, wracked by civil disorder, stopped disturbing the kingdom of Asturias. Alonso faced off against his former allies in Mérida and the Ebro valley: allied with the Count of Pallars, he instigated a coup that managed to defeat the Banu Qasi and install a Navarrese, Sancho Garcés I, on the throne of Pamplona. He ordered

648-531: Was finally reconquered by King Ferdinand I of León. Alfonso III had to face the offensive of the Umayyad prince al-Mundir, son of Mohamed I. Fighting occurred almost constantly between 875 and 883. The first Umayyad raids were aimed at León and El Bierzo, but failed. The Christian counteroffensive ended with the taking of Deza and Atienza. Abd al-Rahman ibn Marwan, the Galician, Lord of Mérida and rebel against

675-563: Was met with a rising led by his brothers Fruela, Odoario and Bermudo, who became strong in Astorga, supported by several counts, but were quickly defeated and executed. In 901 the Umayyad rebel Ibn al-Qitt proclaimed Mahdi, preached holy war and attacked Zamora - "rebuilt and repopulated by Mozarabic Toledo [...] the most important advanced square of the Asturian kingdom" - which he was able to resist. The messianic leader, abandoned by his own,

702-548: Was notable for his comparative success in consolidating the kingdom during the weakness of the Umayyad princes of Córdoba . He fought against and gained numerous victories over the Muslims of al-Andalus . During the first year of his reign, he had to contend with a usurper, Count Fruela of Galicia . He was forced to flee to Castile , but after a few months Fruela was assassinated and Alfonso returned to Oviedo . He defeated

729-630: Was successfully stormed by allied-British, Spanish & Portuguese forces under the command of the Duke of Wellington. As a result, the Napoleonic hold on Western Spain was significantly weakened, and the Storming of the Alcazaba became part of Wellington's growing reputation for success in battle. The citadel measures 400 by 200 metres (1,310 ft × 660 ft). It is bounded to the north by

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