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36-528: After the reconquest of Badajoz in 1230 by King Alfonso IX of León , the new bishop Pedro Pérez initially adapted the former mosque in the Badajoz Alcazaba (citadel) as a cathedral. A new cathedral was not begun until the mid-13th century. The site chosen was that of a pre-existing Visigothic and Mozarabic church in the Campo de San Juan, situated outside the citadel. In 1270, though the construction

72-748: A full-scale history of democracy, The Life and Death of Democracy (2009). Forthcoming in Arabic, it has been published in Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese (European and Brazilian) and Korean; it was short-listed for the Prime Minister's Literary Award (2012) while the Japanese translation (2014) was ranked in the top three non-fiction books of that year published in Japan. His most recent books are When Trees Fall, Monkeys Scatter (2017); Power and Humility:

108-437: A review of the book. Hobson states that it is unclear "whether all the changes Keane identifies collectively constitute something coherent enough to be considered a new kind of democracy". However, he states that monitory democracy provides a "valuable opening to begin discussing these issues, as part of considering the current shape and likely future of democracy". In another review of 'The Life and Death of Democracy' (2009),

144-577: A small image of the saint to which it is entitled. All the walls, and the tower as well, feature Gothic merlons. The cathedral's interior is in the late Gothic architectural style, and has a nave and two aisles, side chapels, a high altar (with a highly decorated Baroque retablo ) and a choir with Plateresque stalls and a Baroque organ. The cloister is in Manueline Portuguese style. Alfonso IX of Le%C3%B3n Alfonso IX (15 August 1171 – 23 or 24 September 1230)

180-565: A theorist and defender of ‘ civil society ’ and the democratic opposition in central-eastern Europe. Throughout the 1980s, he contributed extensively to the programme of ‘ flying university ’ apartment seminars in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. His political and scholarly writing during that period was published under the pen name Erica Blair. His Times Literary Supplement series of 18th-century-style dialogues with prominent underground human rights figures such as Adam Michnik and György Konrád

216-779: Is supposed to have had another son, Pedro Alfonso de León , there is no documentary proof that he was the king's son or that he was the Grand Master of the Order of Santiago . John Keane (political theorist) Born in southern Australia, John Keane is Professor of Politics at the University of Sydney . For 25 years he also held a position at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin (WZB), which he resigned from in November 2023. In 2021 Keane published

252-455: The Castilian dialect . The Pope was, however, compelled to modify his measures by the threat that, if the people could not obtain the services of religion, they would not support the clergy, and that heresy would spread. The king was left under interdict personally, but to that he showed himself indifferent, and he had the support of his clergy. In 1211 Alfonso IX of León and Galicia gave

288-765: The Monastery of Fiães in northern Portugal. Alfonso IX and Estefanía were the parents of possibly two sons, but definitely of one, being: According to Spanish historian Julio González, after his relationship with Estefanía, the king had a lover from Salamanca , of unknown origin, whose name was Maura and with whom he had issue: Alfonso also had a relationship with a noblewoman from Portugal, Aldonza Martínez de Silva , daughter of Martim Gomes da Silva and his wife Urraca Rodrigues, which lasted from 1214 to 1218. Three children were born to them: Some families that arrive to Los Altos de Jalisco in Mexico like Gutierrez descend from

324-716: The Sydney Democracy Network (SDN). He has contributed to The New York Times , Al Jazeera , the Times Literary Supplement , The Guardian , Harper's , the South China Morning Post and The Huffington Post . In November 2023 he resigned from WZB after WZB wrote him a letter stating that a tweet of his depicted the Hamas flag, which could "only be understood as support for Hamas and their actions". Keane said

360-595: The castle of Alcañices to the Templar Order , where inhabitants celebrated the great victories of the order. Alfonso IX of León and Galicia died on 24 September 1230. His death was particularly significant in that his son, Ferdinand III of Castile , who was already the King of Castile , also inherited the thrones of León and Galicia from his father. This was thanks to the negotiations of his mother, Berengaria, who convinced her stepdaughters to renounce their claim on

396-498: The infanta Berengaria of Castile . Berengeria was the daughter of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and his wife Queen Leonor of England . Her paternal grandfather, Sancho III of Castile , had been a brother of Alfonso's own father Ferdinand II of León . Thus, both Alfonso IX and Berengaria belonged to the same dynasty or family. The marriage was annulled on grounds of consanguinity, but not before five children had been born, namely: Alfonso also fathered many illegitimate children. After

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432-631: The Church of Saint John the Baptist its metropolitan cathedral. From 1587 to 1596, Cristóbal de Medrano became the Maestro de capillo at the Cathedral of Badajoz. Due to its position outside the citadel, the church has a fortress-like appearance, with strong walls and bastions, and a sturdy square tower. The tower measures 11 meters on each side and 14 meters in height, and consists in four sections,

468-660: The Cortes de León in the cloisters of the Basilica of San Isidoro would be one of the most important events of Alfonso's reign. The difficult economic situation at the beginning of his reign compelled Alfonso to raise taxes on the underprivileged classes, leading to protests and a few town revolts. In response, the king summoned the Cortes, an assembly of nobles, clergy and representatives of cities, and subsequently faced demands for compensatory spending and greater external control and oversight of royal expenditures. Alfonso's convening of

504-468: The Cortes is considered by many historians, including John Keane , to be instrumental to the formation of democratic parliaments across Europe. Note that Iceland had already held what may have been what is Europe's first parliament, the Þingvellir , in 930. However, the Cortes' 1188 session predates the first session of the Parliament of England , which occurred in the thirteenth century. In spite of

540-591: The Future of Monitory Democracy (2018); The New Despotism (2020) and The Shortest History of Democracy (2022). He was recently nominated for the 2021 Balzan Prize and the Holberg Prize for outstanding global contributions to the human sciences. In The Life and Death of Democracy, John Keane coined the term monitory democracy for a phase of democracy characterised by instruments of public monitoring and scrutinising of government power. It began following

576-520: The Guardian referred to monitory democracy as an "ugly phrase". They critique the theory as being "at best a partial description of what democracy is and what it needs to be". The article states that "monitory democracy can function only if it learns to co-exist with some of those democratic ideas that Keane is too quick to dismiss...". Similarly, the Telegraph stated "What Keane himself fails to see

612-555: The allegations were "absurd" and that "My posting of an image of green flags was … a message to trigger multiple thoughts among its addressees". During his many years in Britain, the Times of London described him as 'one of the world's leading political thinkers and writers. El País (Madrid) has ranked him as 'among the world's leading analysts of political systems' (2018). The Australian Broadcasting Commission called him 'one of

648-474: The annulment of his first marriage and before marrying for the second time, he had a relationship which lasted about two years with Inés Íñiguez de Mendoza, daughter of Iñigo López de Mendoza and María García. This affair produced a daughter born around 1197: Alfonso had another relationship afterwards with a noblewoman from Galicia , Estefanía Pérez de Faiam. She was the daughter of Pedro Menéndez Faiam, who confirmed several royal charters of King Alfonso IX, and

684-533: The book To Kill a Democracy: India's Passage to Despotism co-authored by Debasish Roy Chowdhury. Keane first studied Politics, Government and History at the University of Adelaide , winning the Tinline Prize for a First Class Honours with Highest Distinction (1971). He won a Commonwealth Fellowship to study at the University of Toronto , where in the fields of philosophy and political economy he

720-478: The democratic precedent represented by the Cortes and the founding of the University of Salamanca, Alfonso is often chiefly remembered for the difficulties his successive marriages caused between him with Pope Celestine III . He was first married in 1191 to his first cousin, Theresa of Portugal , who bore him two daughters, and a son who died young. The marriage was declared null by the papal legate Cardinal Gregory for consanguinity . After Alfonso VIII of Castile

756-538: The effect of changing the political and geographic dynamics of existing representative democracies. According to Keane, monitory democracy adds to the democratic nature of political representation as it changes the notion from "'one person, one vote, one representative'" and instead embodies the principles of "one person, many interests, many voices, multiple votes, multiple representatives" . Keane's theory of monitory democracy outlined in 'The Life and Death of Democracy' (2009) has been critiqued by Christopher Hobson in

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792-555: The eight children born of these two marriages, Alfonso also fathered numerous progeny with women of lower rank. In 1191, Alfonso married his first cousin Theresa of Portugal , who was his mother's brother's daughter. Theresa was the daughter of King Sancho I of Portugal and Queen Dulce of Aragon . The marriage was annulled five years later, on grounds of consanguinity but three children had been born by then, being: On 17 November 1197, Alfonso IX married his first cousin once removed,

828-507: The events of the Second World War . Monitory institutions refer to 'watch-dog' and 'guide-dog' bodies which subject governments to a public mechanism of checks and balances. Under the theory of monitory democracy these institutions extend the notions of representative democracy to "enfranchise many more citizens voices" in the political process. The ability to publicly monitor government power enabled through these institutions has

864-499: The eventual conquest of Seville during the reign of his son Ferdinand III . He was also involved in numerous conflicts with Pope Celestine III , being interdicted on account of the nature of his marriages . Alfonso was born in Zamora . He was the only son of King Ferdinand II of León and Urraca of Portugal . His father was the younger son of Alfonso VII of León and Castile , who divided his kingdoms between his sons, which set

900-545: The granddaughter of Menendo Faiam, who also confirmed several diplomas issued in Galicia as of 1155 by King Ferdinand II of León . In 1211, Alfonso gave her lands in Orense where her family, as can be inferred from her last will dated 1250, owned many estates, as well as in the north of Portugal . After the relationship ended, Estefanía married Rodrigo Suárez with whom she had further issue. In her will, she asked to be buried in

936-530: The great intellectual exports from Australia.' His work has been translated into approximately 35 languages. During the period 2014-2019, his experimental online column "Democracy Field Notes" attracted nearly a million readers in the London, Cambridge- and Melbourne-based The Conversation . Among his best-known books are the prize-winning, best selling Tom Paine: A political life (1995), Violence and Democracy (2004), Democracy and Media Decadence (2013) and

972-399: The pope. In 1198, Pope Innocent III declared Alfonso and Berengaria's marriage invalid, but they stayed together until 1204. The annulment of this marriage by the pope drove the younger Alfonso to again attack his cousin in 1204, but treaties made in 1205, 1207, and 1209 each forced him to concede further territories and rights. The treaty in 1207 is the first existing public document in

1008-514: The stage for conflict in the family until the kingdoms were re-united by Alfonso IX's son Ferdinand III of Castile . Alfonso IX had great difficulty in obtaining the throne through his given birthright. In July 1188 his cousin Alfonso VIII of Castile required the younger Alfonso to recognize the elder as overlord in exchange for recognizing the younger's authority in León. The convening of

1044-610: The throne. In an effort to quickly consolidate his power over León, Ferdinand III abandoned a military campaign to capture the city of Jaén immediately upon hearing news of his father's death and traveled to León to be crowned king. This coronation united the Kingdoms of León and Castile which would go on to dominate the Iberian Peninsula. Alfonso IX married twice, both times to near relatives, and remarkably, both of his marriages were annulled for consanguinity. Apart from

1080-408: The top one housing the bells. The original design included two of such towers. The church itself has a simple rectangular main façade with one marble portal, built in 1619. The portalis flanked by two Ionic columns and is surmounted by a niche with a statue of St. John the Baptist. The portal of St. Blaise, on the southern side, is most likely the oldest one: it is flanked by two pilasters and features

1116-489: The union of Alfonso with Aldonza Martínez de Silva King Alfonso's most long-lasting extra-marital relationship, which began in 1218 and lasted until his death in 1230, was with Teresa Gil de Soverosa . A member of the Portuguese nobility, Teresa was the daughter of Gil Vasques de Soverosa and his first wife María Aires de Fornelos. They had four children, all of them born between 1218 and 1230: Although Alfonso IX

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1152-748: Was King of León from the death of his father Ferdinand II in 1188 until his own death. He took steps towards modernizing and democratizing his dominion and founded the University of Salamanca in 1218. In 1188 he summoned the first parliament reflecting the fullest representation of the citizenry ever seen in Western Europe, the Cortes of León . Alfonso took part in the Reconquista , conquering several territories within Extremadura , capturing Mérida and Badajoz in 1230, which allowed for

1188-543: Was awarded a doctorate and mentored and supervised by C.B. Macpherson . He later held a post-doctoral fellowship at King’s College , at the University of Cambridge, where he worked closely with Anthony Giddens , Quentin Skinner and other leading scholars. John Keane is renowned globally for his creative thinking about democracy. Well before the European revolutions of 1989 , John Keane first came to public prominence as

1224-451: Was defeated at the Battle of Alarcos , Alfonso IX invaded Castile with the aid of Muslim troops. He was summarily excommunicated by Pope Celestine III. In 1197, Alfonso IX married his first cousin once removed, Berengaria of Castile , to cement peace between León and Castile. For this second act of consanguinity, the king and the kingdom were placed under interdict by representatives of

1260-460: Was not finished, the new cathedral was consecrated and dedicated to St. John the Baptist . The various works on the building lasted until the 15th century, and were followed by some modifications and renovations in the 16th-17th centuries. The church was declared a national historical monument in 1931. On July 28, 1994, Pope John Paul II established the Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz, making

1296-644: Was read widely, and translated into many languages. He arranged and edited Vaclav Havel ’s first book in English, The Power of the Powerless (1985). In the spring of 1989, just before the revolutions that shook central-eastern Europe, he founded the world’s first democracy research institute, the London-based Centre for the Study of Democracy (CSD). During the past decade, he founded and directed

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