Municipality of Badiraguato is a municipality in the Mexican state of Sinaloa in northwestern Mexico . The seat of the municipality is in the small town of Badiraguato .
133-629: The municipality is in the Sierra Madre Occidental . Badiraguato Municipality is subdivided in 15 sindicaturas : The origin of the word Badiraguato is composed of the Cáhita - Tarascos terms: ba, "dira"; huato, a hybridism; whose roots are as follows: the Cáhita word ba, "water", "stream or river"; and the Tarascos root dira, "many", and huata or huato, hill; which literally means "stream of many hills", this can be interpreted, in
266-536: A cross and then were taken to one's local church, where they were blessed by a Christian priest. Today, common Saint John's Eve and Saint John's Day traditions include processions, church services, Saint John's bonfires, fireworks, and feasting. Modest Mussorgsky 's composition Night on Bald Mountain was originally titled St. John’s Night on the Bare Mountain, based on the story St. John's Eve by Nikolai Gogol . The first version appeared in 1867 and
399-633: A marine basin which separated the island arc that came to form the Guerrero terrane from the accretions that came to form the Sierra Madre terrane. It contains a lower formation made up of pillow basalts with pillow breccias , tuffs, and shales underlying a group of pelagic limestones , oozes , and turbidites . Covering the southern basement are sedimentary and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks containing argillite , limestone, volcanic schist , slate , and greywacke which were exposed in
532-416: A source of water , in an otherwise arid environment from the increased precipitation from the mountain range. As such, rivers that have headwaters in the mountains provide water for irrigation in the surrounding lands. The need for water to irrigate prompted the construction of dams, which has been the source of several environmental concerns in the area. The northern end of the range is more arid; hence,
665-448: A desert landscape. Oak forests are the predominant plant life, and extend into the lowland deserts. This forest and canyon land provided a place for a variety of indigenous people to live, until Spanish settlers with associated mestizos came into the area to found towns for the silver mines in the area. The major industries in the area now are agriculture and forestry, which have become contentious because of land degradation and
798-505: A few towns of note, including Creel, Chihuahua , with 5,000 inhabitants; it serves as a stop on the train line. South of Copper Canyon is the town of El Salto, Durango , situated along highway 40. To the west is Copala, Sinaloa . To the south live the indigenous Cora people in the towns of Jesús María and La Mesa del Nayar. In addition, 1,000 people live in the village of Huajimic in Nayarit. The Bolaños River valley of Jalisco
931-460: A folk performance in the 21st century. In Norway, as elsewhere in Scandinavian countries, this event is celebrated with a communal bonfire. The event is also known as Jonsok , meaning "wake of Saint John". The religious festival of San Juan, on June 24, begins the night of the vigil (June 23), with music, songs, dances and games around a large bonfire. An essential element of the festival
1064-453: A more concrete way, as "the stream of the mountains". In pre-Hispanic times, the toponymy was applied to a stream because it accurately refers to the flow of Badiraguato (also known as Río Chico), which springs from the Sierra de Los Parra or Surutato and also gave its name to the town with signs established on its banks where it passes to join in the foothills of the mountain range in front of
1197-497: A nearby pond or lake. The boys/young men may then swim out to claim one of the crowns. Bonfires (and bonfire jumping) are also part of the proceedings. There are St John's street parties in many cities, towns and villages, mainly between the evening on the 23rd and the actual St.John's Day on the 24th of June. St John's night in Porto ( Festa de São João do Porto ) has been described as "one of Europe's liveliest street festivals, yet it
1330-432: A pickaxe and shovel establishes the only source of life during the colonial period for the region: the mines. The last quarter represents the source of work through a semi-baroque brick construction and a flying swallow. The original inhabitants of Badiraguato during the pre-Columbian era was a conglomerate of Tebaca Indians, descendants of the Cáhita . The area saw a transformation of the indigenous culture due first to
1463-477: A post-Great-Famine world that still lay in ruins: At last, After our home attain'd, we turn'd, and lo! With festal fires the hills were lit! Thine eve Saint John, had come once more, and for thy sake As though but yesterday thy crown were worn, Amid their ruinous realm uncomforted The Irish people triumph'd. Gloomy lay The intermediate space; — thence brightlier burn'd The circling fires beyond it. 'Lo!' Said I, Man's life as view'd by Ireland's sons;
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#17327720546911596-624: A series of Paleozoic sedimentary sequences from a deep marine environment underlying it, considered by some to be part of the Cotes Terrane and by others to be transported . In some areas, distinct sedimentary rocks can be identified by shallow-water Silurian and Mississippian sedimentary rocks underlying deep-water Pennsylvanian and Permian , which are divided by Mississippian rhyolite . The Permian clastics contain some detrital rock that sit alongside low-grade metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks with serpentinite. South of
1729-629: A series of folds, thrust , and left lateral faults date from the middle Miocene. This may be evidence for a left transpressional shear zone . The area between this boundary and the Aguascalientes fault is filled with numerous grabens and half-grabens, as well an east–west left shear zone, the El Roble shear zone. At the west end of these grabens and half-grabens are the Pochotitan and the more northerly San Pedro fault systems, which form
1862-573: A smaller scale, mineral deposits are distributed in formations of the Sierra Madre, although the events that placed these deposits vary throughout the mountains. The Guerrero composite terrane contains many of the economic deposits, often found in ore bodies younger than the Cretaceous. Gold and silver deposits most commonly occur in the altered andesites of the early volcanics, typically these deposits are between 30 and 50 million years old. These are believed to be caused by later intrusions into
1995-435: A summer monsoon , and two dry seasons each year. Air pressure changes in northwestern Mexico and the southwest United States are the main causes of seasonal variation in the Sierra Madre. A high pressure area that rests over the mountains in the winter begins to move north of the mountains into New Mexico during the month of June. The high pressure begins to break down and move south during September or October; however,
2128-407: A thick core covered by volcanics and eroded by numerous rivers. Some have suggested that the basement of the mountains have numerous intrusions made by mafic magma . At their surface, the mountains are made up of large-scale ignimbrite sheet that has been incised by rivers flowing from rainfall in the mountains. The surface of the plateau is almost exclusively from the second series of flows causing
2261-477: A vale With many a pitfall throng'd, and shade, and briar, Yet overblown by angel-haunted airs, And by the Light Eternal girdled round. Irish St. John's Day Eve traditions included: A few days before, children and youth would solicit donations for the bonfires – it was considered bad luck to refuse them. The point of the bonfires was to draw God's blessings on the summer crops. Attendees would leap over
2394-484: Is symbolized in the fact that the sun's height in the sky and length of the day "begins to diminish" after the summer solstice and begins to increase after the winter solstice. By the 6th century A.D., several churches were dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and a vigil , Saint John's Eve, was added to the feast day. Christian priests held three Masses for the celebration. The historian Ronald Hutton states that
2527-409: Is a high plateau of volcanic rock that is eroded in areas to reveal a basement composed of plutonic and sedimentary rocks underlying the two groups of extrusive volcanics. The lower of these groups is a series of volcanic rocks formed by lava flows . The surface of the plateau is made up of a second series of volcanic ignimbrites , covered mostly by clay rich organic soils . Some intrusions in
2660-423: Is also a belt of iron deposits further east. Most soil in the mountains is covered by an organic -rich layer over layers rich in clay . Soils are commonly phaeozems that are up to 100 centimetres (39 in). Some soils are cambisols that are less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) deep and well- drained . Due to the high clay content, which blocks water from being absorbed into the soil, larger rock particles in
2793-494: Is also called a "Tine Cnámh", literally Bone Fire. Often lit by the oldest present, the youngest present would throw in a bone as part of the celebrations. As part of some customs after the dancing and celebrations were over, revellers would bring home a spent ember from the fire, this was thrown into a field to bring good fortune in the year to come. In his poem "The Sisters," published in 1861, Limerick poet Aubrey Thomas de Vere describes "Bonfire Night" or "St. John's Day Eve" in
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#17327720546912926-410: Is also dangerous: It means walking barefoot on a 5 metres (16 ft) meter bed of coals. They also play "toro candil", where someone wears a helmet in the shape of a bull's head with flaming horns and runs among the crowd pretending to be a bull. The "yvyra sy'ĩ" ( Spanish "árbol resvaloso" English resplendent tree) is the contest of trying to climb a greased mast, which has some prize hanging from
3059-464: Is closely associated with Midsummer festivities in Europe. Traditions are similar to those of May Day and include bonfires (St John's fires), feasting, processions, church services, and gathering wild plants. Saint John's Day, the feast day of Saint John the Baptist , was established by the undivided Christian Church in the 4th century A.D., in honour of the birth of Saint John the Baptist , which
3192-473: Is fire, an extremely important element for the Guarani culture related to wisdom. Neighbors gather to participate in games and contests that often have traditional Guarani names. The most dangerous of the games is "pelota tata" a rag ball soaked in oil or kerosene. The ball ignites and turns into a ball of fire that circulates among the crowd and is kicked by people to try to scare it away. The "tatá ári jehasa"
3325-553: Is formed by the range is cut by deep river valleys. This plateau is formed from volcanic rock overlying a basement of metamorphic rock. This uplift has caused changes in weather patterns; increased rainfall occurring in the mountains has provided areas where ecosystems can form in wetter areas than surrounding land. This water source forms watersheds that provide the arid surroundings with water that makes it possible to irrigate and farm crops. The wet ecosystems are islands of biodiversity, differing significantly from what would otherwise be
3458-488: Is lit, a life-size doll filled with explosives and fireworks, many times it is seen and made to look like a hated or unpopular person in the community. In the Philippines, the festival is a thanksgiving celebration done through the traditional “basaan” (dousing of water among children and grown-ups) on the streets as a way of sharing Saint John's blessings. Parades, street dance competitions and other activities liven up
3591-461: Is marked by different volcanic processes. The first was a continuation of the Oligocene flare-up, which lasted through the early Miocene. This may be a distinct second occurrence of the same process, placing silica-rich lava above Oligocene rocks. Also in the early Miocene more intermediate basaltic andesites occur along faults and in grabens. Beginning in the early Miocene and continuing into
3724-528: Is part of the American Cordillera , a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consist of an almost continuous sequence that form the western "sounds" of North America , Central America , South America , and West Antarctica . The Spanish name sierra madre means "mother mountain range" in English, and occidental means "western", these thus being the "Western mother mountain range". To
3857-651: Is populated with mining communities, such as San Martín de Bolaños , which has a population of around 3,000. Few paved roads cross the mountains, meaning that travel times can be long, even between cities that are relatively close. In the north, Mexico Federal Highway 16 connects Hermosillo , Sonora and La Junta, Chihuahua. In the mountains, the La Entrada al Pacifico Corridor is an incomplete road intended to connect Los Mochis , Sinaloa and Chihuahua. Durango and Mazatlán are connected by highway 40 , around 24 degrees north latitude. The Sierra Madre Occidental
3990-572: Is relatively unknown outside" Portugal. The actual Midsummer, St John's day, is celebrated traditionally more in Porto, Braga , and in the Azores, where it is known as Sanjoaninas and celebrated from the 21st to the 30th of June. A night-long celebration called Noche de San Juan is held in Puerto Rico , which was originally named by Christopher Columbus in 1493 as San Juan Bautista (Saint John
4123-460: Is said to be "flying away to Brocken" (Danish: "Bloksbjerg"), which can be interpreted as helping the witch on her way. On Saint John's Eve and Saint John's Day, churches arrange Saint John's services and family reunions also occur, which are an occasion for drinking and eating. The feast of St. John the Baptist is one of the quarter days in England. A Christian monk of Lilleshall Abbey , in
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4256-484: Is the eve of the feast day of Saint John the Baptist . This is one of the very few feast days marking a saint's birth, rather than their death. The Gospel of Luke (Luke 1:26–37, 56–57) states that John was born six months before Jesus ; therefore, the feast of John the Baptist was fixed on 24 June, six months before Christmas . In the Roman calendar , 24 June was the date of the summer solstice , and Saint John's Eve
4389-437: Is the most typical element associated with Saint John's Eve celebrations. Bonfires (commonly called Saint John's Fires in various languages) were lit in honour of St. John on Saint John's Eve and Saint John's Day, and served to repel witches and evil spirits . A Christian interpretation of carrying lighted torches on St John's Eve is that they are "an emblem of St. John the Baptist, who was 'a burning and shining light,' and
4522-856: The Aguamilpa Dam begun in 1991 and the El Cajón Dam upstream from it. To provide irrigation water for farming the dry basin , the Nazas river was dammed in the 1930s and 1940s. This has led to the former drainage lakes in the area drying up, and soil depletion from the elimination of the river as a source of soil. Due to the continued logging in the area, erosion on the slopes of hillsides has increased. Numerous small populations live in Copper Canyon, some of them around old missions. Many settlements consist of single families or small family groups near agricultural fields. There are also
4655-583: The Christian Bible records as being six months before Jesus . As the Western Christian churches mark the birth of Jesus on 25 December ( Christmas ), the feast marking the birth of Saint John (Saint John's Day) was set six months before. In the ancient Roman world , 24 June was the traditional date of the summer solstice and 25 December the date of the winter solstice , both of which were marked by festivals. Christ's Incarnation
4788-664: The Grand Canyon . This plateau has an average elevation of 2,250 m (7,380 ft) with most of the more eroded canyons on the western slope, due to the higher moisture content. The highest elevations occur in the Tarahumara range. The exact elevations of the highest peaks are not known within accurate enough ranges to determine their relative elevation. The highest point is probably Cerro Mohinora , located at 25°57′N 107°03′W / 25.950°N 107.050°W / 25.950; -107.050 . Estimates for
4921-488: The Gulf of Mexico . On the western side of the mountains, which are affected by the largest change in precipitation between the dry season and monsoon season, in the monsoon season rainfall can exceed 300 mm (12 in) in a single month. The southern region receives more of the rainfall than the northern. Much of this precipitation occurs as tropical storms . As the high pressure over New Mexico breaks down, rainfall in
5054-741: The Nazas River and Aguanaval River drain the mountains into a closed basin. These mountains supply 90% of the water used for irrigation within the watershed. North of this system is the Conchos River which drains into the Rio Grande . Along many rivers the arid conditions have caused courses to be dammed to provide water for irrigation. These dams have caused concerns along with those caused by other activities. The Yaqui has been dammed with three large reservoirs along its course. The Río Grande de Santiago has also been dammed, including
5187-618: The Sierra Madre del Sur and the Eje Volcánico Transversal (Transverse Volcanic Axis) of central Mexico after crossing 1,250 km (780 mi). The mountains range from 300 km (190 mi) from the Gulf of California in the north, but begin to approach within 50 km (30 mi) of the Pacific in the south. These mountains are generally considered to be part of the much larger American cordillera ,
5320-549: The Walpurgis Night is in Sweden . At dusk large bonfires are lit all over the country, typically accompanied by communal singing of Midsommervisen by Holger Drachmann . Atop each bonfire often an effigy of a witch is placed (harking back to the days of witch trials , when real women were burned at the stake ). Traditionally, the bonfires were lit to fend off witches, but today - when the witch effigy catches fire - she
5453-639: The Yaqui River , which drains that area, is an important source of irrigation in the state of Sonora. The Yaqui drains into the Gulf of California , as do the Fuerte River in Sinaloa and the Humaya River further south. The Río Grande de Santiago drains 100,000 km (39,000 sq mi) from the southern slopes of the Sierra Madre. Along the more arid eastern slopes of the mountains,
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5586-428: The eastern cottontail , which lives in the forests of the western slopes, cliff chipmunk , rock squirrel , Mexican fox squirrel , and various species of Cricetidae . Raccoons , hog-nosed skunk , and hooded skunk live in the mountains. The white-nosed coati lives on the western slopes, and the ring-tailed cat lives throughout. Many species of bats live in the mountains also. A variety of lizards live in
5719-468: The "Fête de la Saint-Jean" (feast of St John), traditionally celebrated with bonfires (le feu de la Saint-Jean) that are reminiscent of Midsummer's pagan rituals, is a Catholic festivity in celebration of Saint John the Baptist. It takes place on June 24, (St John's day). Nowadays it is seldom celebrated. In certain French towns, a tall bonfire is built by the inhabitants in order to be lit on St John's Day. In
5852-612: The "lighting of festive fires upon St. John's Eve is first recorded as a popular custom by Jean Belethus , a theologian at the University of Paris, in the early twelfth century", but is undoubtedly much older. In England, the earliest reference to this custom occurs on in the 13th century A.D., in the Liber Memorandum of the parish church at Barnwell in the Nene Valley , which stated that parish youth would gather on
5985-591: The 'lessening days' ( diebus decrescentibus ), for the Baptist himself had proclaimed that 'he must increase; but I must decrease' (John 3:30). By the late sixth century, the Nativity of John the Baptist (24 June) had become an important feast, counterbalancing at midsummer the midwinter feast of Christmas. Within Christian theology , John the Baptist "was understood to be preparing the way for Jesus", with John 3:30 stating "He must increase, but I must decrease"; this
6118-473: The 15th century, wrote: In the worship of St John, men waken at even, and maken three manner of fires: one is clean bones and no wood, and is called a bonfire; another is of clean wood and no bones, and is called a wakefire, for men sitteth and wake by it; the third is made of bones and wood, and is called St John's Fire. The town of Midsomer Norton , in Somerset, England, is sometimes said to be named after
6251-567: The Badiraguato Municipality. 25°21′46″N 107°33′05″W / 25.36278°N 107.55139°W / 25.36278; -107.55139 Sierra Madre Occidental The Sierra Madre Occidental is a major mountain range system of the North American Cordillera , that runs northwest–southeast through northwestern and western Mexico, and along the Gulf of California . The Sierra Madre
6384-494: The Baptist) in honor of the saint . After sunset, Puerto Ricans travel to a beach or any accessible body of water (e.g. river, lake or even bathtub) and, at midnight, plunge backwards into it three, seven, or twelve times. This is done to cleanse the body from bad luck and to gain good luck for the following year. It is also customary to stroll the historic district of Old San Juan in the island's capital city, which still bears
6517-596: The Cortes and Carborca Terranes is the San José de García Terrane, which is a combination of Cretaceous arc volcanics and volcaniclastics , which may be thrusting over the Cortes terrane. The southern part of the range is made up of the Guerrero Composite Terrane, a large body, which is actually a complex of five different subterranes, not all of them within the main body of the Sierra Madre. However,
6650-552: The Feast Day of St John the Baptist, which is also the dedication of the parish church. Wynkyn de Worde (d. 1534) cooked a special soup for the occasion in the manner of his ancestors. It was the custom in Yorkshire for every family who had come to live in the parish within the last year to put a table outside their house, on St. John's Eve, and place on it bread and cheese and beer and offer this to anyone who passed by. Any of
6783-516: The Feast of St John. Today it is marked by a torchlit procession, but in the 19th century and earlier the town was the scene of bonfires, burning tar barrels, and homemade fireworks on the principal streets. Estonians celebrate the eve of the St John (June 23) with bonfires. On the islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, old fishing boats may be burnt in the large pyres set ablaze. Young lovers wander through
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#17327720546916916-526: The Nahua tribes through the land of Sinaloa. The spread bronze eagle represents the Mexican homeland that covers and protects the shield of Sinaloa and therefore Badiraguato. The sky in its color represents the horizon expanded by Mexico. The flames are images of the liberating movements that culminated in the legal statutes of 1857 and 1917. The first quarter in sable symbolizes the darkness of prehistory with
7049-665: The North, and a number of different accreted terranes , which are mostly covered by Cenozoic volcanism. The northern extent of the Sierra Madre is the Cortés Terrane, although the northern extreme of this contains a small portion of the Carborca Terrane. Some of the northern end may also be underlain by a Precambrian basement placed around the same time as the Grenville Orogeny . Some of this area has
7182-712: The Pacific. In addition to gold and silver and their related deposits, tin , iron , and mercury occur, sometimes in later units, mostly in later volcanics, and Molybdenum occurs in the mountains, often along with older copper deposits or in Oligocene deposits in the east. The belt of tin deposits lies mostly within the eastern slopes from Durango to Guanajuato. In these areas, tin occurs in rhyolitic ignimbrites in many, possibly over 1000, small deposits of cassiterite . Typically these deposits are divided from overlying ignimbrites by breccia, which may also contain ore. Many of these are thought to be hydrothermal deposits To
7315-566: The Sierra Madre Occidental include tufted jay , the "gray-eared" subspecies of red warbler , eared quetzal , thick-billed parrot , and formerly included the imperial woodpecker , which now may be extinct. The rivers and streams of the range contain some of the southernmost trout populations in North America. These populations may be native, although this is not universally accepted. Invasive fish compete with
7448-405: The Sierra Madre ends. Because of the monsoon, the summer accounts for the majority of rainfall in the area. The spring and fall dry season separate out a weaker wet season in the winter. In addition to increasing in the southern ranges of the mountains, rainfall increases in the higher elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Humidity in the mountains varies at wide levels as does rainfall. In
7581-454: The Sierra Madre from the central Mexican Plateau . The more southern one is the north–south Aguascalientes fault extending 150 kilometres (93 mi) from Altos de Jalisco to near Zacatecas, where it joins the more northern northwest–southeast trending San Luis–Tepehuanes fault extending from Guanajuato to Durango. The southern boundary of the Sierra Madre Occidental with the Jalisco block is
7714-527: The Slavic form of John , translated as Jovános, Ivános, Iván in Hungarian). The whole month of June was once called Month of St. Ivan until the 19th century. Setting fires is a folklore tradition this night. Girls jumped over it, while boys watched the spectacle. Most significant among the customs of the summer is lighting the fire of Midsummer Night (szentiváni tűzgyújtás) on the day of St. John (June 24), when
7847-627: The Southern Cordilleran Basaltic Andesite Suite. The tuffs are above a thick formation of lava rock. Around five or six units have been identified, mostly around the Copper Canyon area. These tuffs have allowed wide-ranging correlation with formations in other geographical areas, for example Death Valley . During the Miocene, three periods of volcanism marked separate events in the Sierras. Each period
7980-586: The Vosges region and in the Southern part of Meurthe-et-Moselle, this huge bonfire is named "chavande". Germany sees a number of Midsummernight festivals around "Johannistag" (St. John's Day, 24 June). The eve of St John's feast, a time rich in tradition and folklore, is celebrated with a variety of customs that include leaping over bonfires, engaging in the Klidonas divination ritual for love and marriage, and
8113-403: The activity of magmatism in the area, forming the first major igneous series in the area. The igneous series are made up of formations of plutonic and volcanic rock, which would later be exposed. Interbedded with these rocks are sedimentary deposit rocks. In the center of the range, some of these rocks have been deformed by tectonic forcing that occurred at the same time. The southern part of
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#17327720546918246-544: The animal may have been extirpated; the black bear population is small, and the Mexican grizzly bear that once resided here is confirmed extinct. Jaguars and ocelots are also now rare. On the other hand, mountain lion and bobcat are more common. On the eastern slopes there are American badger , coyote and gray fox that live across the mountains. Native ungulates include the white tailed deer , mule deer , and collared peccary . Rodents and lagomorphs include
8379-525: The annual Brazilian celebrations adapted from European Midsummer that take place in the southern midwinter. These festivities, which were introduced by the Portuguese during the colonial period (1500–1822), are celebrated during the month of June nationwide. The festival is mainly celebrated on the eves of the Catholic solemnities of Saint Anthony, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter. In many cities in
8512-430: The annual celebration. Conventional Polish celebrations of midsummer are a mix of pagan and Christian influences. In Poland the festival is known as 'noc świętojańska' (Christian) or 'Noc Kupały' ( Kupala Night ) and 'sobótka' (pagan). Traditional folk rituals include groups of young men and women singing ritual songs to each other. The young women may wear crowns fashioned from wild flowers, which are later thrown into
8645-550: The area and surroundings. The Tarahumara frog lives in the oak and pine stands preferring moving water to pools. The southern extent of the Sonoran mountain kingsnake 's range is the Chihuahuan desert into the mountains. Other snakes and frogs live in the mountains, and many species live in the western slopes. Birds frequent the mountains, some as a migratory path and others as native species . The migratory birds often use
8778-450: The area have deposited ore veins that are commercially viable. The landscape was shaped after rock placement. Rivers cut valleys into the plateau, following folds in the rocks. Rocks have broken off of the slopes, forming rocky sides. The bedrock is covered by the clay rich soils, except in eroded areas, where water carries away deposits leaving a stony surface. The basement is thought to be Older North American basement, especially in
8911-442: The area to the west as an overwintering area, and migrate north along the western slopes. In the northern canyons birds may be divided into different habitats , or more specifically, the different types of forest, leading to differences in range by elevation. Some of this difference by elevation may even extend the range of some species, enabling tropical species to use the mountain valleys for migration. Bird species endemic to
9044-421: The area typically have large responses to the change in climate with each season. Monsoon season is the largest of these effects, with leaf buds following only a few months after the rains begin. Flowering season occurs in the months preceding the summer monsoon. This is only the peak flowering season, with plants flowering throughout the year. Due to the early flowering, fruit is ripe and seeds are dispersed at
9177-422: The area, by combining species from different regions. Animals typically associated with arid and mountainous habitats share the mountains with species associated with habitats further south. There are many carnivorous and omnivorous mammals native to the area, although several are extirpated or are part of threatened populations. The Mexican wolf 's range in the mountains is limited to the foothills of Durango or
9310-471: The ashes of the bonfires. At this time of year, St John's Wort and foxgloves would be gathered; the wort was believed to ward off witchcraft and both were used medicinally. In coastal areas of Ireland, fishermen's boats and nets would be blessed by priests on St John's Eve. A communal salmon dinner was traditionally served on this day in Portballintrae , County Antrim. The sweet milky dish goody
9443-400: The beginning of the rains. There are also areas where plants have little response to the seasons, particularly those areas that experience moist conditions, caused by the elevations. These plants may maintain leaves through times when other areas are in the dry season, during which most deciduous trees have no leaves. The mountains are often a corridor for species allowing more diversity in
9576-407: The bonfires. Bonfire ashes would be scattered on the crops for good luck. Most troublesome local weeds would be burned in the bonfire to help stave them off. Men would walk through their fields with lit torches and then toss those torches on the bonfire for crop blessing. People gathering at the bonfires would bring food and drink, with potatoes roasted around the fire. Cattle would be driven through
9709-639: The breakdown is usually at a slower pace than the movement north. This high pressure belt is associated with the mechanics that form the Bermuda High . The climate in the mountains is mild. Summer temperatures maintain a constant level. Maximum temperatures are typically in July at around 31 C with average temperatures of the order of 16 C during this same period. Mean annual temperatures are between 13–18 °C (55–65 °F) above 1,800 metres (6,000 ft). Below-freezing temperatures can occur in
9842-595: The canyon of the Santiago River. Near these sediments late Oligocene to early Miocene granite and granodiorite intrusive bodies occur. A possible cause of this is that these bodies were roof pendants which were uplifted by plutons . Mesozoic limestone also occurs in northern portion of the mountains, mostly from the Cretaceous. Towards the end of the Cretaceous , the Laramide orogeny increased
9975-408: The city, the sea, and those who work on it. In Jersey most of the former midsummer customs are largely ignored nowadays. The custom known as Les cônes d'la Saint Jean was observed as late as the 1970s - horns or conch shells were blown. Ringing the bachîn (a large brass preserving pan) at midsummer to frighten away evil spirits survived as a custom on some farms until the 1940s and has been revived as
10108-656: The day to light fires, sing songs and play games. In the 16th century A.D., the English historian John Stow , described the celebration of Saint John's Day: the wealthier sort also before their doors near to the said bonfires would set out tables on the vigils furnished with sweet bread and good drink, and on the festival days with meats and drinks plentifully, whereunto they would invite their neighbours and passengers also to sit, and to be merry with them in great familiarity, praising God for his benefits bestowed on them. These were called bonfires as well of good amity amongst neighbours that, being before at controversy, were there by
10241-631: The day, such as Coca de Sant Joan . There is also a large festival in Ciutadella , Menorca, along with many other different cities and towns all across Spain having their own unique traditions associated with the date. In the city of Alicante , the Bonfires of Saint John are the most important local festival, and take place from 20 to 24 June. Bonfires are also used in the Basque Country to celebrate San Juan Eguna (the feast of St. John
10374-411: The disappeared town of Alicama. The municipality of Badiraguato was created by decree published in the official newspaper of the state on April 8, 1915. The coat of arms of Badiraguato was created by the painter Miguel Ángel Velázquez Tracy. It was declared the official coat of arms in 1978. The overall meaning is as follows: the red band that crosses the shield with footprints symbolizes the passage of
10507-643: The early flows. Fissure-vein deposits have been divided into two groups of fissure vein deposits, which are divided geographically into an eastern and western series. In the east, the gold and silver are accompanied by lead and zinc . In the south, the Bolaños mine district is contained with the Bolaños Graben. Some also occur as epithermal deposits. Also, some gold occurs along with copper in Cenozoic iron-oxide skarn and replacement deposits along
10640-460: The early morning before dawn, the air is almost saturated (often over 90% relative humidity ) near the mountain tops with low clouds over the range. Lower in the range, air is not as near saturated in the morning. Seasonal variation in humidity is also present with average May and June relative humidity around 50%, with 25% possible during the day. Also during the day, relative humidity drops and cloud levels rise as temperatures rise. The humidity of
10773-443: The early morning harvest of wild oregano. St John is revered under several epithets, notably "Riganas" (the oregano bearer) and "Lampadiaris" (the bonfire bearer), which reflect these customs. While the tradition of lighting bonfires was prevalent up until the 1970s, it has since seen a resurgence only as a cultural performance, preserving the rich heritage of this celebration. Giorgios Seferis's poem "Fires of St John" vividly captures
10906-566: The east of these units is a belt of more mercury deposits, followed by another belt of manganese deposits, although these deposits are mostly limited to Chihuahua and Hidalgo. Iron occurs in three different regions placed by different mechanisms. Along the Pacific there the numerous skarn and replacement deposits mentioned above with relation to gold. Iron occurs in Durango in the form of magnetite lava flows, which are often surrounded by smaller hematite deposits, thought to be ash flows. There
11039-705: The east, from the Spanish oriental meaning "eastern" in English, the Sierra Madre Oriental range or "Eastern mother mountain range" runs generally parallel to the Sierra Madre Occidental along eastern Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico . The range extends from northern Sonora , a state near the Mexico–U.S. border at Arizona , southeast towards to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre del Sur ranges. The high plateau that
11172-404: The eastern slopes have increased organic content and a clay heavy layer that is developed more than those of the more arid eastern lands. The thickness of soil layers also increases. Problems with soil degradation have been aggravated by the cultivation of drug crops, leading to deforestation of many areas. Other problems include overgrazing , which has led to terracing from cattle paths and
11305-516: The entire city attended." Such celebrations are held nowadays in Cesena from 21 to 24 June also with a special street market. Saint John the Baptist is the patron saint of Genoa, Florence and Turin where a fireworks display takes place during the celebration on the river. In Turin Saint John's cult is also well-established since medieval times when the city stops work for two days and people from
11438-405: The essence of this event, portraying the ignition of bonfires and the enduring belief among young women that they could discover their future husbands during these festivities. This blend of ritual, belief, and cultural practice underscores the enduring significance of St John's eve in the tapestry of local traditions. On June 21 Hungarians celebrate "Saint Ivan's Night" (Szentiván-éj) (derived from
11571-615: The evening of June 23, 1636 with a bonfire and five cannon shots. In 1908, Pope Pius X designated John the Baptist as the patron saint of the French-Canadians. Croats celebrate "Ivanjske krijesove", also called Ivanjdan or Svitnjak in Western Herzegovina and coastal Croatia, is celebrated on June 23 in Croatia. People light large bonfires in honor of Saint John Baptist; the celebration can also be connected to
11704-706: The evening of June 23. This midsummer tradition is especially strong in coastal areas of Spain, like in Galicia , where San Xoán festivals take place all over the region; bonfires are lit and a set of firework displays usually takes place. On the Mediterranean coast, especially in Catalonia and the Valencian Community , the celebration includes bonfires too, along very popular dance parties ( verbenas ), and there are also traditional special foods for
11837-573: The figure of the Badiraguato River as the only witness. The second quarter with a gold background refers to the movement that stirred the spirits of the first discoverers of these lands, who were seeking the precious metal. The purple banner of Castile, pierced with a fallen lance, the cross-shaped tree, and the date 1605 symbolize the true conquest of the Badiraguato Valley. The third quarter in sinople with figures of hills and
11970-425: The forest looking for a lucky fern flower that is said to bloom on only this night. Estonians all around the country will gather with their families, or at larger events to celebrate with singing and dancing. The celebrations carry on usually through the night, they are the largest and most important of the year, and the traditions are almost identical to Finland and similar to neighbours Latvia and Sweden. In France,
12103-422: The formation of a soil crust , and soil acidification , which poses a risk to some grasslands as of 2002. The climate varies considerably between the northern and southern extents of this long mountain range. Seasonal variations also occur due to the presence of large bodies of warm water delivering warm damp air from each side of the range. This region undergoes a seasonal variety with two wet seasons, including
12236-609: The height of the mountain start around 3,040 m (9,970 ft) and go up to 3,300 m (10,800 ft). However, Cerro Barajas, at 26°24′N 106°5′W / 26.400°N 106.083°W / 26.400; -106.083 , may be as high as 3,300 m (10,800 ft) although other sources give 3,170 m (10,400 ft) as the elevation. Cerro Gordo, at 23°12′N 104°57′W / 23.200°N 104.950°W / 23.200; -104.950 , may have an elevation between 3,350 m (10,990 ft) and 3,340 m (10,960 ft). The southern end of
12369-471: The higher mountains, with precipitation occurring as snowfall certain times of year. During the summer monsoon, wind patterns undergo large-scale changes. In May there is very little large-scale wind current through the mountains, most circulates around the mountains, although onshore flow is present. As the high pressure moves north, air is pulled off the Gulf of Mexico, bringing easterly winds aloft to
12502-614: The indigenous people of the Badiraguato region lived fostered hatred for the viceregal government. This led to an armed movement in favor of independence that began on February 25, 1811. The largest statue of Judas Thaddaeus in the world is in Badiraguato, Sinaloa . It was inaugurated on September 26, 2023. These individuals were born and lived in rancherias also known as ranchos in Mexican Spanish which are within
12635-465: The interior basins . These faults are commonly covered by alluvium and basalt , making them difficult to discern, but can be found in certain fault blocks . Grabens have formed in the north, and some of these are filled with volcanic and sedimentary floors, and long depressions have formed in the southern Sierra Madre. The faulting decreases in the center of the range where the faults are mostly small normal faults , but increases once again on
12768-622: The interior of the country these festivals attract millions of tourists and have a significant impact in the local economy. In Quebec, Canada, the celebration of St John's Day was brought to New France by the first French colonists. Great fires were lit at night. According to the Jesuit Relations, the first celebrations of St John's Day in New France took place around 1638 on the banks of the Saint Lawrence River on
12901-634: The invasion of the Tarascans or Purépecha and later to the migrations of the Nahuas . Badiraguato was a town of belonging to the Tebaca nation, which eventually became part of the province of Culiacan , kingdom of Nueva Galicia in 1621. During the early 17th century, no conquistador was able to travel to Badiraguato , even though Nuño de Guzmán violently controlled that area around San Miguel de Culiacan which he founded September 29, 1531. Around
13034-626: The labour of others reconciled, and made of bitter enemies, loving friends, as also for the virtue that a great fire hat to purge the infection of the air. On the vigil of St John Baptist and St Peter and Paul the Apostles, every man's door being shadowed with green birch, long fennel, St John's Wort, Orpin, white lillies and such like, garnished upon with garlands of beautiful flowers, had also lamps of glass, with oil burinin in them all night, some hung branches of iron curiously wrought, containing hundreds of lamps lit at once, which made goodly show. Fire
13167-562: The middle, an arc of andesite was placed during the spreading of the Gulf of California . The basin and range-style faulting of the middle-late Miocene took place at the same time as the placement of alkali basalts , In the westernmost slopes mafic dikes formed. These events have also been linked to the subduction of the Farallon Plate . Episodes of volcanism continued into the Quaternary . The Sierras are believed to be
13300-539: The monsoon season. Precipitation varies on both annual and seasonal scales in the Sierra Madre. Annual differences in regional climate are associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation with El Niño years leading to a wetter climate. Monsoon rains come to the Sierra Madre in June as the high pressure area moves north, leading to wet summer seasons. This causes east winds bringing moisture from
13433-501: The mountains extending from Alaska down to these across western North America. Sierra Tarahumara or Tarahumara is the name for the region of the Sierra Madre beginning at the Durango border and extending north. This name comes from the Tarahumara natives. This is a dramatic landscape of steep mountains formed by a high plateau that has been cut through with canyons including Copper Canyon , larger and, in places, deeper than
13566-652: The mountains may be referred to as the Sierra Huichola. In this area, the Sierra Madre begins to give way to the Basin and Range Province . Subranges of this area include the Sierra de Alica and the Sierra Pajaritos , both in Nayarit, and the Sierra los Huicholes , Sierra de Morones , Sierra Nochistlán, and Sierra Fría extending eastwards into Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Aguascalientes. The mountains act as
13699-417: The mountains. On the east slope of the mountain, daytime upslope winds flow to the crest, where the flow joins westerly winds. The mountains cause convection during the following monsoon season, during which nocturnal winds at low levels in the atmosphere move moisture overnight. Extensive lightning activity occurs during this season. After the high pressure breaks down, wind patterns return to those prior to
13832-534: The name of the saint. The Johnsmas Foy festivities in the Shetland Isles , where the people are still proud of their Nordic roots also take place in the week building up to the 23/24 June. Lerwick holds a Midsummer carnival. The traditional midsummer party in Spain is the celebration in honour of Saint John ( Spanish : San Juan , Catalan : Sant Joan , Galician : San Xoán ) and takes place on
13965-634: The native population's opposition to these practices. The range trends from the north to southeast. Canyons cut by the rivers of the wet western slopes exist in addition to those of the northeast slopes, notably the Copper Canyon . The range runs parallel to the Pacific coast of Mexico, from just south of the Arizona-Sonora border southeast through eastern Sonora , western Chihuahua , Sinaloa , Durango , Zacatecas , Nayarit , Jalisco , Aguascalientes to Guanajuato , where it joins with
14098-539: The native species which has been a cause of concern among researchers, along with concerns about the effects of logging on these species. The Sonoran Desert is found in the northwestern foothills at 1,000–2,000 m (3,300–6,600 ft). The Chihuahuan Desert is found to the northeast and east, the Meseta Central matorral and Central Mexican matorral to the southeast, and the Sinaloan dry forests to
14231-470: The old Slavic traditions for Kresnik (South Slavic version of Perun) the god of Sun. The locals bring firewood to a designated place and light a bonfire at sunset; young people attempt to jump over as it burns. Rivalries between villages on who makes the bigger bonfire is common, leading to competitions between village folk. Saint John's Eve ( Sankthansaften ) is celebrated in the same manner in Denmark as
14364-468: The parish might help themselves and, if the fortunes of the family ran to it, would be invited indoors for a further supper and a festive evening. By this means the newcomers to the parish made many acquaintances and friends, and were helped to see themselves as having a definite place in the local community. The festival of Golowan in Penzance , Cornwall was created in 1991 to revive the celebration of
14497-575: The preparer of the way of Christ". These traditions are very similar to those of May Day . Saint John's Day is also a popular day for infant baptisms and in the 19th century, "baptisms of children who had died 'pagans' were acted out". In Sweden, young people visited holy springs as "a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River Jordan." On Saint John's Eve in Switzerland, goatsbeard and masterwort were fashioned into
14630-401: The range are the major determining factors in the dominant plants. Oaks dominate the lower reaches of the mountains, where stands grow down to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Some oak species even continue into the surrounding ecosystems. In the western slopes of the range, cloud forest also occurs, mostly on mid-elevation slopes with little exposure to wind or sun in the southern end of
14763-519: The range contains none of the volcanism that is apparent in the northern range. These formations ended in the Paleocene . Eocene volcanism formed a series of andesitic and rhyolitic formations in the area, with spatial and temporal variations throughout. Most of the gold and silver deposits are also in these rocks. In the Oligocene, ash flows became the predominant deposit of the area, with interbedded lava flows between. These ash flows began
14896-525: The range is also influenced by the same seasonal changes as rainfall. In the dry season dew points are low at high elevations (500 hPa), around −22 °C (−8 °F) in the south of the range, and −24 and −26 °C (−11 and −15 °F) in the north in May. In June, dew points begin to increase from the May levels up to −20 °C (−4 °F) in the north and −16 °C (3 °F) in the south. By July these dew points are at −14 °C (7 °F) throughout
15029-424: The range, but the forests in the mountains vary by elevation and place in the range. This ecoregion is noted for its high biodiversity and large number of endemic species, and for allowing some species to extend their range . The dominant plants vary across the range, and the habitat that they present varies from scattered woodland to both deciduous and coniferous forest. The elevation and latitude in
15162-442: The range. At higher elevations pines begin to grow alongside the oaks, and pines begin to dominate the oaks at higher elevations. At high elevations and in the north, mixed conifer forests become the dominant ecosystem. These forests are composed primarily of pines and firs , which begin to grow at these elevations. There are also grasslands on some mountain tops, surrounded by the forest that occur in those areas. Plants in
15295-405: The range. The range allows higher dew points throughout these periods than the surrounding low lands. This rise in humidity accompanies the monsoon. The mountains create a diverse setting for plants and animals by creating a different set of conditions from the surroundings. The Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests are found at elevations of 1,500–3,000 m (4,900–9,800 ft) throughout
15428-415: The rock that is most visible to be ignimbrites with lava flow layers. The region has a general strike from just west of north to just south of east. Faults in the area tend to be younger than the upper volcanics, excluding those associated with calderas, but do occur in distinct periods. The large faults along the eastern slope have caused the slope to be made up of large escarpments that face into
15561-435: The second series of high magmatism formations. The Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up formed a series of ignimbrite formations, layered one atop another, that are sometimes broken by lava flows. The ignimbrite formations in this area cover the largest area of any known series, with ten calderas identified in the province. Three of these calderas are in Copper Canyon. The lava has formed a series of mafic rocks that comprise
15694-465: The soil help reduce runoff and soil losses from erosion. Areas that are covered in stone are known as lithosols , and make up most of the remaining surface in the mountains, especially on upper slopes. The last major soil type are vertisols , which are thin mineral-poor soils. Soils at higher elevations experience more leaching , due to increased rainfall. Acidic soils may have lower calcium content, leading to lower plant soil quality . Soils along
15827-486: The sun follows the highest course, when the nights are the shortest and the days the longest. In the Middle Ages it was primarily an ecclesiastical festivity, but from the 16th century on the sources recall it as a folk custom. In some rural parts of Ireland , particularly in the north-west, Bonfire Night is held on St. John's Eve ( Irish : Oíche Fhéile Eoin ), when bonfires are lit on hilltops. The celebration
15960-459: The surrounding areas gather to dance around the bonfire in the central square. In Genoa and coastal Liguria it is traditional to light bonfires on the beaches on Saint John's Eve to remember the fires lit to celebrate the arrival of Saint John's relics to Genoa in 1098. Since 1391 on the 24th of June a great procession across Genoa carries the relics to the harbour, where the Archbishop blesses
16093-607: The terrane is mostly covered by volcanics and sedimentary deposits, so it is only visible where erosion has revealed it. The main subterranes of the Guerrero Composite Terrane that are within the Sierra Madre are the Tahue and Zihuatanejo terranes. Dividing the Guerrero Terrane from the rest of the Sierra Madre terranes is a boundary that is thought to represent the Early Cretaceous Arperos Basin,
16226-428: The tip. The "Koyguá marriage" is a simulated peasant wedding for fun, there is another version that would be the "Forced Marriage" where a woman and a man are accused and forced to marry with all the details of a wedding real The "kambuchi jejoká" is a piñata made with a ceramic jar, which has to be broken with a wooden stick, a complicated result because the participant is blindfolded. The festival ends when "el judaskai"
16359-567: The west and southwest. These lower elevations are usually graded into by a stand of tropical deciduous forest , which has a large portion of flora made up of flowering plants and legumes . These flowering plants are mostly from the genus Bursera . The ecotone , made up of the tropical deciduous forest, is commonly sparsely populated, sometimes only by small stands of trees. It may be referred to as savanna . Saint John%27s Eve#Spain Saint John's Eve , starting at sunset on 23 June,
16492-614: The western boundary of the faults in the southern mountains. In the north there is an unknown boundary between the Cortes Terrane and the Guerrero Composite Terrane. Some theorize that this is a section of the Mojave–Sonora Megashear, but this theory is not universally accepted; however, the Megashear is important, and, in fact, is necessary for reconstructions of the opening of the Gulf of California, as of 2003. On
16625-410: The western slope. In fact, the major normal faults tend to diverge around the center of the core and join at either end. Some of these faults may have allowed ignimbrites to erupt from the surface, and so there may be some association between the ignimbrite occurrence and faults; this can be used to find out information about different kinds of basement rock present. There are two faults dividing
16758-519: The year 1599, Jesuit missionary Hernando de Santarén was entrusted with the evangelization of the Indians of the Acaxee nation, which encompassed the entire region currently occupied by the municipality of Badiraguato. Father Santarén requested help and received it from Father Florian de Ayerve, who ascended the Badiraguato stream in 1605. The first explorer of the mountains in the region of Badiraguato
16891-617: Was Captain Don Cristóbal de Oñate , who, accompanied by Captain Don José de Angulo, reached the plains of Guadiana (Durango) with his conquests, but abandoned the endeavor after five years in 1536. In the history of the conquest of Badiraguato, twenty years later, Don Francisco de Ibarra , known as "The Phoenix of the Conquerors of Sinaloa," emerged. He came to New Spain under the protection of his uncle, Don Diego de Ibarra, who
17024-468: Was a very illustrious knight from Santiago de Guipúzcoa, a wealthy miner, and the founder of Zacatecas. In the mountains of Badiraguato, several mines were created but didn't produce as much profit as before during the initial conquest in 1531. The indigenous population were bribed although they never received payment. Instead they were forced to work in the mines, but they did receive some compensation on Saint John's Eve . This miserable situation in which
17157-643: Was also served, which sometimes would be prepared at the bonfire in a large pot to be served to younger people. Ballaghkeen , a village in County Wexford , where the church is dedicated to St John the Baptist, holds its Patron day on the first Sunday in July, this Sunday being the closest to the Old Calendar date for St John's Day. In some parts of Ireland, bonfires were lit on the Eve of Saints Peter and Paul (June 28) instead of St John's Eve. The tradition
17290-500: Was closely tied to the 'growing days' ( diebus crescentibus ) of the solar cycle around which the Roman year was based. By the sixth century, this solar cycle was completed by balancing Christ's conception and birth against the conception and birth of his cousin, John the Baptist. Such a relationship between Christ and his cousin was amply justified by the imagery of scripture. The Baptist was conceived six months before Christ (Luke 1:76); he
17423-468: Was known as "Little St John’s Day". The feast of Saint John the Baptist has been celebrated in Florence from medieval times, with festivals sometimes lasting three days from 21 to 24 June. In medieval Florence, St John's Day was "an occasion for dramatic representations of the Baptist's life and death" and "the feast day was marked by processions, banquets, and plays, culminating in a fireworks show that
17556-459: Was not himself the light, but was to give testimony concerning the light (John 1:8–9). Thus John's conception was celebrated on the eighth kalends of October (24 September: near the autumn equinox) and his birth on the eighth kalends of July (24 June: near the Summer solstice). If Christ's conception and birth took place on the 'growing days', it was fitting that John the Baptist's should take place on
17689-404: Was revised around 1872 and again in 1880. In this last version he added a hauntingly beautiful quiet ending; in which a church bell announces the dawn, and daybreak chases away the evil spirit . Night on Bald Mountain is in the soundtrack of Walt Disney ’s movie Fantasia . Festas Juninas (June Festivals, "festivities that occur in the month of June"), also known as festas de São João, are
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