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37-462: In February 1942, the battle of Badung Strait was fought here. It is usually reported as a body of water that has accidents and mishaps. On the shores of the bay are resort and tourist areas, which are widely known internationally, in particular, Nusa Dua , Tanjung Benoa and Sanur . This Bali location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Battle of Badung Strait 1942 The Battle of Badung Strait

74-507: A Long Lance torpedo from Asashio hit Piet Hein , sinking the Dutch destroyer immediately. Asashio and Oshio then exchanged gunfire with Pope and John D. Ford , forcing the two American destroyers to retire to the southeast instead of following the cruisers to the northeast. In the darkness, Asashio and Oshio mistook each other for enemy ships and fired on each other for several minutes, without any damage. About three hours later,

111-423: A high explosive warhead of about 490 kg (1,080 lb) of Shimose powder type 97, explosive, which was about 7% more powerful than straight TNT. Rear Admiral Jungo Rai explained this weapon in the chapter "Torpedo", in collective work The Full Particulars of Secret Weapons (秘密兵器の全貌), first published by Koyo-sha, Japan, in 1952. The Type 93 torpedo had a main chamber filled with pure compressed oxygen,

148-424: A 490 kg (1,080 lb) high explosive warhead. Its long range, high speed, and heavy warheads provided a formidable punch in surface battles. In contrast, the U.S. Navy's standard surface-launched torpedo of World War II, the 53 cm (21 in) Mark 15 , had a maximum range of 14,000 m (15,000 yd) at 49.1 km/h (26.5 kn), or 5,500 m (6,000 yd) at 83 km/h (45 kn), with

185-409: A joint regulator valve preventing reverse flow, and a small (approximately 13-liter) high-pressure air tank. First, compressed air was mixed with fuel, and the mixture was supplied to a heat starter. Ignition started gently, with the mixture burning steadily in the engine (if oxygen was used at this stage, explosions were common). As the compressed air was consumed and lost pressure, high-pressure oxygen

222-494: A significantly smaller 375 kg (827 lb) warhead; torpedoes of other Allied nations did not have longer range. The Type 93 was launched from 61 cm (24 in) torpedo tubes mounted on the decks of IJN destroyers and cruisers ; some Japanese destroyers, unlike ships of other navies, mounted their banks of torpedo tubes in turrets offering protection against splinters, and had tube loaders. The IJN armed nearly all of its cruisers with Type 93 torpedoes. The long range of

259-591: Is also used, in reference to its propulsion system. It was the most advanced naval torpedo in the world at the time. The Type 93's development (in parallel with a submarine-launched model, the Type 95 ) began in Japan in 1928, under the auspices of Rear Admiral Kaneji Kishimoto and Captain Toshihide Asakuma, as an evolution of the 610 mm (24 in)-diameter Type 90 pneumatic torpedo . The torpedo design

296-521: Is significantly soluble in water, and water vapor , thus greatly reducing tell-tale bubble trails. Compressed oxygen is dangerous to handle and required lengthy research and development, not to mention additional training for the warship's torpedomen, for safe operational use. Eventually, the IJN's weapons development engineers found that by starting the torpedo's engine with compressed air, and then gradually switching to pure oxygen, they were able to overcome

333-586: The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands . It was initially believed that during the Battle off Samar (in the eastern Philippines ) a 5 in (130 mm) shell from escort carrier USS White Plains struck the heavy cruiser Chōkai which detonated the cruiser's Type 93 torpedoes, causing damage that forced the ship to be scuttled ; however, the 2019 discovery by the RV Petrel of the wreck of

370-483: The Chōkai with her torpedoes intact disproved this theory. The same Samar engagement saw the heavy cruiser Suzuya sunk by the detonation of her Type 93 torpedoes: a bomb near miss starboard amidships set off the torpedoes in the starboard tube mounts; the resultant fires propagated to other torpedoes nearby and beyond; the subsequent explosions damaged one of the boilers and the starboard engine rooms and eventually reached

407-722: The Dutch destroyer Piet Hein and escorting two transports to safety. The battle demonstrated the Japanese Navy's considerable superiority over the Allies in night fighting which lasted until the Battle of Cape St. George . A battalion of the 48th Infantry Division of the Imperial Japanese Army landed in Bali on 18 February 1942. Dutch Admiral Karel Doorman 's naval forces were scattered around Indonesia, but

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444-462: The fuel oxidizer in the torpedo's propulsion system. These torpedoes used an otherwise normal wet-heater engine burning a fuel such as Kerosene. Since air is only 21% oxygen (and 78% nitrogen), pure oxygen provides nearly five times as much oxidizer in the same tank volume, thereby increasing torpedo range. In addition, the absence of the inert nitrogen resulted in the emission of significantly less exhaust gas, comprising only carbon dioxide , which

481-605: The IJN would commit its own presumably fresh and undamaged battleships to finish off the U.S. remnants in one huge climactic battle . (This was essentially what the U.S. Navy's " War Plan Orange " expected.) The Japanese Navy invested heavily in developing a large, heavy, and long-range torpedo, the Type 93. Torpedoes were the only weapon that gave small warships, such as destroyers, the potential to cripple or sink battleships. The IJN's torpedo research and development focused on using highly compressed oxygen instead of compressed air as

518-561: The Japanese convoy on 18 February but did no damage and were driven off by depth charges from Japanese destroyers. Later that day, 20 planes of the United States Army Air Forces attacked the convoy but succeeded only in damaging the transport Sagami Maru . The Japanese were aware that their invasion convoy was likely to be attacked again, so they retreated north as soon as possible. The cruiser Nagara and

555-536: The Japanese, and its airfield was captured intact. The Japanese continued their conquest of the Dutch East Indies with the capture of Timor from 20 to 23 February. The ABDA forces engaged at Badung Strait were decisively defeated in the Battle of the Java Sea on 27 February 1942, in which the Dutch cruisers Java and De Ruyter were sunk and Admiral Doorman was killed. Tromp evaded this fate, for she

592-461: The Kaiten manned torpedo. The warhead of the Type 93 torpedo was 480 kg (1,060 lb) (the same as the 1-ton 410 mm (16 in) gun of an Imperial Japanese battleship), increased to 1.6 tons for Kaiten. The Type 93 torpedo is 9.61 m (31.5 ft) long and weighs about three tons, while the Kaiten was 15 m (49 ft) long and weighed eight tons. The maximum speed of the Type 93

629-544: The battle line to fight its way across the Pacific Ocean, relieve or recapture the Philippines, and destroy the Japanese fleet. Since the IJN had fewer battleships than the U.S. Navy, it planned to use light forces ( light cruisers , destroyers , and submarines ) to whittle down the U.S. Navy's fleet in a succession of minor battles, mostly at night. After the number of American warships was sufficiently reduced,

666-601: The battle. Michishio was hit by shells from Pillsbury , John D. Edwards, and Tromp , killing 13 of her crew and wounding 83. She lost speed and had to be towed after the battle. During these exchanges, Stewart was also damaged topside and one shell hit opened seams below the waterline aft and flooded the steering engine room. Both groups of ships turned away, and the engagement was over. The third ABDA group—seven torpedo boats —arrived in Badung Strait at about 06:00 but did not encounter any Japanese ships. The battle

703-413: The destroyers Wakaba , Hatsushimo and Nenohi were well away and took no part in the action. The last ships to leave were the transports, each escorted by two destroyers. Sasago Maru was escorted by Asashio and Ōshio ; the heavily damaged Sagami Maru was escorted by Michishio and Arashio . The first Allied group—consisting of the cruisers HNLMS  De Ruyter and Java and

740-426: The destroyers USS  John D. Ford , Pope , and HNLMS  Piet Hein —sighted the Japanese in Badung Strait at about 22:00 and opened fire at 22:25 on 19 February. No damage was done in this exchange of fire, and the two Dutch cruisers continued through the strait to the northeast, to give the destroyers a free hand to engage with torpedoes. Then Piet Hein , Pope, and John D. Ford came into range. At 22:40,

777-632: The exact range, but some put the range at nearly 22,000 yards. In the early surface battles of 1942–43, Japanese destroyers and cruisers were able to launch their torpedoes from about 20 km (22,000 yd) at the unsuspecting Allied warships attempting to close to gun range. The Allied warships expected that, if torpedoes were used, they would be fired from not more than 10 km (11,000 yd), their own typical torpedo range. The many torpedo hits suffered by Allied warships in such engagements led their officers to believe torpedoes had been fired by undetected Japanese submarines operating in concert with

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814-458: The invasion of Bali could not be ignored – it would give the Japanese an airbase within range of the ABDA naval base at Surabaya – so he sent in all available ships. The short notice gave no time to concentrate his ships; accordingly, several Allied forces were to attack the Japanese. The first Allied vessels to engage were the submarines USS  Seawolf and HMS  Truant . Both attacked

851-494: The main magazines. While the Type 93 torpedo was dangerous to its user as well as its intended target, the Imperial Japanese Navy felt that its effectiveness outweighed its risks. During the course of the war, 22 Allied warships were sunk after Type 93 hits: 11 cruisers , 11 destroyers , and one fleet aircraft carrier . Thirteen of these had been fatally hit solely by the Type 93, with the rest succumbing to

888-495: The problem of explosions that had hampered it before. To conceal the use of pure oxygen from the ship's crew and any potential enemy, the oxygen tank was named the secondary air tank . The pure oxygen torpedo was first deployed by the IJN in 1935. Some specification examples of ranges by speed: However, the IJN announced officially the maximum performance of the Type 93 was 11 km (12,000 yd) at 78 km/h (42 kn). The stated range of over 10 km (11,000 yd)

925-695: The second group of ABDA ships—the cruiser HNLMS  Tromp and the destroyers USS  John D. Edwards , Parrott , Pillsbury , and Stewart —reached Badung Strait. At 01:36, Stewart , Pillsbury, and Parrott launched torpedoes but did no damage. Then Oshio and Asashio sortied again and there was another exchange of gunfire. Tromp was hit by eleven 5 in (12.7 cm) shells from Asashio , severely damaging her and hitting both Japanese destroyers, killing four men on Asashio and seven on Oshio . Tromp later had to return to Australia for repairs. Arashio and Michishio had been ordered by Admiral Kubo to turn back, and at about 02:20 they joined

962-464: The surface warships. On rare occasions, stray Type 93s struck ships at a much longer range than their intended targets, leading the Allies on occasion to suspect their ships had been mined . The capabilities of the Type 93 went mostly unrecognized by the Allies until examples were captured intact in 1943. A 45 cm (17.7 in) version, the Type 97 , was later developed for midget submarines , but

999-419: The type 93 enabled them to score the two longest ranged torpedo hits ever fired. At the battle of the Java Sea , February 27 1942, the heavy cruiser Haguro launched a torpedo from 22,000 yards which hit and sank the Dutch destroyer Kortenaer . Shortly before the battle of Kula Gulf , July 5 1943, the destroyer Niizuki launched a torpedo that hit and sank the destroyer USS Strong . Sources differ on

1036-401: Was 96 km/h (52 kn) and range 22,000  m (24,000  yd ). The Kaiten had a range of 23,000 m (25,000 yd) at 56 km/h (30 kn), and 70,000 m (77,000 yd) at 22 km/h (12 kn). The Kaiten had a stable slow cruising capability just beneath the surface. The Type 93 had a maximum range of 40 km (44,000 yd) at 70 km/h (38 kn) with

1073-750: Was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II , fought on the night of 19/20 February 1942 in Badung Strait (not to be confused with the West Java city of Bandung ) between the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDA) and the Imperial Japanese Navy . In the engagement, the four Japanese destroyers defeated an Allied force that outnumbered and outgunned them, sinking

1110-649: Was a 610 mm (24 in)-diameter torpedo of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), launched from surface ships. It is commonly referred to as the Long Lance by most modern English-language naval historians, a nickname given to it after the war by Samuel Eliot Morison , the chief historian of the U.S. Navy , who spent much of the war in the Pacific Theater . In Japanese references, the term Sanso gyorai ( 酸素魚雷 , lit. "oxygen torpedo")

1147-500: Was a significant victory for the Japanese. Lieutenant Commander Gorō Yoshii of Asashio and Commander Kiyoshi Kikkawa of Oshio had shown great bravery and skill. They had driven off a much larger Allied force, sinking the destroyer Piet Hein , damaging the destroyer Stewart, and severely damaging the cruiser Tromp . Meanwhile, the Japanese had sustained little damage themselves and had protected their transport ships. Bali's garrison of 600 Indonesian militia offered no resistance to

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1184-508: Was effective when the targeted warship steamed straight for more than a few minutes while the torpedo approached. This sometimes occurred when USN cruisers chased IJN destroyers breaking away from the scene of the battle at high speed during the night, or when American fleet carriers, engaged in flight operations, were targeted by IJN submarines in the South Pacific in 1942–43. The Type 93 weighed about 2,700 kg (6,000 lb), with

1221-671: Was inspired by the British oxygen-enriched torpedoes used on the Nelson -class battleships , a naval officer believed them to be oxygen-fuelled and it led to restarting research at Kure. At the time, the most powerful potential enemy of the Japanese Navy was the United States Navy 's Pacific Fleet . The U.S. Navy's doctrine, presuming an invasion by Japan of the Philippines (an American commonwealth at that time), called for

1258-433: Was not a success, and was replaced operationally by Japan's standard aerial torpedo , the Type 91 . A 53 cm (21 in) version for use by a few IJN submarines was designated the Type 95 , and it was ultimately successful. A disadvantage of the Type 93 was that its Shimose explosive warhead was far more likely to detonate due to shock than a TNT-loaded torpedo. The explosion from one Type 93, with its heavy warhead,

1295-405: Was supplied from the main chamber through the joint valve into the compressed air tank. Soon the air tank was filled with pure oxygen, and combustion continued in the engine. The torpedo needed careful maintenance. Warships equipped with Type 93 torpedo launchers required an oxygen generator system to use this type of torpedo. The rotational speed of the gyrocompass was increased to 20,000 rpm for

1332-444: Was usually enough to sink the destroyer, or heavily damage the cruiser, carrying it. As American air strikes against IJN ships became more common, captains of destroyers and cruisers under air attack had to decide whether or not to jettison torpedoes to prevent them from being detonated during the attack. In one instance, the heavy cruiser Chikuma jettisoned her Type 93s just before being hit by bombs from several USN dive bombers at

1369-650: Was withdrawn to Australia to repair damage suffered at Badung Strait. The US destroyer Stewart was sufficiently damaged that she had to be placed in dry-dock for repairs in Soerabaia , where she was scuttled to avoid capture by the rapidly advancing Japanese. She was raised, repaired, and put into Japanese service a year later as the patrol vessel P-102 . 8°37′50″S 115°23′17″E  /  8.63056°S 115.38806°E  / -8.63056; 115.38806 Japanese Long Lance torpedo The Type 93 ( 酸素魚雷 , designated for Imperial Japanese calendar year 2593)

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