35-567: Bagarius ( Thai : ปลาแค้ ) is an Asian genus of catfishes ( order Siluriformes) of the family Sisoridae . It includes five to six extant species and potentially one extinct fossil species, B. gigas . There are currently five to six extant species placed in Bagarius : A 2021 study found the giant devil catfish ( Bagarius yarrelli ) to be synonymous with B. bagarius . Bagarius lica may be synonymous with Bagarius vegrandis One potential fossil species, † Bagarius gigas ,
70-411: A dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of
105-565: A second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form
140-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of
175-404: A heavily spotted pattern like a Dalmatian dog that obscures the main barred pattern. In B. bagarius , the pelvic fin origin is normally anterior to a vertical line through the base of the last dorsal fin ray, while in B. yarelli the pelvic fin origin is posterior to this vertical line. Also, in most B. bagarius , the adipose fin originates far back over the anal fin , on a vertical through
210-530: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and
245-603: A taste" for human flesh from the corpses and subsequently have attacked bathers in the river. This is the subject of a TV documentary aired on 22 October 2008, as well as an episode about the Kali River goonch attacks on the Animal Planet series River Monsters . Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by
280-419: Is a piscivore . B. yarelli feeds primarily on prawns but also eat small fishes and aquatic insects. B. bagarius breeds in rivers prior to the beginning of the annual flood season. B. yarelli migrates in schools. It is reported to migrate to follow its prey. It is also reported that it follows Catlocarpio siamensis during its upstream migration. Apparently the main upstream migration begins close to
315-443: Is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form
350-549: Is entirely or almost entirely covered by heavily keratinized skin superficially differentiated into unculiferous plaques or tubercles . Bagarius species lack a thoracic adhesive apparatus and paired fins are unplaited. Bagarius species have the same general colour pattern consisting of three darkly pigmented bands or blotches on the body. Irregularly placed spots may also be present on the body. The fin pigmentation varies from species to species, from plain, to spotted, to slightly or heavily barred. Also, some B. yarelli may have
385-874: Is known from the Eocene of Sumatra . Bagarius species inhabit south and southeast Asia . They are distributed in the Indus drainage in Pakistan and India , east (including peninsular India) to the Red River drainage in Vietnam and south throughout Indochina including the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia . B. bagarius is known from the Ganges River , Chao Phraya , and the Mekong drainages, as well as
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#1732797389529420-632: Is the practice of eating insects . An alternative term is insectivory . Terms for organisms that practice entomophagy are entomophage and insectivore . Entomophagy is sometimes defined to also include the eating of arthropods other than insects, such as arachnids and myriapods ; eating arachnids may also be referred to as arachnophagy . Entomophagy is widespread among many animals, including non-human primates . Animals that feed primarily on insects are called insectivores . Insects, nematodes and fungi that obtain their nutrition from insects are sometimes termed entomophagous , especially in
455-415: Is usually associated with rapids in the large rivers it inhabits. B. yarelli occurs in large rivers on the bottom, even with swift current, never entering small streams. It is found among boulders, often in the white water of the rapids where it apparently is indifferent to the strong current. B. bagarius is primarily entomophagous . It also feeds on small fishes, frogs and shrimps. B. suchus , however,
490-542: The Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It
525-466: The Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along
560-506: The Pliocene . Bagarius species have a broad head that is moderately or strongly depressed. The mouth is broad and terminal or slightly inferior. The gill openings are wide. The dorsal fin and pectoral fins have strong spines. The dorsal fin spine is smooth, and the pectoral fin spine is smooth anteriorly and finely serrate posteriorly. The dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fin lobes sometimes with filamentous extensions. The head and body
595-521: The Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on
630-555: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to
665-796: The Malay Peninsula and the Salween and Mae Klong drainages and the Brahmaputra River and Ayeyarwady River . B. suchus originates from the Mekong and Chao Phraya basins. B. rutilus inhabits the Red River and Ma River in northern Vietnam. B. gigas is reportedly from the Eocene of Sumatra, but the age of the locale has been questioned. The oldest known confirmed sisorid fossil is B. bagarius found in Sumatra and India of
700-491: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to
735-737: The base of the third or four anal fin ray. However, in most B. yarelli , the adipose fin originates near or in front of a vertical line through the anal fin origin. In B. suchus , the adipose fin originates even further back than in B. bagarius or B. yarelli . B. suchus tends to have a flatter head and body than either B. bagarius or B. yarelli . B. bagarius does not grow much past 20 centimetres (7.9 in) SL . B. rutilus grows to about 100 cm (39.4 in) SL. B. suchus grows to about 70 cm (27.6 in) SL. Both B. yarelli and B. lica grow very large, reaching about 200 cm (78.7 in) SL. B. bagarius inhabits rapid and rocky pools of large and medium-sized rivers. B. suchus
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#1732797389529770-443: The context of biological control applications. These may also be more specifically classified into predators , parasites or parasitoids , while viruses , bacteria and fungi that grow on or inside insects may also be termed entomopathogenic (see also entomopathogenic fungi ). Entomophagy is scientifically described as widespread among non-human primates and common among many human communities. The scientific term describing
805-545: The dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of
840-528: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of
875-551: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled
910-472: The peak of flood, when the current is very strong and the water is turbid. Bagarius species are marketed fresh, and are important as a food fish, but the meat spoils rapidly and can cause illness. The Goonch catfish B. yarrelli has become an object of media attention as reports have surfaced of some of these fish feeding on funeral pyres in the Kali River . There is speculation that some drownings have also been caused by large specimens that have "developed
945-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,
980-452: The practice of eating insects by humans is anthropo-entomophagy . The eggs, larvae, pupae , and adults of certain insects have been eaten by humans from prehistoric times to the present day. Around 3,000 ethnic groups practice entomophagy. Human insect-eating (anthropo-entomophagy) is common to cultures in most parts of the world, including Central and South America , Africa , Asia , Australia , and New Zealand . Eighty percent of
1015-575: The ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as
1050-492: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to
1085-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as
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1120-537: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Entomophagy Entomophagy ( / ˌ ɛ n t ə ˈ m ɒ f ə dʒ i / , from Greek ἔντομον éntomon , 'insect', and φαγεῖν phagein , 'to eat')
1155-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after
1190-431: The world's nations eat insects of 1,000 to 2,000 species. FAO has registered some 1,900 edible insect species and estimates that there were, in 2005, some two billion insect consumers worldwide. FAO suggests eating insects as a possible solution to environmental degradation caused by livestock production. In some societies, primarily western nations , entomophagy is uncommon or taboo . Today, insect eating
1225-453: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed
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