46-561: Bagnath Temple ( Kumaoni : बागनाथ थान) is an ancient shrine dedicated to Shiva , situated in the Bageshwar city at the confluence of Sarayu and Gomati rivers . Bagnath Temple is festooned with bells of all sizes and features impressive carvings. It is the most famous Temple in Bageshwar District . It is flooded with devotees on the occasion of Shivratri . The city of Bageshwar gets its name from this Temple. Bagnath Temple
92-561: A branch of Western Indo-Aryan languages . They are spoken primarily in Rajasthan and Malwa , and adjacent areas of Haryana , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in India. They have also reached different corners of India, especially eastern and southern parts of India, due to the migrations of people of the Marwari community who use them for internal communication. There are also speakers in
138-616: A current of water," from V.L. * stanticare (see stanch ). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones. In India, Rajasthani is written in the Devanagari script , an abugida which is written from left to right. Earlier, the Mahajani script , or Modiya, was used to write Rajasthani. The script is also called as Maru Gurjari in a few records. In Pakistan, where Rajasthani
184-568: A distinct language, and it is taught as such in Bikaner's Maharaja Ganga Singh University , Jaipur's University of Rajasthan , Jodhpur's Jai Narain Vyas University , Kota's Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University and Udaipur's Mohanlal Sukhadia University . The state Board of Secondary Education included Rajasthani in its course of studies, and it has been an optional subject since 1973. National recognition has lagged, however. In 2003,
230-603: A language in the unsafe category, meaning it requires consistent conservation efforts. Kumaoni is written using the Devanagari script. There are several dialects spoken in the Kumaon region. There is not single accepted method of dividing up the dialects of Kumaoni. Broadly speaking, Kali (or Central) Kumaoni is spoken in Almora and northern Nainital. North-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in Pithoragarh. South-eastern Kumaoni
276-416: A language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning: What remains are words of foreign origin ( videśī ), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories ( deśaj ). The former consists mainly of Persian , Arabic , and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish . While the phenomenon of English loanwords
322-539: A literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognisable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves. Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it
368-651: A morphological basis. It shares a 50%-65% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on a Swadesh 210 word list comparison). It has many cognate words with Hindi. Notable phonetic correspondences include /s/ in Hindi with /h/ in Rajasthani. For example /sona/ 'gold' (Hindi) and /hono/ 'gold' (Marwari). /h/ sometimes elides. There are also a variety of vowel changes. Most of the pronouns and interrogatives are, however, distinct from those of Hindi. The phonetic characteristics of Vedic Sanskrit, surviving in Rajasthani language,
414-405: Is SOV , and there are two genders and two numbers . There are no definite or indefinite articles . A verb is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be , marking tense and mood , and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have
460-630: Is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over two million people of the Kumaon region of the state of Uttarakhand in northern India and parts of Doti region in Western Nepal . As per 1961 survey there were 1,030,254 Kumaoni speakers in India. The number of speakers increased to 2.2 million in 2011. Kumaoni is not endangered but UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger designates it as
506-466: Is considered a minor language, a variant of the Sindhi script is used to write Rajasthani dialects. The letter 'ळ'(ɭ) is specially used in Rajasthani script. 'ल'(l) and 'ळ'(ɭ) have different sounds. The use of both has different meanings, like कालौ (black color) and काळौ (insane). In Rajasthani language, there are sounds of palatal 'श'(sh) and nasal 'ष'(sh), but in Rajasthani script only dental 'स'(s)
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#1732782850502552-583: Is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenised. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Rajasthani-ized. dāvo – claim, fāydo – benefit, natījo – result, and hamlo – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o . khānũ – compartment, has
598-550: Is exclusively spoken by the Pawar Rajputs (Bhoyar Pawar) who have migrated from Rajasthan and Malwa to Satpura and Vidarbha regions. George Abraham Grierson (1908) was the first scholar who gave the designation 'Rajasthani' to the language, which was earlier known through its various dialects. India's National Academy of Literature, the Sahitya Akademi , and University Grants Commission recognize Rajasthani as
644-555: Is located at 29.8370° N, 79.7725° E. The temple is situated in Bageshwar City in Bageshwar District in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is situated at the confluence of Saryu and Gomati rivers. It has an elevation of 1004 m above mean sea level. According to Hindu legend, Sage Markandeya worshipped Shiva here. Shiva blessed sage Markandeya by visiting here in the form of a Tiger . Though some sources state
690-773: Is no separate symbol for the sound of 'ऋ'(Ri), instead 'रि'(Ri) is written instead of it, like रितु (Ritu) (season) instead of ऋतु (Ritu). In Rajasthani, there is no use of ligatures and ref. The whole of ref 'र्' (r) becomes 'र' (ra), for example, instead of 'धर्म' (dharm), 'धरम'(dharam), instead of 'वक्त'(vakt) (time), 'वगत'(vagat) or 'वखत'(vakhat) are written. Single quotation mark (') is also used to denote continuation sound like देख'र(dekha'r) हरे'क (hare'k)(every) etc. अे (e) and अै (ai) are written instead of ए(e) and ऐ (ai) like 'अेक'(ek)(one) in place of 'एक'(ek). Old literary Rajasthani had two types of writing styles. A literary style of writing prose and poetry in Maru-Bhasa language. It
736-701: Is not upheld in Rajasthani and corresponds to j or jh . In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Rajasthani and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia , perhaps 500 years ago. Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Rajasthani are, met up in some instances with its cognates: Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati. With
782-697: Is often realized as /h/ in Rajasthani – for example, the word 'gold' is /sona/ (सोना) in Hindi and /hono/ (होनो) in the Marwari dialect of Rajasthani. Furthermore, there are a number of vowel substitutions, and the Hindi /l/ sound (ल) is often realized in Rajasthani as a retroflex lateral /ɭ/ (ळ). Rajasthani has 11 vowels and 38 consonants. The Rajasthani language Bagri has developed three lexical tones: low, mid and high. Rajasthani has two numbers and two genders with three cases. Postpositions are of two categories, inflexional and derivational. Derivational postpositions are mostly omitted in actual discourse. These are
828-474: Is presented same in written and spoken form. Kushallabh's 'Pingali Shiromani', Giridhar Charan's 'Sagat Singh Raso' dedicated to Maharana Pratap's younger brother Shakti Singh has been written in Dingal language. It was also used in composition of Suryamal Misharan and Baankidas. Dingal is literary genre of Charans and is written as couplets, songs and poems. It was used for writing poem only by Bhats and Ravs. It
874-515: Is pronounced by placing the tongue on the top of the hard palate and flapping it forward. In common with most other Indo-Iranian languages , the basic sentence typology is subject–object–verb . On a lexical level , Rajasthani has perhaps a 50 to 65 percent overlap with Hindi, based on a comparison of a 210-word Swadesh list . Most pronouns and interrogative words differ from Hindi, but the language does have several regular correspondences with, and phonetic transformations from, Hindi. The /s/ in Hindi
920-511: Is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it is being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav . India
966-909: Is spoken in South-eastern Nainital. Western Kumaoni is spoken west of Almora and Nainital. More specifically: Some Kumaoni speakers are also reportedly found in Western Nepal. Various Kumaoni text have been found from the Katyuri and Chand era on temple stones and as copper plate inscriptions. Kumaoni was also the official language of the Kumaon Kingdom . Being part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum Kumauni shares its grammar with other Indo-Aryan languages like Dotyali , Nepali , Hindi , Rajasthani , Kashmiri and Gujarati . It shares much of its grammar with
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#17327828505021012-815: Is the category of English words that already have Rajasthani counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences. See Hinglish , Code-switching . In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals . Two new characters were created in Rajasthani to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Rajasthani-ization in sound vary. Some words do not go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being
1058-537: Is the series of "retroflex" or "cerebral" consonants, ṭ (ट), ṭh (ठ), ḍ (ड), ḍh (ढ), and ṇ (ण). These to the Indians and Rajasthani are quite different from the "dentals", t (त), th (थ), d (द), dh (ध), n (न) etc. though many Europeans find them hard to distinguish without practice as they are not common in European languages. The consonant ḷ(ळ) is frequently used in Rajasthani, which also occurs in vedic and some prakrits,
1104-432: Is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms , often being calques . An example is telephone , which is Greek for "far talk", translated as durbhāṣ . Most people, though, just use phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance. So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsam s and their derived tadbhav s can also co-exist in
1150-439: Is used for them. Similarly, in Rajasthani script, there is no independent sign for 'ज्ञ'(gya), instead 'ग्य'(Gya) is written in its place. In Rajasthani script, there is no sound of the conjuncts, for example, instead of the conjunct letter 'क्ष'(ksh), 'च'(Ch), 'क'(ka) or 'ख'(kha) is written, like लखण (Lakhan) of लक्षमण (Lakshan), लिछमण (Lichhman) of लक्ष्मण (Lakshman) and राकस (Rakas) of राक्षस (Rakshas). In Rajasthani script, there
1196-589: The Bahawalpur and Multan sectors of the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Tharparkar district of Sindh . It merges with Riasti and Saraiki in Bahawalpur and Multan areas, respectively. Many linguists (Shackle, 1976 and Gusain, 2000) agree that it shares many phonological (implosives), morphological (future tense marker and negation) and syntactic features with Riasti and Saraiki. A distribution of
1242-751: The Rajasthan Legislative Assembly passed a unanimous resolution to insert recognition of Rajasthani into the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India . In May 2015, a senior member of the pressure group Rajasthani Bhasha Manyata Samiti said at a New Delhi press conference: "Twelve years have passed, but there has absolutely been no forward movement." All 25 Members of Parliament elected from Rajasthan state, as well as former Chief Minister , Vasundhara Raje Scindia , have also voiced support for official recognition of
1288-414: The "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of the spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Rajasthani tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources: tatsama , "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan , it was nonetheless standardised and retained as
1334-818: The Bengal style." Coolie — 1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from koli , name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat. Tank — c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken , or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back
1380-686: The Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh . Rajasthani languages are also spoken to a lesser extent in Nepal , where they are spoken by 25,394 people according to the 2011 Census of Nepal. The term Rajasthani is also used to refer to a literary language mostly based on Marwari . Most of the Rajasthani languages are chiefly spoken in the state of Rajasthan but are also spoken in Gujarat , Western Madhya Pradesh i.e. Malwa and Nimar , Haryana and Punjab . Rajasthani languages are also spoken in
1426-590: The Sanskrit present rcchami , I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle * rcchitas , gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: - Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are
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1472-453: The carrying of dentals. See Indian English . As English loanwords are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. That is not to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralised with Rajasthani o over English "s". Also, with Rajasthani having three genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow
1518-1054: The census. Marwari , the most spoken Rajasthani language with approximately 8 million speakers situated in the historic Marwar region of western Rajasthan. The Rajasthani languages belong to the Western Indo-Aryan language family . However, they are controversially conflated with the Hindi languages of the Central-Zone in the Indian national census, among other places . The main Rajasthani subgroups are: Mahajani Telugu script In Rajasthan : Nohar-Bhadra, Anupgarh district, Hanumangarh district, Northern & Dungargarh tehsils of Bikaner district and Sri Ganganagar district; Taranagar, Sidhmukh, Rajgarh, Sardarshahar, Ratangarh, Bhanipura tehsils of Churu district, In Haryana : Sirsa district, Fatehabad district, Hisar district, Bhiwani district, Charkhi-dadri district, In Punjab : Fazilka district & Southern Muktsar district. It
1564-600: The city. The Uttarayani fair is held in the month of January every year on the occasion of Makar Sankranti . The religious ritual of the fair consists in bathing before daybreak at the confluence. After bathing, an offering of water to Shiva inside the Temple is essential. Those who are more religiously disposed, continue this practice for three days in succession, which is known as "Trimaghi". History Behind Bagnath Temple Kumaoni language Kumaoni ( Kumaoni-Devanagari : कुमाऊँनी , pronounced [kuːmɑːʊni] )
1610-469: The end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonial rule , and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglophone dominance in the Republic of India . Besides the category of new ideas
1656-463: The existence of Bagnath temple since 7th Century, the present building in nagara style was built in 1450 by Chand ruler, Laxmi Chand. The various statues in the temple date back from 7th century AD to 16th century AD. In 1996, the Archeology department of Uttarakhand state took over the temple, following which, several inscriptions and idols from the eighth to the tenth century were sealed inside
1702-412: The geographical area can be found in ' Linguistic Survey of India ' by George A. Grierson . Standard Rajasthani or Standard Marwari, a version of Rajasthani, the common lingua franca of Rajasthani people and is spoken by over 25 million people (2011) in different parts of Rajasthan. It has to be taken into consideration, however, that some speakers of Standard Marwari are conflated with Hindi speakers in
1748-403: The impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals. The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ] . Bungalow — 1676, from Gujarati bangalo , from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in
1794-594: The language. In 2019 Rajasthan Government included Rajasthani as a language subject in state's open school system. A committee was formed by the Government in March 2023 to make Rajasthani an official language of the state after huge protests by the youths of Rajasthani Yuva Samiti. Rajasthani is a head-final, or left- branching language. Adjectives precede nouns , direct objects come before verbs , and there are postpositions . The word order of Rajasthani
1840-558: The neuter ũ . Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karnũ , a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlnũ – to admit (fault), kharīdnũ – to buy, kharǎcnũ – to spend (money), gujarnũ – to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel. Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary so that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā , neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z
1886-573: The other language of the Central Pahari group like Garhwali . The peculiarities of grammar in Kumaoni and other Central Pahari languages exist due to the influence of the now extinct language of the Khasas , the first inhabitants of the region. In Kumauni the verb substantive is formed from the root ach , as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri . In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from
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1932-485: The same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning. The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects due to extensive trade. Rajasthani took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be ( see Portuguese India , Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka ). Comparatively,
1978-530: The temples. These include idols of Shiva, Ganesha, Vishnu, Chaturmukhi Shiva, Teen Mukhi Shiva, Panch Mukhi Shiva, Mahishasura Mardini, Sahasra Shivalinga, Ganesh, Karthikeya, Panchdevapath, Navagraha etc. The significance of the temple finds mention in the Skanda Purana . Hindu Pilgrims file in throughout the year to worship here. A water police post was opened in the premises of the temple on 19 September 2016 for patrolling and prevention of water crimes in
2024-835: The tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of epenthesis , or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of disaspiration . Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni sikhno , but Hindi sikhna , to learn; Kumauni yeso , plural yasa , of this kind. Conjugation of the verb Lekh (लेख) to write, in all three tenses in Kumaoni. मैं main लेखनू lekhnu मैं लेखनू main lekhnu I write हम hum लेखनु lekhnu हम लेखनु hum lekhnu we write तू tu लेख lekh छे chhe तू लेख छे tu lekh chhe you write तुम tum लेख lekh छो chho तुम लेख छो tum lekh chho you write उ U लिखनो likhno उ लिखनो U likhno he writes ऊँ Rajasthani languages The Rajasthani languages are
2070-448: The three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tadbhav , tatsam , and loanwords. tadbhava , "of the nature of that". Rajasthani is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus
2116-601: Was ruled for many centuries by Persian-speaking Muslims , amongst the most notable being the Delhi Sultanate , and the Mughal dynasty . As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke . Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it
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