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65-435: In this conception of the world, the earth is shouldered by an angel, who stands on a slab of gemstone, which is supported by the cosmic beast (ox) sometimes called Kuyutha'(/Kuyuthan)/Kiyuban/Kibuthan (most likely from a corruption or misrendering of Hebrew לִוְיָתָן " Leviathan "). Bahamut carries this bull on its back, and is suspended in water for its own stability. Balhūt is a variant name found in some cosmographies. In

130-426: A Rapture -like removal of all righteous believers before the end. A " Day of Resurrection " of the dead ( yawm al-qiyāmah ), will be announced by a trumpet blast. Resurrection will be followed by a "Day of Judgment" ( yawm ad-din ) where all human beings who have ever lived will be held accountable for their deeds by being judged by God. Depending on the verdict of the judgement, they will be sent for eternity to either

195-478: A near-death experience – that after the death of the physical body, at the end of each physical lifetime and after the life review period (which occurs before the silver cord is broken), a judgment occurs, more akin to a Final Review or End Report over one's life , where the life of the subject is fully evaluated and scrutinized. This judgment is seen as being mentioned in Hebrews 9 :27, which states that "it

260-596: A " ruby " rock, on the rock an angel to shoulder the earth. Below the Bahamut (Leviathan) is the colossus serpentine Falak . Lane's primary Islamic source for his summary is unclear, as Lane merely refers to it circumlocutiously as "the work of one of the writers above quoted". There are a number of Islamic cosmographical treatises, of more or less similar content. There can occur certain discrepancies in Western translations, even when there are no textual differences in

325-738: A bull, the bull a rock, and the rock an angel, exactly as in the traditional Perso-Arabic medieval model of the world. Borges appropriated the description of the Bahamut from Edward Lane's Arabian Society in the Middle Ages . Kujata (mythology) Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.132 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 944461857 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:41:20 GMT Judgment Day The Last Judgment

390-439: A convert considered the earliest informant of Jewish-Muslim tradition to Arab writers. Although this is an instance of an Arabic tale that ascribes the origins of earthquakes to the cosmic whale/fish supporting the earth, more familiar beliefs in medieval Arab associate the earthquake with the bull, or with Mount Qaf . Jorge Luis Borges has drawn parallels between Bahamut and the mythical Japanese fish "Jinshin-Uwo", although

455-528: A distant future as they acquire a superior grade of consciousness and altruism . At the present period, the process of human evolution is conducted by means of successive rebirths in the physical world and the salvation is seen as being mentioned in Revelation 3 :12 ( KJV ), which states "Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God and he shall go no more out ". However, this western esoteric tradition states – like those who have had

520-612: A huge monster, an image of Anglo-Saxon origin. The damned often include figures of high rank, wearing crowns, mitres, and often the Papal tiara during the lengthy periods when there were antipopes , or in Protestant depictions. There may be detailed depictions of the torments of the damned. The most famous Renaissance depiction is Michelangelo Buonarroti 's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel . Included in this fresco

585-441: A quake, but God distracted it by sending gnats to its eyes. Or alternatively, God had sent a sword-like fish that bedazzled and captivated the giant fish. This account is also found in al-Tha'labi's Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ , but in that version God forces the whale (Lutīyā) into submission by sending a creature that invaded through its nose and reached its brain; it also claims to be an anecdote on authority of Kaʿb al-Aḥbār (d. 650s A.D.),

650-693: A white throne, surrounded by the Theotokos (Virgin Mary), John the Baptist , the Apostles , saints and angels . Beneath the throne the scene is divided in half with the "mansions of the righteous" ( John 14:2 ), i.e., those who have been saved , to Jesus' right (the viewer's left), and the torments of those who have been damned to his left. Separating the two is the river of fire which proceeds from Jesus' left foot. For more detail, see below. The theme of

715-475: Is a common theme in medieval and renaissance religious iconography. Like most early iconographic innovations, its origins stem from Byzantine art , although it was a less common subject than in the West during the Middle Ages. In Western Christianity, it is often the subject depicted in medieval cathedrals and churches, either outside on the central tympanum of the entrance or inside on the (rear) west wall, so that

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780-602: Is a concept found across the Abrahamic religions and the Frashokereti of Zoroastrianism . Christianity considers the Second Coming of Jesus Christ to entail the final judgment by God of all people who have ever lived, resulting in the saving of some and the damning of others. Some Christian denominations believe most people will be saved , some believe most people will be damned , and some believe

845-422: Is another source used by Lane, to give variant readings. Its chapter that includes the cosmography has been deemed a copy of Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 1229)'s Mu'jam al-Buldan , with similar wording, with some rearrangements, and very slight amounts of discrepant information. "Balhūt" is the name of the great fish given in both Ibn al-Wardi and Yaqut. Yakut and al-Wardi both say there is a layer of sandhill between

910-468: Is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment ". Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772) had a revelation that the church has gone through a series of Last Judgments. First, during Noah's Flood, then Moses on Mount Sinai, Jesus' crucifixion, and finally in 1757, which is the final Last Judgment. These occur in a realm outside earth and heaven, and are spiritual in nature. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that

975-460: Is called a Deesis group in Orthodoxy). Saint Michael is often shown, either weighing the deceased on scales or directing matters, and there might be a large crowd of saints, angels, and the saved around the central group. At the bottom of the composition a crowd of the deceased are shown, often with some rising from their graves. These are being sorted and directed by angels into the saved and

1040-527: Is found mostly in parts of Indochina, China, and throughout Japan. According to Jorge Luis Borges 's work, the Book of Imaginary Beings (1957), Bahamut is "altered and magnified" from Behemoth and described as so immense that a human cannot bear its sight. Borges placed Bahamut as the identity of the unnamed giant fish which Isa (Jesus) witnessed in the story of the 496th night of One Thousand and One Nights ( Burton 's edition). This giant fish supports

1105-530: Is his self-portrait, as St. Bartholomew 's flayed skin. The image in Eastern Orthodox icons has a similar composition, but usually less space is devoted to hell, and there are often a larger number of scenes; the Orthodox readiness to label figures with inscriptions often allows more complex compositions. There is more often a large group of saints around Christ (which may include animals), and

1170-621: Is one of the six articles of faith . The trials and tribulations associated with it are detailed in both the Quran and the hadith , (sayings of Muhammad ), from whence they are elaborated on in the creeds, Quranic commentaries ( tafsịrs ), and theological writing, eschatological manuals, whose authors include al-Ghazali , Ibn Kathir , Ibn Majah , Muhammad al-Bukhari , and Ibn Khuzaymah . According to some Islamic teachings, there are two categories of heaven: those who go directly to it and those who enter it after enduring some torment in hell; Also,

1235-485: Is shown as a snake, it attempts to bite Adam on the heel but, as he is protected by Christ, is unsuccessful. Belief in Judgment Day ( Arabic : یوم القيامة , romanized :  Yawm al-qiyāmah , lit.   'Day of Resurrection' or Arabic : یوم الدین , romanized :  Yawm ad-din , lit.   'Day of Judgement') is considered a fundamental tenet of faith by all Muslims. It

1300-600: Is sometimes referred to as a 'day of judgement', but it is not conceptualized as the Day of Judgement. Some rabbis hold that there will be a future day following the resurrection of the dead . Others hold that the final accounting and judgment happens when one dies. Still others hold that the Last Judgment applies to only the gentiles , not the Jewish People . The Babylonian Talmud has a lengthy passage describing

1365-481: The hetoimasia or "empty throne", containing a cross, is usually shown below Christ, often guarded by archangels; figures representing Adam and Eve may kneel below it or below Christ. A distinctive feature of the Orthodox composition, especially in Russian icons, is a large band leading like a chute from the feet of Christ down to hell; this may resemble a striped snake or be a "river of Fire" coloured flame red. If it

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1430-568: The resurrection of the dead and "our 'mortal body' will come to life again." The Catholic Church teaches that at the time of the Last Judgment Christ will come in His glory , and all the angels with him, and in his presence the truth of each one's deeds will be laid bare, and each person who has ever lived will be judged with perfect justice. The believers who are judged worthy as well as those ignorant of Christ's teaching who followed

1495-559: The works of mercy is frequent in the pictorial tradition of Christian art. Before the Last Judgment, all will be resurrected. Those who were in purgatory will have already been purged, meaning they would have already been released into heaven, and so like those in heaven and hell will resurrect with their bodies, followed by the Last Judgment. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church : 1038 The resurrection of all

1560-469: The Arabic. The creature, named Bahamut or Balhut in these sources, can be described as a fish or whale according to translation, since the original Arabic word hūt (حوت) can mean either. Also, the gem comprising the slab beneath the angel's feet, in Arabic yāqūt ( ياقوت ) is of ambiguous meaning, and can be rendered as "ruby", or variously otherwise. Al-Damiri (d. 1405) on authority of Wahb ibn Munabbih

1625-601: The Catholic concept of purgatory , sinful Muslims will stay in hell until purified of their sins. According to the scholar Al-Subki (and others), "God will take out of the Fire everyone who has said the testimony" (i.e. the shāhada testimony made by all Muslims, "There is no deity but The God") "and none will remain to save those who rejected or worshipped other than God." While early Muslims debated whether scripture on Judgement day should be interpreted literally or figuratively,

1690-646: The Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in heaven and the Accursed will depart to hell (see Matthew 25 )." The "issue of this judgment shall be a permanent separation of the evil and the good, the righteous and the wicked" (see The Sheep and the Goats ). Moreover, in "the final judgment every one of our thoughts, words, and deeds will be known and judged" and individuals will be justified on

1755-643: The Last Judgement is found in the funeral and memorial hymnody of the Church, and is a major theme in the services during Great Lent . The second Sunday before the beginning of Great Lent is dedicated to the Last Judgement. It is also found in the hymns of the Octoechos used on Saturdays throughout the year. There were many renditions of the Last Judgment completed by Greek painters living in Crete which

1820-416: The Last Judgement set by Klontzas. Their works were The Last Judgment (Kavertzas) and The Last Judgment (Moskos) . Both paintings resemble Klontas' Last Judgement painting. Lutherans do not believe in any sort of earthly millennial kingdom of Christ either before or after his second coming on the last day. On the last day, all the dead will be resurrected. Their souls will then be reunited with

1885-536: The Last Judgment is believed by a great part of Christian mainstream churches; some members of Esoteric Christian traditions like the Essenes , Rosicrucians , the Spiritualist movement , and some liberals instead believe in a form of universal salvation . Max Heindel , a Danish-American astrologer and mystic, taught that when the Day of Christ comes, marking the end of the current fifth or Aryan epoch,

1950-525: The Last Judgment is left to the mercy of God and is not declared. The theme of the Last Judgment is important in Orthodoxy. Traditionally, an Orthodox church will have a fresco or mosaic of the Last Judgment on the back (western) wall so that the faithful, as they leave the services, are reminded that they will be judged by what they do during earthly life. The icon of the Last Judgment traditionally depicts Christ Pantokrator , enthroned in glory on

2015-595: The basis of their faith in Jesus , although " our works will not escape God's examination." Belief in the Last Judgment (often linked with the general judgment ) is held firmly in Catholicism . Immediately upon death each person undergoes the particular judgment , and depending upon one's behavior on earth, goes to heaven , purgatory , or hell . Those in purgatory will always reach heaven, but those in hell will be there eternally. The Last Judgment will occur after

Bahamut - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-573: The biblical Behemoth ( Hebrew : בְּהֵמוֹת ; cf. Job 40:15-24), and it was thus rendered in German as Behemot by Ethé . However, the original biblical Behemoth never appeared as a fish. A reshaping of its nature must have occurred in Arab storytelling, some time in the pre-Islamic period. One proposed scenario is that a pair of beasts from the Bible were confused with each other: the behemoth mis-assigned to

2145-404: The bull and the fish. They also describe what lies under the fish somewhat differently. These texts connect the cosmic fish and bull with phenomena of nature, namely the waxing and ebbing of tides, maintenance of the sea-level, and earthquakes. The account which only connects concerns the bull states that its breathing causes the waxing and ebbing of the tides. And since the fish and the bull drink

2210-452: The concept of soul sleep into Orthodox thought about life after death, it has never been a part of traditional Orthodox teaching, and it contradicts the Orthodox understanding of the intercession of the Saints . Eastern Orthodoxy teaches that salvation is bestowed by God as a free gift of divine grace , which cannot be earned, and by which forgiveness of sins is available to all. However,

2275-654: The congregation attending church saw the image on either entering or leaving. In the 15th century it also appeared as the central section of a triptych on altarpieces , with the side panels showing heaven and hell, as in the Beaune Altarpiece or a triptych by Hans Memling . The usual composition has Christ seated high in the centre, flanked by angels, the Virgin Mary , and John the Evangelist who are supplicating on behalf of those being judged (in what

2340-406: The correct term would be jishin uo ( 地震魚 , lit. 'earthquake fish') ; cf. Namazu-e or 'catfish pictures'. Japanese folklorist Taryō Ōbayashi  [ ja ] has explained that the traditional belief in the earthquake-causing bull is heavily concentrated in Arab regions (Saharan Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, Malay), whereas the motif of "World-Fish's movement causes earthquake"

2405-405: The damned. Almost always the saved are on the viewer's left (so on the right hand of Christ), and the damned on the right. The saved are led up to heaven , often shown as a fortified gateway , while the damned are handed over to devils who herd them down into hell on the right; the composition therefore has a circular pattern of movement. Often the damned disappear into a Hellmouth , the mouth of

2470-475: The dead, "of both the just and the unjust" (Acts 24:15), will precede the Last Judgment. This will be "the hour when all who are in the tombs will hear [the Son of man's] voice and come forth, those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of judgment" (Jn 5:28–29) Then Christ will come "in his glory, and all the angels with him... . Before him will be gathered all

2535-511: The deeds done by each person are believed to affect how he will be judged, following the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats. How forgiveness is to be balanced against behavior is not well-defined in scripture, judgment in the matter being solely Christ's. Similarly, although Orthodoxy teaches that sole salvation is obtained only through Christ and his Church, the fate of those outside the Church at

2600-411: The dictates of conscience will go to everlasting bliss, and those who are judged unworthy will go to everlasting condemnation. A decisive factor in the Last Judgment will be the question, were the corporal works of mercy practiced or not during one's lifetime. They rate as important acts of charity. Therefore, and according to the biblical sources (Mt 25:31–46), the conjunction of the Last Judgment and

2665-456: The earliest sources, the name is Lutīyā , with Balhūt given as a byname and Bahamūt as a nickname . Bahamūt is the spelling given in al-Qazwini (d. 1283)'s cosmography. Bahamoot is Edward Lane 's transcribed spelling. Balhūt is the alternate spelling given in Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 1229)'s geographic work and copies of Ibn al-Wardi (d. 1457)'s work. The name is thought to derive from

Bahamut - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-573: The first, or particular judgment, is that experienced by each individual at the time of his or her death, at which time God will decide where one is to spend the time until the Second Coming of Christ (see Hades in Christianity ). This judgment is generally believed to occur on the fortieth day after death. The second, General or Final Judgment will occur after the Second Coming. Although in modern times some have attempted to introduce

2795-399: The fish, and the aquatic leviathan to the bull. Bahamut, according to Lane's abstract of a particular Islamic work on cosmography , is a giant fish acting as one of the layers that supports the earth. It is so immense "[all] the seas of the world, placed in one of the fish's nostrils, would be like a mustard seed laid in the desert". Above the fish stands a bull called Kuyootà , on the bull,

2860-505: The fish: water, air, then a region of darkness, and with respect to the bull's appendages. It should be cautioned that Qazwini's cosmography is known to exist in a variety of different manuscripts. Both cosmographies provide the story as words spoken by Wahb ibn Munabbih , so the descriptions should be similar at the core. In fact, Al-Damiri's version is considered to be mere redactions of Qazwini printed onto its margins. Ibn al-Wardi (d. 1457) ( Kharīdat al-ʿAjā'ib , "The Pearl of Wonders")

2925-874: The future Judgement Day. The doctrine and iconographic depiction of the Last Judgment are drawn from many passages from the apocalyptic sections of the Bible, but most notably from Jesus' teaching of the strait gate in the Gospel of Matthew and in the Gospel of Luke . In Christianity, there are three main beliefs about who will be saved (go to heaven) and who will be damned (go to hell) on Judgment Day. All three beliefs are based on biblical interpretation and Christian tradition. Some Christians who believe in universal salvation say most people and angels will go to heaven on Judgment Day. Some Christians who believe in double predestination say most people and angels will go to hell on Judgment Day. Other Christians who disbelieve in universal salvation and double predestination say

2990-480: The good each person has done or failed to do during his earthly life. 1040 The Last Judgment will come when Christ returns in glory. Only the Father knows the day and the hour; only he determines the moment of its coming. Then through his Son Jesus Christ he will pronounce the final word on all history. We shall know the ultimate meaning of the whole work of creation and of the entire economy of salvation and understand

3055-539: The human race will have to pass a final examination or last judgment, where, as in the Days of Noah , the chosen ones or pioneers, the sheep , will be separated from the goats or stragglers, by being carried forward into the next evolutionary period, inheriting the ethereal conditions of the New Galilee in the making. Nevertheless, it is emphasized that all beings of the human evolution will ultimately be saved in

3120-399: The intents of their hearts. Records that have been kept in heaven and on earth will also be used to judge people. Jesus Christ will act as the advocate for people who had faith in him and such people will enter God's presence based on Jesus' merits as opposed to their own. After the final judgment, an individual is assigned to one of the three degrees of glory . In art, the Last Judgment

3185-510: The last day. Anglican and Methodist theology holds that "there is an intermediate state between death and the resurrection of the dead , in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward." This space, termed Hades , is divided into Paradise (the Bosom of Abraham ) and Gehenna "but with an impassable gulf between

3250-555: The last judgment for each individual occurs after that individual has been resurrected. People will be judged by Jesus Christ. Jesus' twelve apostles will help judge the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve Nephite disciples from the Book of Mormon will help to judge the Nephite and Lamanite people. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that people will be judged by their words, their works, their thoughts, and

3315-594: The marvelous ways by which his Providence led everything towards its final end. The Last Judgment will reveal that God's justice triumphs over all the injustices committed by his creatures and that God's love is stronger than death. (Cf. Song 8:6) The Eastern Orthodox and Catholic teachings of the Last Judgment differ only on the exact nature of the in-between state of purgatory / Abraham's Bosom . These differences may only be apparent and not actual due to differing theological terminology and evolving tradition. The Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that there are two judgments:

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3380-486: The nations, and he will separate them one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats, and he will place the sheep at his right hand, but the goats at the left... . And they will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life" (Mt 25:31, 32, 46). 1039 In the presence of Christ, who is Truth itself, the truth of each man's relationship with God will be laid bare (Cf. Jn 12:49). The Last Judgment will reveal even to its furthest consequences

3445-523: The number of the saved and of the damned is unknown . The concept of the Last Judgment is found in all the canonical gospels , particularly in the Gospel of Matthew . The Christian tradition is also followed by Islam , where it is mentioned in many chapters of the Quran , according to some interpretations. The Last Judgment has inspired numerous artistic depictions, including painting, sculpture and evangelical work. In Judaism , beliefs vary. Rosh HaShanah

3510-620: The number of the saved and of the damned on Judgment Day is unknown. Article IV – Of the Resurrection of Christ in Anglicanism's Articles of Religion and Article III – Of the Resurrection of Christ of Methodism's Articles of Religion state that: Christ did truly rise again from death, and took again his body, with flesh, bones, and all things appertaining to the perfection of Man's nature; wherewith he ascended into Heaven, and there sitteth, until he return to judge all Men at

3575-419: The oldest authorities containing similar cosmographical descriptions concerning the big fish and bull. In al-Tha'labi's text is an elucidation on the whale having several names, as follows: "God created a large fish (nūn) which is a huge whale whose name (ism) is Lutīyā, by-name (kunyah) Balhūt, and nickname (laqab) Bahamūt". Yakut also gives the account that Iblis almost incited the whale Balhūt into causing

3640-449: The people of hell are of two categories: those who stay there temporarily and those who stay there forever. Like Christianity, Islamic eschatology has a time of tribulation preceding Judgement Day where strange and terrible events will serve as portents; there will be a second coming of Jesus (but in different roles); battles with an AntiChrist (Al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl, literally "Deceitful Messiah" ) and struggles with Gog and Magog ; and

3705-413: The precedent set by Klontzas. Theodore Poulakis added the last judgment to his rendition of Klontzas' In Thee Rejoiceth . The painter incorporated the Last Judgement into one of Klontzas' earlier works entitled In Thee Rejoiceth . Poulakis paid homage to the father of the Last Judgement style. Leos Moskos and Francheskos Kavertzas also followed the outline for the stylistic representation of

3770-477: The reward of paradise ( Jannah ) or the punishment of hell ( Jahannam ). In this process, the souls will traverse over hellfire via the bridge of sirat . For sinners, the bridge will be thinner than hair and sharper than the sharpest sword, impossible to walk on without falling below to arrive at their fiery destination, while the righteous will proceed across the bridge to paradise ( Jannah ). Not everyone consigned to hell will remain there. Somewhat like

3835-427: The same bodies they had before dying. The bodies will then be changed, those of the wicked to a state of everlasting shame and torment, those of the righteous to an everlasting state of celestial glory. After the resurrection of all the dead, and the change of those still living, all nations shall be gathered before Christ, and he will separate the righteous from the wicked. Christ will publicly judge all people by

3900-419: The school of thought that prevailed ( Ashʿarī ) "affirmed that such things as the individual records of deeds (including the paper, pen, and ink with which they are inscribed), the bridge, the balance, and the pond are realities to be understood in a concrete and literal sense." In Jainism , there is no day of judgement as such. Jains believe, however, that as the 5th era comes to an end, evil will increase and

3965-401: The testimony of their faith – the good works of the righteous in evidence of their faith, and the evil works of the wicked in evidence of their unbelief. He will judge in righteousness in the presence of all and men and angels, and his final judgment will be just damnation to everlasting punishment for the wicked and a gracious gift of life everlasting to the righteous. Although

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4030-525: The two". Souls remain in Hades until the Last Judgment and "Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment". Anglican and Methodist theology holds that at the time of the Last Day , "Jesus will return and that He will 'judge both the quick [the living] and the dead'," and "all [will] be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our Judge. After

4095-489: The water running off the earth into the sea, they counteract the tap-off causing sea-level to rise. But the beasts will eventually become engorged, when they will become agitated, or, it marks the advent of Judgment Day (Ibn al-Wardi, Yaqut). There are two Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ ("Lives of the Prophets"), one by al-Tha'labi , known otherwise for his Tafsir al-Thalabi , the other by Muḥammad al-Kisāʾī which are considered

4160-553: Was held by the Venetian Empire. Most of the works of art were influenced by Venetian painting but were considered to be painted in the Maniera Greca . Georgios Klontzas painted many triptychs featuring the Last Judgment some include The Last Judgment , The Last Judgement Triptych , and The Triptych of the Last Judgement . Klontzas was the forerunner of a new painting style. Other Greek painters followed

4225-475: Was one of Lane's sources, possibly the source of his main summary. His description of "Bahmût" (French translation) matches Lane's summary down to certain key details. However, there seems to be discrepancies in using "a heap of sand" (instead of "mustard") in the size analogy. Al-Qazwini (d. 1283)'s cosmography The Wonders of Creation on the contrary agrees with Lane on these points. However, it disagrees somewhat with Lane's description regarding what lies below

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