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61-534: The Bahama Bank is a sand bank across Ramsey Bay , about 3 miles (2.6 nmi; 4.8 km) off the east coast of the Isle of Man 4 miles (3.5 nmi; 6.4 km) northeast of Maughold Head . The bank extends from Northwest to Southeast , is 10 miles long and 1 mile broad. In the late 1840s the Bahama Bank Lightship was stationed on its Southeast end, in 11 fathoms , its light visible at

122-445: A beach , the term shoal can be applied to larger geological units that form off a coastline as part of the process of coastal erosion, such as spits and baymouth bars that form across the front of embayments and rias . A tombolo is a bar that forms an isthmus between an island or offshore rock and a mainland shore. In places of reentrance along a coastline (such as inlets , coves , rias, and bays), sediments carried by

183-433: A longshore current will fall out where the current dissipates, forming a spit. An area of water isolated behind a large bar is called a lagoon. Over time, lagoons may silt up, becoming salt marshes . In some cases, shoals may be precursors to beach expansion and dunes formation, providing a source of windblown sediment to augment such beach or dunes landforms. Since prehistoric times, humans have chosen some shoals as

244-489: A purser , the captain is in charge of the ship's accounting . This includes ensuring an adequate amount of cash on board, coordinating the ship's payroll (including draws and advances), and managing the ship's slop chest . On international voyages, the captain is responsible for satisfying requirements of the local immigration and customs officials. Immigration issues can include situations such as embarking and disembarking passengers, handling crew members who desert

305-475: A shoal is a natural submerged ridge , bank , or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material, and rises from the bed of a body of water close to the surface or above it, which poses a danger to navigation. Shoals are also known as sandbanks , sandbars , or gravelbars . Two or more shoals that are either separated by shared troughs or interconnected by past or present sedimentary and hydrographic processes are referred to as

366-400: A shoal complex . The term shoal is also used in a number of ways that can be either similar to, or quite different from, how it is used in geologic, geomorphic, and oceanographic literature. Sometimes, the term refers to either any relatively shallow place in a stream , lake , sea , or other body of water; a rocky area on the seafloor within an area mapped for navigation purposes; or,

427-907: A "considerable increase" in the job market over the next few years. As of 2013, captains of U.S.-flagged deep sea vessels make up to US$ 1,500 per day, or US$ 80,000 to US$ 300,000 per year. Captains of smaller vessels in the inland and coastal trade earn between US$ 350 and US$ 700 per day, or US$ 65,000 to $ 180,000 per year. Captains of large ferries average US$ 56,794 annually. In 2005, 3,393 mariners held active unlimited master's licenses. 87 held near-coastal licenses with unlimited tonnage, 291 held unlimited tonnage master's licenses on inland and Great Lakes waters, while 1,044 held unlimited licenses upon inland waters only. Some 47,163 active masters licenses that year had tonnage restrictions, well over half of those being for near-coastal vessels of up to 100 tons gross tonnage . As of 2006, some 34,000 people were employed as captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels in

488-480: A beach, they slow down, their wave height increases and the distance between waves decreases. This behavior is called shoaling , and the waves are said to shoal. The waves may or may not build to the point where they break , depending on how large they were to begin with, and how steep the slope of the beach is. In particular, waves shoal as they pass over submerged sandbanks or reefs. This can be treacherous for boats and ships. Shoaling can also refract waves, so

549-630: A cargo of rails. In the early hours of Tuesday 6 November 1894, whilst making passage from Belfast to Fleetwood , the Duke of Clarence ran down and sank the steam trawler Albatross, whilst the Albatross was engaged trawling on the Bahama Bank resulting in the loss of the lives of five members of the crew of the Albatross . The Albatross, under the command of Captain Edward Shimmin

610-509: A crew of 14. She had left Mobile, Newfoundland , on 1 September, bound for Liverpool with a cargo of 3,532 bales cotton. During the course of the passage the Neophyte encountered severe weather in the Atlantic which led to her losing some of her sails, part of her cargo and resulting in one of her lifeboats being damaged to the point where it was unseaworthy. The Neophyte arrived off

671-553: A deck hand embarked in the Captain's gig , with the other crew members embarking into the remaining longboat. However the gig soon began to take on water and the three men transferred to the longboat in order to make for the shore. During the early hours of the following morning the Neophyte drifted off the Bahama Bank and was subsequently driven ashore south east of the Point of Ayre . The resulting damage caused her back to be broken and

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732-463: A few countries, such as UK, USA and Italy, some captains with particular experience in navigation and command at sea , may be named commodore or senior captain or captain senior grade . The term master is descended from the Latin magister navis , used during the imperial Roman age to designate the nobleman ( patrician ) who was in ultimate authority on board a vessel. The magister navis had

793-410: A growth of vegetation on the bottom of a deep lake, that occurs at any depth, or is used as a verb for the process of proceeding from a greater to a lesser depth of water. Shoals are characteristically long and narrow (linear) ridges. They can develop where a stream , river , or ocean current promotes deposition of sediment and granular material , resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of

854-443: A liaison to local investigators and is responsible for providing complete and accurate logbooks, reports, statements and evidence to document an incident. Specific examples of the ship causing external damage include collisions with other ships or with fixed objects, grounding the vessel, and dragging anchor. Some common causes of cargo damage include heavy weather, water damage, pilferage, and damage caused during loading/unloading by

915-463: A marriage ceremony on board his ship or aircraft. He shall not permit a marriage ceremony to be performed on board when the ship or aircraft is outside the territory of the United States." However, there may be exceptions "in accordance with local laws and the laws of the state, territory, or district in which the parties are domiciled" and "in the presence of a diplomatic or consular official of

976-630: A shipmaster's particularly important duties is to ensure compliance with the vessel's security plan, as required by the International Maritime Organization 's ISPS Code . The plan, customized to meet the needs of each individual ship, spells out duties including conducting searches and inspections, maintaining restricted spaces, and responding to threats from terrorists, hijackers, pirates, and stowaways. The security plan also covers topics such as refugees and asylum seekers , smuggling, and saboteurs. On ships without

1037-598: A site of habitation. In some early cases, the locations provided easy access to exploit marine resources. In modern times, these sites are sometimes chosen for the water amenity or view, but many such locations are prone to storm damage. An area in Northwest Alabama is commonly referred to as “ The Shoals ” by local inhabitants, and one of the cities, Muscle Shoals , is named for such landform and its abundance of Mussels . Sea captain The captain ensures that

1098-421: A smaller body of water from the sea, such as: The term bar can apply to landform features spanning a considerable range in size, from a length of a few meters in a small stream to marine depositions stretching for hundreds of kilometers along a coastline, often called barrier islands . They are typically composed of sand , although they could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and

1159-604: A state or the United States Coast Guard . If the vessel carries over six paying passengers, it must be an "inspected vessel" and a higher class license must be obtained by the skipper/master depending on the vessel's gross tons. In the Royal Navy , Royal Marines , U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , U.S. Coast Guard , and merchant naval slang, it is a term used in reference to the commanding officer of any ship, base, or other command regardless of rank. It

1220-661: A steam trawler with her nets down - a red, green and white light combined and a white globe light. At approximately 01:10 hrs the Duke of Clarence passed the Lady Loch and shortly after collided with the Albatross , ramming the Albatross amidships , resulting in the Albatross sinking in a matter of minutes. The Lady Loch hastened to the scene and upon arrival found the Duke of Clarence stationary with two of her lifeboats engaged searching for survivors. Captain Edward Shimmin had managed to save himself by climbing aboard

1281-439: Is a navigation or grounding hazard, with a depth of water of 6 fathoms (11 meters) or less. It therefore applies to a silt accumulation that shallows the entrance to or course of a river, or creek. A bar can form a dangerous obstacle to shipping, preventing access to the river or harbor in poor weather conditions or at some states of the tide . In addition to longshore bars discussed above that are relatively small features of

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1342-436: Is a sedimentary deposit formed at a harbor entrance or river mouth by the deposition of freshwater sediment or by the action of waves on the sea floor or on up-current beaches. Where beaches are suitably mobile, or the river's suspended or bed loads are large enough, deposition can build up a sandbar that completely blocks a river mouth and dams the river. It can be a seasonally natural process of aquatic ecology , causing

1403-653: Is a wedding on a ship in port, under the authority of an official from that port. In works of fiction, ship captains have performed marriages in various media, including the 1951 film The African Queen , and episodes of The Love Boat , How I Met Your Mother , The Office and various Star Trek series. Master Mariner certification is regulated internationally under the STCW Convention , specifically Regulation II/2 sets out requirements for Master Mariners. Master mariners can possess either an unlimited certification/licence or one restricted based on tonnage of

1464-410: Is also more frequently used than captain with privately owned noncommercial or semi-commercial vessels, such as small yachts and other recreational boats, mostly in cases where the person in command of the boat may not be a licensed or professional captain, suggesting the term is less formal. In the U.S., a "skipper" who is in command of a charter vessel that carries paying passengers must be licensed by

1525-427: Is capable of shifting around (for example, soil , silt , gravel , cobble , shingle , or even boulders ). The grain size of the material comprising a bar is related to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important. Wave shoaling is the process when surface waves move towards shallow water, such as

1586-641: Is the UK Honourable Company of Master Mariners . The international parent and representative body is the International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations which has consultative status at the International Maritime Organization . As of 2008, the U.K. Learning and Skills Council lists annual salaries for senior deck officers as ranging from £22,000 to over £50,000 per year. The Council characterizes job opportunities for senior deck officers as "generally good" and expects

1647-421: Is useful for those unfamiliar with the vessel to be able to identify members of the crew and their function. Some companies and some countries use an executive curl similar to that of the Royal Navy . In the United States, and in numerous other maritime countries, captains and officers of shipping companies may wear a merchant navy or merchant marine regular uniform in conjunction with their employment. In

1708-545: The Duke of Clarence sustained slight damage either side of her bows but was still able to resume her schedule the following night. Those drowned were listed as: Henry Hudson (49), Richard Gregg (52), William Daugherty (50), John Leadbeater (24) and Charles Shimmin ( Captain Edward Shimmin's son ) (18). A claim for damages in lieu of the loss of the Albatross was heard at the Admiralty Court in February 1895,

1769-784: The Bahamas permit captains of ships registered in their jurisdictions to perform marriages at sea. Princess Cruises , whose ships are registered in Bermuda, has used this as a selling point for their cruises, while Cunard moved the registration of its ships Queen Mary 2 , Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth from Southampton to Bermuda in 2011 to allow marriages to be conducted on their ships. Some captains obtain other credentials (such as ordination as ministers of religion or accreditation as notaries public), which allow them to perform marriages in some jurisdictions where they would otherwise not be permitted to do so. Another possibility

1830-459: The Duke of Clarence , two further sailors, Robert Kelly ( second engineer ) and deck hand Thomas Turner, had managed to take hold of two empty fish boxes and were subsequently picked up by the lifeboats. However five crew members who were below at the time of collision were drowned. Two further vessels joined the search, the Manx Queen which was en route from Barrow-in-Furness to Belfast

1891-465: The Neophyte to take a course to the northwest, away from Anglesey and towards the Isle of Man . The visibility was reported by Capt. Porter as being poor and combined with a heavy sea led him to subsequently state that at no time did he observe the light on the Bahama Bank Lightship , with the result being that at approximately 18:15 hrs the Neophyte struck the Bahama Bank. Captain Porter backed

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1952-470: The Tuskar Rock, Ireland , still experiencing stormy weather and proceeded onwards to Point Lynas on the northern coast of Anglesey in order to embark a pilot . When the Neophyte reached the pilot station no pilot boats were observed, and this led to Capt. Porter deciding to continue inbound to Liverpool . As he calculated his course a significant navigational error resulted, and this in turn caused

2013-534: The lifeboats to be lowered and the crew, having got into them, landed safely 2 miles west of the Point of Ayre . A similar fate to that of the Scipio befell the barque Neophyte on the evening of Tuesday 3 March 1885. The Neophyte was a barque of 1,056  gross register tons  (GRT). She was built in Nova Scotia in 1882 and was sailing under the command of her Master , Capt. Leander Porter with

2074-528: The stevedores . All persons on board including public authorities, crew, and passengers are under the captain's authority and are his or her ultimate responsibility, particularly during navigation. In the case of injury or death of a crew member or passenger, the master is responsible to address any medical issues affecting the passengers and crew by providing medical care as possible, cooperating with onshore medical personnel, and, if necessary, evacuating those who need more assistance than can be provided on board

2135-604: The Atlantic. A water sample taken on the bank by Captain Temple of the Bahama Bank Lightship in January 1870 found its specific gravity when compared to distilled water, free from air and displaying the same temperature to be: On Tuesday 23 January 1872 the brig Scipio foundered upon the Bahama Bank whilst on passage from Whitehaven to Dublin with a cargo of coal. Having departed Whitehaven at 10:00 hrs she struck upon

2196-648: The United States, who has consented to issue the certificates and make the returns required by the consular regulations." Furthermore, in the United States , there have been a few contradictory legal precedents: courts did not recognize a shipboard marriage in California 's 1898 Norman v. Norman but did in New York 's 1929 Fisher v. Fisher (notwithstanding the absence of municipal laws so carried) and in 1933's Johnson v. Baker , an Oregon court ordered

2257-415: The United States. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects 18% growth in this occupation, expecting demand for 40,000 shipmasters in 2016. Uniforms are worn aboard many ships, or aboard any vessels of traditional and organized navigation companies, and are required by company regulation on passenger and cruise vessels. In the passenger-carrying trade a unified corporate image is often desired and it

2318-410: The bank at 18:00 hrs and drove across into deeper water. Whilst running the vessel's pumps, her Master , being unaware of the seriousness of the situation, continued towards the Point of Ayre . Upon further inspection of the hold it was found to be flooded to a depth of approximately 7 ft 6 in (2.3 m) and at the same time the Scipio' s steering became un-responsive. The Master ordered

2379-474: The beach slopes more gradually at one end than the other. Sandbars, also known as a trough bars, form where the waves are breaking, because the breaking waves set up a shoreward current with a compensating counter-current along the bottom. Sometimes this occurs seaward of a trough (marine landform). Sand carried by the offshore moving bottom current is deposited where the current reaches the wave break. Other longshore bars may lie further offshore, representing

2440-406: The break point of even larger waves, or the break point at low tide. In Russian tradition of geomorphology , a peresyp is a sandbar that rises above the water level (like a spit ) and separates a liman or a lagoon from the sea. Unlike tombolo bars, a peresyp seldom forms a contiguous strip and usually has one or several channels that connect the liman and the sea. A harbor or river bar

2501-510: The case being heard by Mr Justice Bruce and two Elder Brethren of Trinity House . The findings were that the Master of the Duke of Clarence was to blame, citing the inadequate posting of lookouts and a disregard for the numerous fishing vessels in the area of the fishing grounds. The damages was ascertained by the Registrar of Merchants and Knox received an undisclosed sum. The Albatross

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2562-652: The channel, and how he failed to notice the numerous and well-known Lighthouses, and their associated signals which were there to guide him, the Court could not comprehend. The Court contented themselves with suspending Captain Porter’s Master’s Certificate for three calendar months. No other members of the crew were found to be culpable. On 28 July 1888, the colonial ship Jumbo stranded on the Bahama Bank sustaining material damage. The vessel had recently departed Whitehaven , Cumberland , bound for Rosario with

2623-690: The distance of 10 miles. Following the construction of the Maughold Head Lighthouse the Bahama Bank Lightship was decommissioned in 1914 and replaced by a buoy . The Bahama Bank was formerly a popular area for fishing within region of the Isle of Man. During the course of the day a strong current setting in from the south, probably from the Atlantic Ocean , flows across the bank into the North Channel and thence back into

2684-422: The formation of estuaries and wetlands in the lower course of the river. This situation will persist until the bar is eroded by the sea, or the dammed river develops sufficient head to break through the bar. The formation of harbor bars that prevent access for boats and shipping can be the result of: In a nautical sense, a bar is a shoal, similar to a reef : a shallow formation of (usually) sand that

2745-579: The merger between Radio Atlanta and Radio Caroline in July 1964, it was decided that the new venture would broadcast from the two ships which previously served the respective companies. In consequence the former Radio Atlanta ship, the MV Mi Amigo , remained off Frinton-on-Sea whilst the Caroline sailed to take up a new position off the Isle of Man . The MV Caroline arrived at her new anchorage on

2806-637: The payment of death benefits to a widow because she had established that her marriage at sea was lawful. However, in Fisher v. Fisher the involvement of the ship's captain was irrelevant to the outcome. New Jersey 's 1919 Bolmer v. Edsall said a shipboard marriage ceremony is governed by the laws of the nation where ownership of the vessel lies. In the United Kingdom , the captain of a merchant ship has never been permitted to perform marriages, although from 1854 any which took place had to be reported in

2867-483: The right to wear the laurus or corona laurèa and the corona navalis . Carrying on this tradition, the modern-day shipmaster of some nations wears golden laurel leaves or golden oak leaves on the visor of his cap. A skipper (sometimes also serving as the helmansperson , helmsman , or driver ) is a person who has command of a boat or watercraft or tug , more or less equivalent to "captain in charge aboard ship ." At sea, or upon lakes and rivers,

2928-427: The ship became a wreck. A formal Investigation was held at St. George's Hall, Liverpool , on 26 and 27 March 1885, before Thomas Stamford-Raffles, Stipendiary Magistrate, assisted by Captains Parish and Murdoch, Nautical Assessors, into the circumstances attending the stranding of the Neophyte . The Court found the Master in default for the loss of this vessel, stating he had utterly failed to make good his course up

2989-433: The ship complies with local and international laws and complies also with company and flag state policies. The captain is ultimately responsible, under the law, for aspects of operation such as the safe navigation of the ship, its cleanliness and seaworthiness, safe handling of all cargo, management of all personnel, inventory of ship's cash and stores, and maintaining the ship's certificates and documentation. One of

3050-483: The ship's log. A ship's master can, however, conduct a church service, regardless of any clergy aboard. Spanish and Filipino law, as narrow exceptions, recognise a marriage in articulo mortis (on the point of death) solemnized by the captain of a ship or chief of an aeroplane during a voyage, or by the commanding officer of a military unit. Japan allows ship captains to perform a marriage ceremony at sea, but only for Japanese citizens. Malta , Bermuda and

3111-443: The ship, making crew changes in port, and making accommodations for foreign crew members. Customs requirements can include the master providing a cargo declaration, a ship's stores declaration, a declaration of crew members' personal effects, crew lists and passenger lists. The captain has special responsibilities when the ship or its cargo are damaged or when the ship causes damage to other vessels or facilities. The master acts as

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3172-485: The ship. There is a common belief that ship captains have historically been, and currently are, able to perform marriages. This depends on the country of registry, however, and most do not permit performance of a marriage by the master of a ship at sea. In the United States Navy , a captain's powers are defined by its 1913 Code of Regulations, specifically stating: "The commanding officer shall not perform

3233-452: The ship. Certification is given by national authorities, typically following completion of minimum necessary seatime and a course of approved training, based on the IMO model course. Many maritime countries have private or charitable organisations and associations for Master Mariners. These primarily include organisations to represent Masters in the industry. An example of a national organisation

3294-459: The skipper as shipmaster or captain has command over the whole crew. The skipper may or may not be the owner of the boat. The word is derived from the Dutch word schipper ; schip is Dutch for "ship". In Dutch sch- is pronounced [sx] and English-speakers rendered this as [sk] . The word "skipper" is used more than "captain" for some types of craft, for example fishing boats . It

3355-505: The southern tip of the Bahama Bank on 6 July 1964. The station then began to broadcast as Radio Caroline North , remaining at the anchorage until 3 March 1968, when Caroline was boarded and seized before the day's broadcasting began. It was then towed to Amsterdam by a salvage company to secure unpaid bills for servicing by the Dutch tender company Wijsmuller Transport Sand bank In oceanography , geomorphology , and geoscience ,

3416-480: The top sails in order to try to get the Neophyte off the bank, but was unsuccessful. Following this he ordered an inspection of the lower part of the vessel which confirmed that the hold was flooding and this, combined with the repeated strikes upon the bank, led Capt. Porter to make the decision to abandon ship for he feared the Neophyte could be broken in two. Three men, Capt. Porter the Second Officer and

3477-404: The water. Marine shoals also develop either by the in-place drowning of barrier islands as the result of episodic sea level rise or by the erosion and submergence of inactive delta lobes . Shoals can appear as a coastal landform in the sea , where they are classified as a type of ocean bank , or as fluvial landforms in rivers, streams, and lakes . A shoal–sandbar may seasonally separate

3538-402: The waves change direction. For example, if waves pass over a sloping bank which is shallower at one end than the other, then the shoaling effect will result in the waves slowing more at the shallow end. Thus, the wave fronts will refract, changing direction like light passing through a prism. Refraction also occurs as waves move towards a beach if the waves come in at an angle to the beach, or if

3599-563: Was owned by Robert Knox of Douglas . The Albatross was operating in unison with the Lady Loch , commanded by Captain William Shimmin (Edward Shimmin's brother) with the two vessels separated by approximately half a mile, forming part of a fleet of 30 other trawlers fishing in the area of the Bahama Lightship . The Albatross was reported to have been lit as per the regulations with two lights on her masthead indicating

3660-456: Was subsequently joined by the Duke of Clarence's sister, the Duke of York , which was making passage from Fleetwood to Belfast . The search lasted for three hours following which all vessels went on their respective ways. Captain Shimmin, Kelly and Turner were landed at Fleetwood and subsequently made their way back to the Isle of Man via Liverpool . As a consequence of the collision

3721-419: Was valued at £2,000 but was insured for the sum of £12,000. The following sums were awarded to the families of those crew members lost: The widows of William Daugherty, Henry Hudson and Richard Gregg (the three married crew members) received £300 each. The families of Hudson and Gregg also received £150 each. The (seven) children of Daugherty received £250. The father of John Leadbeater received £250. Following

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