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32-532: Bakhtiaris primarily inhabit Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and eastern Khuzestan , Lorestan , Bushehr , and Isfahan provinces. Bakhtiari tribes have an especially large population concentration in the cities of Masjed Soleyman , Izeh , Shahr-e Kord , and Andika , and the surrounding villages. A small percentage of Bakhtiari are still nomadic pastoralists , migrating between summer quarters ( sardsīr or yaylāq ) and winter quarters ( garmsīr or qishlāq ). Although there have been several suggested theories for

64-507: A hardworking tribe, facing numerous obstacles every day, and yet fortunate enough to overcome each of these challenges as a solid unit. Nevertheless, the origins of Bakhtiaris are ancient, and it may have very well been the case that the tribe underwent a series of name changes throughout its history. However it is mostly claimed that the designation "Bakhtiari" came largely into use some time in antiquity. In The Ascent of Man , Jacob Bronowski states that "The Bakhtiari take their name from

96-531: A legendary herdsman of Mongol times, Bakhtyar," who according to a Bakhtiari origin myth is "the father of [their] people". Bronowski points out similarities between Bakhtyar and the Israelite Jacob , who was also the ancestral patriarch of his nomadic people and a herdsman who had two wives. In c.  913 , Lorestan was split up into realms; Lur-i Buzurg (Greater Lur) and Lur-i Kuchak (Lesser Lur). The Bakhtiyaris are first attested in history in

128-596: A long time, and that they named themselves after the ancient Persian word Bakhtar ("the West") due to their geographical position. Another theory supported by some historians is that the Bakhtiyaris are descended from Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar ( r.  967–978 ), the Buyid ruler of Iraq . The name of the latter is first attestation of the word Bakhtiyar. The Bakhtiyaris themselves consider their name to be derived from

160-531: A nomadic warrior tribe that lived around the Caspian coast of northern Iran. Due to the close resemblance to the names Bakhtiyari and Bakhtari ( Bactrian ), some historians have suggested that the Bakhtiyaris are descended from the Greeks who ruled over Bactria. The resemblance between Bakhtiyari and Greek dance has been used as further proof. Other historians consider the Bakhtiyaris to have resided in their area for

192-601: A result, saved the revolution. These events eventually led to the abdication of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1907–1909) in 1909, and his exile to Russia. This incident secured Saad ad-Daula the position of Prime Minister in the period that followed the abdication of the Qajar Shah. Nonetheless, with Russian backing, the Shah would soon return in 1911 by landing with a coalition of forces at Astarabad . However, his efforts to reclaim his throne would bear no fruit. In this sense,

224-678: Is a 13-part British documentary television series produced by the BBC and Time-Life Films first broadcast in 1973. It was written and presented by Polish-British mathematician and historian of science Jacob Bronowski , who also authored a book adaptation. Intended as a series of "personal view" documentaries in the manner of Kenneth Clark 's 1969 series Civilisation , the series received acclaim for Bronowski's highly informed but eloquently simple analysis, his long, elegant monologues, and its extensive location shoots. The programme began broadcasting on BBC2 at 9   pm on Saturday, 5 May 1973 and

256-556: Is the result of two smaller words bakht and yar complied together. Bakht is the Persian word for "fortune" and yar , iar , iari literally means "companion". The latter designation largely relates to the nature of the tribe's annual "migration". This has to do with the harsh nature of Bakhtiari life, and overcoming of countless difficulties that Bakhtiaris have faced in the Zagros ranges. In this sense, Bakhtiaris view themselves as

288-887: Is the source and birthplace of many springs, rivers and waterfalls that supply the water of the two great and vital rivers of Zayanderud and Karoon and cause the development of many cities in the country. Natural attractions include Zayanderud river , Zamankhan bridge, Kouhrang 1 Dam , Dime spring, Sheik Ali Khan waterfall, Chama Ice cave, Darkesh varkesh canyon, Rostam Abad Sardab spring , Do Polan , Karoon-4 dam, Darreh Esgh (love valley), Atashgah waterfall , Choghakhor Wetland , Pire Ghar cave, Siasard spring, Helen protected area, Barm spring, Sendegan spring, Tang Sayyad national Park, Parvaz national park, Sarab cave, Gandoman wetland , Zard lime waterfall , Kordikon waterfall. [REDACTED] Media related to Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Iran portal The Ascent of Man The Ascent of Man

320-672: The Uxian tribe , who clashed with the Macedonian king Alexander the Great ( r.  336–323 BC ) in Khuzestan 330 BC. A second theory suggests that the Bakhtiyaris were originally from Fars , but were settled to the north of Isfahan and Khuzestan after the legendary king Kay Khosrow conquered Media . A third theory suggests that the Bakhtiyaris were descended from the Mardi,

352-472: The Āzarbāyjāni (Azerbaijani) language of north-west Iran . The Chārmahāli and Turkic language areas overlap with one another, and in the foothills of the Zagros and in the larger cities, they intermingle with Bakhtiāri as well. Tehrani-type Persian is now being taught by parents to children as a first language in some parts of the province, with the highest concentrations in the cities. The Atlas of

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384-648: The Astarki chieftain Tajmir as ilkhan of the Bakhtiyari. He was, however, later killed and succeeded by Jahangir Khan Bakhtiyari, who is responsible for splitting the Bakhtiyaris into two groups, the Haft Lang and Chahar Lang. By the time of the reign of Shah Abbas I ( r.  1588–1629 ), the northern part of Lur-i Buzurg became known as Bakhtiyari. Constitutional Revolution: In Iran's contemporary history,

416-586: The Bakhtiari have played a significant role; particularly during the advent of the country's Constitutional Revolution (1905–1907). This event was largely secured through the Bakhtari campaign, which eventually deposed Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1907–1909). The Bakhtiari tribesmen, under the leadership of the Haft Lang khans Sardar Assad and his brother Najaf Qoli Khan Bakhtiari- Saad ad-Daula (also referred to as Samsam-os Saltane), captured Tehran and, as

448-498: The Bakhtiari include rectangular tents or brush or wood shelters. These types of dwellings are used when moving their herds around. Recently, some Bakhtiari have urbanized and began to settle in large villages and even in cities. Shia Islam is the main religion followed by both the nomadic and sedentary Bakhtiaris. However, according to a Shia cleric in Iran some Bakhtiari Lurs have converted to Zoroastrianism in recent years. Despite

480-600: The Bakhtiaris played a critical role in saving the revolution from the Qajar forces. Pahlavi Period: With the expansion of Bakhtiari influence, urban elites (particularly in Tehran) began to worry in regards to a potential Bakhtiari takeover of Persia's affairs. Prior to this point, the Bakhtiari had largely remained within their own territorial boundaries. The Bakhtiari influence would continue to play an important role within

512-514: The Languages of Iran (ALI) published a series of language maps for Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province, including a point-based and polygon (area-based) language distribution maps, and several linguistic data maps. Written descriptions of some of the Bakhtiāri varieties in the province. and a lexicon of the Bakhtiāri language have also been published. At the time of the 2006 National Census,

544-982: The cities in the north-east. In the north-east quarter of the province, people in most cities and villages speak either Chārmahāli (also in the Southwestern branch of Iranian) or Chaharmahali Turkic . Chārmahāli is transitional between Bakhtiari and Persian varieties of Isfahan province , but more similar to the latter. Chārmahāli varieties spoken in cities include Dehkordi (in Shahr-e Kord ), Ghafarrokhi (in Farrokh Shahr ), Heysheguni (in Hafshejān ), and Borujeni (in Borujen ). There are also many other varieties of Chārmahāli spoken in rural areas. Most types of Turkic spoken in this province are similar to Qashqa’i of Fars province , but they are transitional to

576-544: The division of the provinces into 5 regions solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014. Bakhtiāri , which belongs to the Luri language of the Iranian language family , is the province's main language. Bakhtiāri is primarily spoken in the valleys of the higher areas in the western half of the province. It is also spoken in the lower areas around Lordegān in the south, and by speakers who have moved into

608-605: The early 15th-century. In 1413, the arrival of several Bakhtiyari clans such as the Astarki, Kutwand, Raki, Janaki and Zallaki are mentioned by the Timurid -era historian Mu'in al-Din Natanzi. Under the Safavids , Lur-i Kuchak became known as Luristan-i Fili, while Lur-i Buzurg (extending from Isfahan to Kohgiluyeh and from Shushtar to Behbahan ) became Bakhtiyari land. In 1566, Shah Tahmasp I ( r.  1524–1576 ) selected

640-522: The early 20th century politics of Iran. Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925–1941) made the destruction of the Bakhtiari influence his mission. The existence of oil on Bakhtiari territory further motivated the Pahlavi monarch to undermine the autonomy of the tribe, and force its population to adhere to the commands of the central government. Reza Shah Pahlavi would eventually execute a few noteworthy tribal leaders to crush Bakhtiari autonomy and maintain control over

672-446: The following table. According to the 2016 census, 607,444 people (over 64% of the population of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) live in the following cities: The province is mainly active in the agriculture sector. Most of the industrial sector is clustered around the center of the province. The province has the potential to become a vibrant tourist attraction because of its natural resources. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province

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704-547: The mountains in their summer quarters (sardsīr or yaylāq), and in autumn to valleys and the plains in their winter quarters (garmsīr or qishlāq). The livestock the Bakhtiari mainly raise are goats, sheep, horses, and cattle. However, some Bakhtiari also engage in agricultural occupations, and mostly cultivate wheat and other cereal grains. Nomadic Baktiari rely on trading and bartering with nearby villages and populations to obtain products they don't have or are unable to create themselves (like agricultural goods). Temporary dwellings for

736-797: The origin of the Bakhtiyaris, historians and researchers generally agree that they are Lurs. According to folklore, the Lurs are descended from a group of youngsters who survived and fled from the demon Zahhak , a demonic figure who is mentioned in Zoroastrian mythology, as well as the Shahnameh . They took shelter in Zardkuh and Kuhrang , where they named themselves Lur ("nomadic"). Due to their luck of escaping danger throughout their history, they called themselves bakhtiyar ("fortunate"). In scholarship, it has been suggested Bakhtiyaris are descended from

768-485: The patriarchal nature of Bakhtiari society, women enjoy a rather high degree of freedom. This was because of their importance in the Bakhtiari economy as weavers, in which colorful and stylish designs on carpets made them very popular among buyers. However, after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Bakhtiari (along with Iranian society in general) underwent rapid changes so presently, Bakhtiari women do not have

800-405: The province's population was 843,784 in 194,171 households. The following census in 2011 counted 895,263 people in 234,416 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 947,763 in 270,434 households. [REDACTED] The population history and structural changes of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in

832-419: The same kind of privileges they had before the revolution. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province ( Persian : استان چهارمحال و بختیاری ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran . Its capital is the city of Shahr-e Kord . The province lies in the southwest of the country, with an area of 16,332 square kilometers. The province was classified as part of Region 2 upon

864-570: The series, The Ascent of Man (1973), is an almost word-for-word transcript from the television episodes, diverging from the original narration only where the lack of images might make its meaning unclear. A few details of the film version were omitted from the book, notably from episode 11, "Knowledge or Certainty". The 13-part series was shot on 16 mm film . Executive producer was Adrian Malone ; film directors were Dick Gilling, Mick Jackson , David Kennard, and David Paterson. Quotations were read by actors Roy Dotrice and Joss Ackland . Series music

896-577: The tribe. Amongst the executed Khans was Mohammad Reza Khan (Sardar-e-Fateh), whose son later became the Pahlavi Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar . The latter event was a turning point for Bakhtiari and their rise within Iranian politics. The Bakhtiari are noted in Iran for their music which inspired Russian composer Alexander Borodin . Bakhtiari nomads migrate twice a year with their herds for pasture: in spring to

928-745: The word Bakhtiyarwand, the name of the offspring of Bakhtiyar, a distinguished figure of Lur-i Buzurg (Greater Lur). According to research into NRY markers, the Bakhtiari, as with many other groups in Iran, show very elevated frequencies for Y-DNA haplogroup J2 — a trait common for Eurasian populations, likely originating in Anatolia and the Caucasus The Southwest Eurasian haplogroups F , G , and T1a also reach substantial frequency among Bakhtiaris. The term bakhtiari can be best translated as "companion of fortune" or "bearer of good luck" The term has deep Persian roots, and

960-583: Was by Dudley Simpson with Brian Hodgson and the BBC Radiophonic Workshop . Additional music includes work by Pink Floyd and the Moody Blues , among others. Apart from Bronowski, the only other named people appearing are the sculptor Henry Moore , and an elderly Polish man, Stefan Borgrajewicz. In Episode 11, Borgrajewicz's face is explored in different ways as a means of testing the limits of knowledge; via different wavelengths of

992-663: Was commissioned specifically to complement Kenneth Clark 's Civilisation (1969), in which Clark argued that art reflected and was informed by the major driving forces in cultural evolution. Bronowski had written in his 1951 book The Commonsense of Science : "It has been one of the most destructive modern prejudices that art and science are different and somehow incompatible interests". Both series were commissioned by David Attenborough , then controller of BBC Two , whose colleague Aubrey Singer had been astonished by Attenborough prioritising an arts series (i.e. Civilisation ) given his science background. Bronowski's book adaptation of

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1024-510: Was released in the US 7 January 1975. To celebrate its 50th anniversary, the documentary was again broadcast on BBC4 in the Summer of 2023. The title alludes to The Descent of Man (1871), Charles Darwin 's second book on evolution. Over the series' 13 episodes, Jacob Bronowski travels around the world in order to trace the development of human society through its understanding of science . It

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