Samding Dorje Phagmo
22-581: Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī , also known as Bakhtiyar Khalji , was a Turko-Afghan military general of the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor , who led the Muslim conquests of the eastern Indian regions of Bengal and parts of Bihar and established himself as their ruler. He was the founder of the Khalji dynasty of Bengal , ruling Bengal for a short period, from 1203 to 1227 CE. Khalji's invasions of
44-538: A brutal sacking. But some historians don't agree and reason that Bakhtiyar's attacks weren't on the Buddhist viharas, and the actual Buddhist sites were already abandoned or in declining state. His rule is said to have begun the Muslim rule in Bengal, most notably those of Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal . Bakhtiyar launched an ill-fated Tibet campaign in 1206 and was assassinated upon returning to Bengal. He
66-637: A disastrous defeat at the hands of Tibetan guerrilla forces at Chumbi Valley , which forced him to retreat to Devkot with only about a hundred surviving soldiers. This was first and shameful defeat of Khalji. As Bakhtiyar Khalji lay ill and exhausted in Devkot after defeated by Tibetans, he was assassinated by Ali Mardan Khalji. The Khalji noblemen then appointed Muhammad Shiran Khalji as Bakhtiyar's successor. Loyal troops under Shiran Khalji and Subedar Aulia Khan avenged Ikhtiyar's death, imprisoning Ali Mardan Khalji. Eventually Ali Mardan fled to Delhi and provoked
88-607: A translation of his Twenty One Profound Meanings (Zab don gсer gcig pa)) and his Commentary on the Heart Sutra . In 1614 Taranatha founded the important Jonangpa monastery Takten Dhamchöling, in the Tsangpo Valley about 200 miles west of Lhasa . Probably not long after 1614, Taranatha went to Mongolia , where he reportedly founded several monasteries. He died probably in Urga . His rebirth became known as Zanabazar ,
110-537: Is considered as his magnum opus . It deals with the history of Buddhism in South Asia , beginning from the time of Ajatashatru upto the rise of Delhi Sultanate . Although relying on legends & word-of-mouth, he is found, in many cases, to provide confirmatory materials in support of events known from other authentic sources. The part of his work discussing the state of Buddhism after the fall of Harsha's empire until Bakhtiyar Khalji 's invasion of Eastern India
132-846: Is considered extremely valuable. His information on the Pala Empire & Chandra dynasty of Bengal , the last Indian polities to patronize Vajrayana in India is also worth mention. Other works are The Golden Rosary, Origins of the Tantra of the Bodhisattva Tara of 1604 which has also been translated into English. He was an advocate of the Shentong view of emptiness and wrote many texts and commentaries on this subject. English-language translation publications of his works on Shentong are The Essence of Other-Emptiness (which includes
154-586: The Indian subcontinent between A.D. 1197 and 1206 led to mass flight and massacres of monks, and caused damage to the traditional Buddhist institutions of higher learning in Northern India. In Bengal, Khalji's reign was responsible for the displacement of Buddhism. The leading centre of teaching for Mahayana Buddhism was Nalanda . At the end of the 12th century, Bakhityar Khilji demolished the Monastery in
176-623: The Second Battle of Tarain against Prithviraja III . Mahmud was later honoured with the iqta of Kashamandi. After the death of his uncle, the iqta was passed to Bakhtiyar. However, Bakhtiyar did not stay in Kashamndi for long. He approached the commander of Benaras , Husamudin Aghul Bek, who was impressed with his gallantry and bestowed on him the iqtas of Bhagwat and Bhilui (present-day Mirzapur district). In his early career, before
198-552: The octogenarian emperor Lakshmana Sena at the helm, the Sena dynasty was in a state of decline and could not provide much resistance. As Khalji came upon the city of Nabadwip , it is said that he advanced so rapidly that only 18 horsemen from his army could keep up. The small horde entered the city unchallenged and took the emperor and his army by shock. This caused Lakhsmana Sena to flee with his retainers to east Bengal. Khalji subsequently went on to capture Gauda (ancient Lakhnauti),
220-633: The Khaljis faced discrimination and were looked down upon by other Turks for Afghan barbarians. Bakhtiyar during his early years went in search of employment to Ghazni and Delhi . At the latter, he was rejected due to his ugly appearance. Afterwards, he moved towards Badaun in present-day Uttar Pradesh , where he obtained his first employment. Accounts differ regarding who initially took Bakhtiyar into his service. Bakhtiyar did not come from an obscure background. His uncle Muhammad bin Mahmud had fought in
242-571: The Sultan of Delhi Qutb al-Din Aibak to invade Bengal, who sent an army under Qayemaz Rumi, the governor of Awadh , to dethrone Shiran Khalji. Shiran fled to Dinajpur where he later died. Ghiyas-ud-din Iwaz Khalji assisted the invasion and assumed the governorship of Bengal in 1208. But shortly after, he yielded power to Ali Mardan willingly, when the latter returned from Delhi in 1210. However,
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#1732765280587264-466: The capital and the principal city of Bengal and intruded into much of Bengal. Muhammad Bakhtiyar's rule was related by Minhaj al-Siraj , as he visited Bengal about 40 years later: After Muhammad Bakhtiyar possessed himself of that territory he left the city of Nudiah in desolation, and the place which is (now) Lakhnauti he made the seat of government. He brought the different parts of the territory under his sway, and instituted therein, in every part,
286-410: The end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century. He subjugated much of Bihar in 1200. His invasions destroyed the university establishments at Odantapuri , Vikramashila Mahaviras. Minhaj-i-Siraj Juzjani's Tabaqat-i Nasiri documents Bakhtiyar Khalji's sack of a Buddhist monastery, which the author equates in his description with a city he calls "Bihar", from the soldiers' use of
308-482: The expeditions in Bengal and Bihar , Bakhtiyar displaced the minor Gahadavala chiefs in the region of present-day Uttar Pradesh and from there raided Maner and Bihar where he looted a large amount of booty. These successful raids increased Bakhtiyar's fame and many Khaljis joined in his service. Qutb ud-Din Aibak also honoured him. Khalji was head of the Ghurid military force that conquered parts of eastern India at
330-743: The historiography of the Indian subcontinent, the term Turco-Afghan refers to the successive Islamic dynasties of the Ghaznavids , and the Delhi Sultanate , all of which had their origin in Turkic speakers from Central Asia. The Turco-Afghan period begins with the Ghaznavid campaigns in India in 1000 AD. This Indian history-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Taranatha Tāranātha (1575–1634)
352-508: The nobles of Bengal conspired against and assassinated Ali Mardan in 1212. Iwaj Khalji assumed power again and proclaimed his independence from the Delhi sultanate. Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji had the Khutbah read and coins struck in his name. Mosques, madrasas , and khanqahs arose through Bakhtiyar's patronage, and his example was imitated by his subordinates. Turko-Afghan In
374-508: The reading of the khutbah , and the coining of money; and, through his praiseworthy endeavours, and those of his Amirs , masjids [mosques], colleges, and monasteries (for Dervishes ), were founded in those parts. Bakhtiyar Khalji left the town of Devkot in 1206 to attack Tibet, leaving Ali Mardan Khalji in Ghoraghat Upazila to guard the eastern frontier from his headquarters at Barisal . Bakhtiyar Khalji's forces suffered
396-515: The value he placed on his Sanskrit scholarship in an era when mastery of the language had become much less common in Tibet than it had once been. He was also paying homage to his Indian teacher, Buddhaguptanatha. His exceptional qualities are said to have been recognized by others at a young age, as is often the case with great masters. He studied under such masters as Je Draktopa, Yeshe Wangpo, Kunga Tashi and Jampa Lhundrup, although his primary teacher
418-537: The word vihara . According to the early 17th-century Buddhist scholar Taranatha , the invaders massacred many monks at Odantapuri, and destroyed Vikramashila. Historians Satish Chandra , Mohammad Habib and others have directly or indirectly implicated Bakhtiyar in the destruction of the Mahaviharas in their writings, but others like D.N. Jha and Namit Arora have reasoned that those sites may not have been destroyed by him. In 1203, Khalji invaded Bengal. With
440-524: Was Buddhaguptanatha. Taranatha was recognized by Khenchen Lungrik Gyatso as the rebirth of Krishnacarya and the Khenchen's own teacher, Jetsun Kunga Drolchok. Taranatha was a prolific writer and a renowned scholar. His best known work is the 143-folio History of Buddhism in India (dpal dus kyi 'khor lo'i chos bskor gyi byung khungs nyer mkho) of 1608, which has been published in English. This work
462-614: Was a Lama of the Jonang school of Tibetan Buddhism . He is widely considered its most remarkable scholar and exponent. Taranatha was born in Tibet , supposedly on the birthday of Padmasambhava . His original name was Kun-dga'-snying-po, the Sanskrit equivalent of which is Anandagarbha. However, he adopted Taranatha, the Sanskrit name by which he was generally known, as an indication of
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#1732765280587484-659: Was succeeded by Muhammad Shiran Khalji . Bakhtiyar Khalji was born and raised in Garmsir , Helmand , in present-day southern Afghanistan . He was member of the Khalaj tribe, which was originally of Turkic origin. After being settled in south-eastern Afghanistan for over 200 years , it led to the creation of the Pashtun Ghilji tribe, with Bakhtiyar seen as a Turko-Afghan . Later in the Khalji Revolution ,
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