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52-828: The river flows north of the Arctic Circle . Its basin falls within Verkhoyansky District . The Baky is a left tributary of the Yana. It has its sources in the northwestern slopes of the Khayrdakh Ridge (Хайырдахский кряж), part of the Kular Range of the Verkhoyansk system. The river flows first northeastwards, skirting the mountain area. It meanders within a wide valley heading in an eastern direction in its lower course. Osokhtokh village

104-474: A component of the relative velocity of the Sun as it is observed in the sky. Relative velocity is the motion of an object from the point of view of an observer in a frame of reference . From a fixed position on the ground, the Sun appears to orbit around Earth. To an observer in an inertial frame of reference , planet Earth is seen to rotate about an axis and orbit around the Sun in an elliptical path with

156-412: A leap day re-aligns the calendar with the orbit. Thus the solstices always occur between June 20 and 22 and between December 20 and 23 in a four-year-long cycle with the 21st and 22nd being the most common dates, as can be seen in the schedule at the start of the article. Using the current official IAU constellation boundaries – and taking into account the variable precession speed and the rotation of

208-738: A midwinter party, to celebrate that the Sun is at its lowest point and coming back. The Fremont Solstice Parade takes place every summer solstice in Fremont, Seattle, Washington in the United States . The reconstructed Cahokia Woodhenge , a large timber circle located at the Mississippian culture Cahokia archaeological site near Collinsville, Illinois , is the site of annual equinox and solstice sunrise observances. Out of respect for Native American beliefs these events do not feature ceremonies or rituals of any kind. Unlike

260-624: A noise festival, to call the Sun back. Further east, the Aymara people celebrate their New Year on 21 June. A celebration occurs at sunrise, when the sun shines directly through the Gate of the Sun in Tiwanaku . Other Aymara New Year feasts occur throughout Bolivia , including at the site of El Fuerte de Samaipata . In the Hindu calendar , two sidereal solstices are named Makara Sankranti which marks

312-551: A wider sense, as the date (day) that such a passage happens. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons. In some languages they are considered to start or separate the seasons; in others they are considered to be centre points (in England , in the Northern Hemisphere, for example, the period around the northern solstice is known as midsummer). Midsummer's Day , defined as St. Johns Day by

364-469: A year into 24 solar terms (節氣). Xiàzhì ( pīnyīn ) or Geshi ( rōmaji ) ( Chinese and Japanese : 夏至; Korean : 하지(Haji) ; Vietnamese : Hạ chí ; lit. summer's extreme ) is the 10th solar term, and marks the summer solstice . It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 90° (around 21 June) and ends when the Sun reaches the longitude of 105° (around 7 July). Xiàzhì more often refers in particular to

416-483: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Arctic Circle The Arctic Circle is one of the two polar circles , and the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth at about 66° 34' N. Its southern equivalent is the Antarctic Circle . The Arctic Circle marks the southernmost latitude at which, on the winter solstice (which is the shortest day of

468-429: Is hardly detectable with indirect viewing based devices like sextant equipped with a vernier , and impossible with more traditional tools like a gnomon or an astrolabe . It is also hard to detect the changes in sunrise/sunset azimuth due to the atmospheric refraction changes. Those accuracy issues render it impossible to determine the solstice day based on observations made within the 3 (or even 5) days surrounding

520-549: Is in the zodiacal circle as well and periodically crosses the path of the Sun. As some of these crossings represent eclipses of the Moon, the path of the Sun is given a synonym, the ekleiptikos (kuklos) from ekleipsis , "eclipse". The two solstices can be distinguished by different pairs of names, depending on which feature one wants to stress. ( Gregorian calendar ) ( subsolar point ) ( Northern Hemisphere ) ( Southern Hemisphere ) The traditional East Asian calendars divide

572-402: Is known as an equinox . There are two solstices and two equinoxes in a tropical year. Because of the variation in the rate at which the sun's right ascension changes, the days of longest and shortest daylight do not coincide with the solstices for locations very close to the equator. At the equator, the longest day is around 23 December and the shortest around 16 September (see graph). Inside

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624-481: Is located by the banks of the Baky in its last stretch, where the river meanders very strongly. Near the left bank of the Yana the Baky divides into three branches, joining the river 479 km (298 mi) from its mouth. The main tributaries of the Baky are the 35 km (22 mi) long Tulluk (Туллук), the 33 km (21 mi) long Yuyuteer (Ююттээр) and the 33 km (21 mi) long Tirekhteekh (Тирэхтээх) on

676-633: Is often no direct view of the true horizon. The largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia, Norway, and Sweden: Murmansk (population 295,374) and Norilsk (178,018) in Russia; Tromsø (75,638) in Norway, Vorkuta (58,133) in Russia, Bodø (52,357) and Harstad (24,703) in Norway; and Kiruna , Sweden (22,841). Rovaniemi (62,667) in Finland is the largest settlement in

728-524: Is the midnight sun or midsummer -night sun or polar day. On the other hand, places on the Antarctic Circle (latitude 66.56° south) will see the Sun just on the horizon during midday, and all places south of it will not see the Sun above horizon at any time of the day. That is the polar night . During the December Solstice, the effects on both hemispheres are just the opposite. This sees polar sea ice re-grow annually due to lack of sunlight on

780-639: Is the largest settlement north of the Arctic Circle with about 5,000 inhabitants. The largest such community in Canada is Inuvik in the Northwest Territories , with 3,137 inhabitants. Download coordinates as: The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 km (9,900 mi) in circumference. The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km (7,700,000 sq mi) and covers roughly 4% of Earth's surface. The Arctic Circle passes through

832-608: The Arctic Ocean , the Scandinavian Peninsula , North Asia , Northern America , and Greenland. The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among eight countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States ( Alaska ), Canada ( Yukon , Northwest Territories , and Nunavut ), Denmark (Greenland), and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey ). The climate north of

884-538: The Christian Church , is 24 June, about three days after the solstice itself). Similarly 25 December is the start of the Christmas celebration, and is the day the Sun begins to return to the Northern Hemisphere. The traditional British and Irish main rent and meeting days of the year, "the usual quarter days ," were often those of the solstices and equinoxes. Many cultures celebrate various combinations of

936-470: The seasons of the year are defined by reference to the solstices and the equinoxes . The term solstice can also be used in a broader sense, as the day when this occurs. For locations not too close to the equator or the poles, the dates with the longest and shortest periods of daylight are the summer and winter solstices, respectively. Terms with no ambiguity as to which hemisphere is the context are " June solstice " and " December solstice ", referring to

988-416: The solstitial colure , i.e. the times when the apparent geocentric celestial longitude of the Sun is equal to 90° (June solstice) or 270° (December solstice). The dates of the solstice varies each year and may occur a day earlier or later depending on the time zone . Because the earth's orbit takes slightly longer than a calendar year of 365 days, the solstices occur slightly later each calendar year, until

1040-580: The Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 14.5 m (48 ft) per year. The word arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός ( arktikos : "near the Bear , northern") and that from the word ἄρκτος ( arktos : " bear "). The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the centre of the Sun can remain continuously above or below

1092-526: The Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream , which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk , Russia will sometimes reach as high as 30 °C (86 °F), while

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1144-516: The Arctic Circle, the Sun does not rise above the horizon for 40 successive days in midwinter. The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed and currently runs 66°33′50.2″ north of the Equator . Its latitude depends on the Earth's axial tilt , which fluctuates within a margin of more than 2° over a 41,000-year period, owing to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon . Consequently,

1196-472: The Arctic or Antarctic Circles the sun is up all the time for days or even months. The seasons occur because the Earth's axis of rotation is not perpendicular to its orbital plane (the plane of the ecliptic ) but currently makes an angle of about 23.44° (called the obliquity of the ecliptic ), and because the axis keeps its orientation with respect to an inertial frame of reference . As a consequence, for half

1248-475: The Sun and planets across the paths of and in among the stars.* Cleomedes states: The band of the Zodiac ( zōdiakos kuklos , "zodiacal circle") is at an oblique angle ( loksos ) because it is positioned between the tropical circles and equinoctial circle touching each of the tropical circles at one point ... This Zodiac has a determinable width (set at 8° today) ... that is why it is described by three circles:

1300-420: The Sun at one focus . Earth's axis is tilted with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit and this axis maintains a position that changes little with respect to the background of stars . An observer on Earth therefore sees a solar path that is the result of both rotation and revolution. The component of the Sun's motion seen by an earthbound observer caused by the revolution of the tilted axis – which, keeping

1352-574: The Sun reaches the highest position in the sky once a year in June. The day this occurs is called the June solstice day. Similarly, for an observer on the South Pole , the Sun reaches the highest position on the December solstice day. When it is the summer solstice at one Pole, it is the winter solstice on the other. The Sun's westerly motion never ceases as Earth is continually in rotation. However,

1404-556: The Sun reaches the longitude of 285° (around 5 January). Dōngzhì more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 270°. The solstices (as well as the equinoxes ) mark the middle of the seasons in East Asian calendars. Here, the Chinese character 至 means "extreme", so the terms for the solstices directly signify the summits of summer and winter. The term solstice can also be used in

1456-527: The Sun's motion in declination (i.e. vertically) comes to a stop, before reversing, at the moment of solstice. In that sense, solstice means "sun-standing". This modern scientific word descends from a Latin scientific word in use in the late Roman Republic of the 1st century BC: solstitium . Pliny uses it a number of times in his Natural History with a similar meaning that it has today. It contains two Latin-language morphemes, sol , "sun", and -stitium , "stoppage". The Romans used "standing" to refer to

1508-429: The air above and surrounding sea. The warmest and coldest periods of the year in temperate regions are offset by about one month from the solstices, delayed by the earth's thermal inertia. The concept of the solstices was embedded in ancient Greek celestial navigation . As soon as they discovered that the Earth was spherical they devised the concept of the celestial sphere , an imaginary spherical surface rotating with

1560-404: The celestial sphere along the circumferences of circles in parallel planes perpendicular to the Earth's axis extended indefinitely into the heavens and intersecting the celestial sphere in a celestial pole. The Sun and the planets do not move in these parallel paths but along another circle, the ecliptic, whose plane is at an angle, the obliquity of the ecliptic , to the axis, bringing

1612-450: The central one is called "heliacal" ( hēliakos , "of the sun"). The term heliacal circle is used for the ecliptic, which is in the center of the zodiacal circle, conceived as a band including the noted constellations named on mythical themes. Other authors use Zodiac to mean ecliptic, which first appears in a gloss of unknown author in a passage of Cleomedes where he is explaining that the Moon

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1664-415: The day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 90°. Dōngzhì ( pīnyīn ) or Tōji ( rōmaji ) ( Chinese and Japanese : 冬至; Korean : 동지(Dongji) ; Vietnamese : Đông chí ; lit. winter's extreme ) is the 22nd solar term, and marks the winter solstice . It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 270° (around 23 December) and ends when

1716-410: The equinox, the solstice time is not easy to determine. The changes in solar declination become smaller as the Sun gets closer to its maximum/minimum declination. The days before and after the solstice, the declination speed is less than 30 arcseconds per day which is less than 1 ⁄ 60 of the angular size of the Sun, or the equivalent to just 2 seconds of right ascension . This difference

1768-404: The halfway time between both noons is estimated solstice time. An interval of 45 days has been postulated as the best one to achieve up to a quarter-day precision, in the solstice determination. In 2012, the journal DIO found that accuracy of one or two hours with balanced errors can be attained by observing the Sun's equal altitudes about S = twenty degrees (or d = about 20 days) before and after

1820-410: The heavenly bodies ( ouranioi ) fixed in it (the modern one does not rotate, but the stars in it do). As long as no assumptions are made concerning the distances of those bodies from Earth or from each other, the sphere can be accepted as real and is in fact still in use. The Ancient Greeks use the term "ηλιοστάσιο" (heliostāsio) , meaning stand of the Sun . The stars move across the inner surface of

1872-500: The horizon for twenty-four hours; as a result, at least once each year at any location within the Arctic Circle the centre of the Sun is visible at local midnight , and at least once the centre is not visible at local noon . Directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur, in principle, exactly once per year: at the June and December solstices , respectively. However, because of atmospheric refraction and mirages , and also because

1924-404: The immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle, lying 6 km (4 mi) south of the line. Salekhard (51,186) in Russia is the only city in the world located directly on the Arctic Circle. In contrast, the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle, Sisimiut ( Greenland ), has approximately 5,600 inhabitants. In the United States, Utqiagvik, Alaska (formerly known as Barrow)

1976-455: The maximum elevation occurs at the summer solstice and the minimum at the winter solstice. The path of the Sun, or ecliptic , sweeps north and south between the northern and southern hemispheres. The lengths time when the sun is up are longer around the summer solstice and shorter around the winter solstice, except near the equator. When the Sun's path crosses the equator , the length of the nights at latitudes +L° and −L° are of equal length. This

2028-517: The months in which they take place every year. The word solstice is derived from the Latin sol ("sun") and sistere ("to stand still"), because at the solstices, the Sun's declination appears to "stand still"; that is, the seasonal movement of the Sun's daily path (as seen from Earth ) pauses at a northern or southern limit before reversing direction. For an observer at the North Pole ,

2080-523: The right, as well as the 45 km (28 mi) long Chyuyompe-Salaa (Чюёмпэ-Салаа) and the 79 km (49 mi) long Kharyly-Salaa (Харылый-Салаа) on the left. There are 80 lakes in the river basin. The river is frozen between late September or early October and late May or early June. This article related to a river in the Russian Far East is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Sakha Republic location article

2132-743: The rites of Easter in most Christian churches, as well as the Wiccan Ostara . The autumnal equinox is associated with the Jewish holiday of Sukkot and the Wiccan Mabon . In the southern tip of South America , the Mapuche people celebrate We Tripantu (the New Year) a few days after the northern solstice, on 24 June. Further north, the Atacama people formerly celebrated this date with

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2184-402: The same angle in space, is oriented toward or away from the Sun – is an observed daily increment (and lateral offset) of the elevation of the Sun at noon for approximately six months and observed daily decrement for the remaining six months. At maximum or minimum elevation, the relative yearly motion of the Sun perpendicular to the horizon stops and reverses direction. Outside of the tropics,

2236-403: The solstice without the use of more complex tools. Accounts do not survive but Greek astronomers must have used an approximation method based on interpolation, which is still used by some amateurs. This method consists of recording the declination angle at noon during some days before and after the solstice, trying to find two separate days with the same declination. When those two days are found,

2288-503: The start of Uttarayana and Karka Sankranti which marks the start of Dakshinayana . The former occurs around 14 January each year, while the latter occurs around 14 July each year. These mark the movement of the Sun along a sidereally fixed zodiac ( precession is ignored) into Makara, the zodiacal sign which corresponds with Capricorn , and into Karka, the zodiacal sign which corresponds with Cancer , respectively. The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station celebrates every year on 21 June

2340-484: The subsolar point is further south than any other time: at latitude 23.44° south, known as the Tropic of Capricorn . The subsolar point will cross every latitude between these two extremes exactly twice per year. Also during the June solstice, places on the Arctic Circle (latitude 66.56° north) will see the Sun just on the horizon during midnight, and all places north of it will see the Sun above horizon for 24 hours. That

2392-418: The summer solstice because the average of the two times will be early by q arc minutes where q is (πe cosA)/3 times the square of S in degrees (e = earth orbit eccentricity, A = earth's perihelion or Sun's apogee), and the noise in the result will be about 41 hours divided by d if the eye's sharpness is taken as one arc minute. Astronomical almanacs define the solstices as the moments when the Sun passes through

2444-480: The sun appears as a disk and not a point, part of the midnight sun is visible, on the night of the northern summer solstice , at a latitude of about 50 minutes of arc (′) (90 km (56 mi)) south of the Arctic Circle. Similarly, on the day of the northern winter solstice , part of the Sun may be seen up to about 50′ north of the Arctic Circle. That is true at sea level ; those limits increase with elevation above sea level , although in mountainous regions there

2496-476: The winter and summer solstices, the equinoxes, and the midpoints between them, leading to various holidays arising around these events. During the southern or winter solstice , Christmas is the most widespread contemporary holiday, while Yalda , Saturnalia , Karachun , Hanukkah , Kwanzaa , and Yule are also celebrated around this time. In East Asian cultures, the Dongzhi Festival is celebrated on

2548-519: The winter solstice. For the northern or summer solstice , Christian cultures celebrate the feast of St. John from June 23 to 24 (see St. John's Eve , Ivan Kupala Day ), while Modern Pagans observe Midsummer, known as Litha among Wiccans . For the vernal (spring) equinox, several springtime festivals are celebrated, such as the Persian Nowruz , the observance in Judaism of Passover ,

2600-477: The winter temperatures frequently fall below −50 °C (−58 °F). Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards, the Arctic Circle passes through: Solstice A solstice is the time when the Sun reaches its most northerly or southerly excursion relative to the celestial equator on the celestial sphere . Two solstices occur annually, around 20-22 June and 20-22 December. In many countries,

2652-542: The year the Northern Hemisphere is inclined toward the Sun while for the other half year the Southern Hemisphere has this distinction. The two moments when the inclination of Earth's rotational axis has maximum effect are the solstices. At the June solstice the subsolar point is further north than any other time: at latitude 23.44° north, known as the Tropic of Cancer . Similarly at the December solstice

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2704-475: The year) in the Northern Hemisphere , the Sun will not rise all day, and on the Northern Hemisphere's summer solstice (which is the longest day of the year), the Sun will not set. These phenomena are referred to as polar night and midnight sun respectively, and the further north one progresses, the more pronounced these effects become. For example, in the Russian port city of Murmansk , three degrees above

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